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STHE JOURNAL OF THE HISTORICAL ( CS 14 Cf ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA Editors Emeriti Charlton W. Tebeau, Ph.D. Thelma Peters, Ph.D. Editor Paul S. George, Ph.D. Managing Editor Rebecca Eads Number LV 1995 CONTENTS Editor's Forward .............................................. ............... 3 by Paul S. George The Birth of the City of Miami............................................ 5 by Larry Wiggins Yellow Fever at Miami: The Epidemic of 1899 ............... 39 by Dr. William Straight The Sage of Biscayne Bay: Charles Torrey Simpson's Love Affair with South Florida ........................................... 61 by Leah La Plante Historical Association of Southern Florida Members...... 83 COPYRIGHT 1995 THE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA -is published annually by the Historical Association of 1eqt eS t"x Southern Florida. Communications should be addressed I to the Managing Editor of Tequesta, Historical Museum of Southern Florida, 101 W. Flagler Street, Miami, Florida 33130. Telephone: (305) 375-1492. The Association does not assume responsibility for statements of facts or opinions made by contributors. (ISSN 0363-3705) On the Cover: In 1896, close to 400 people crowded onto the second floor of the Lobby Pool Room to vote to incorporate Miami as a city. The building to the left is the site of this historical meeting. (HASF 75-25-103)
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2 TEQUESTA Historical Association of Southern Florida, Inc. FOUNDED 1940 -INCORPORATED 1941 John C. Harrison, Jr. Chairman of the Board Robert B. Battle First Vice Chair Anna Price, Ph.D. Second Vice Chair Lynn Pike Secretary Stuart Block Treasurer George R. Harper Past Chair Randy F. Nimnicht President J. Andrew Brian Museum Director Paul S. George, Ph.D. Editor, Tequesta Charlton W. Tebeau, Ph.D. Editor Emeritus Tequesta Thelma Peters, Ph.D. Editor Emeritus Tequesta Stuart B. Mclver Editor, South Florida History Magazine Rebecca Eads Editor, South Florida History Magazine Trustees Sherry Flagg Allen Roger Barreto Anthony Barthelemy, Ph.D. Thomas Daniel James L. Davis Priscilla M. Greenfield WilliamHo KeithJennings Peter Lapham Samuel D. LaRoue, Jr. Linda B. Lubitz Raul Masvidal Charles P. Munroe Thomas Paligraf JaniceC. Pryor GerriM.Rocker Raul L. Rodriguez Susan Shelley Michael B. Smith Joel Stocker EdwardA.Swakon Lourdes Viciedo The Rev. John F. White Judy Wiggins Eric Williams Richard A. Wood
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3 Editor's Forward What an exciting time to assume the editorship of Tequesta. Miami, the Magic City, is preparing to celebrate the centennial of its incorporation as a city. Miami and Dade County continue to invite national, and even international, scrutiny as academics and members of the media alike attempt to divine from its experiences with waves of refugees and immigrants the future course of global cities. In the meantime, increasing numbers of students, along with academicians and journalists, are probing the area's rich history as never before. Since its first issue appeared in 1941, Tequesta has been the beneficiary of much of the research and writing devoted to the history of the region. With the city's centennial as a backdrop, this, the fifty-fifth volume of Tequesta, will examine, in a seminal article by Larry Wiggins, the events of 1895-1896 that led to the creation of moder Miami. Wiggins is an avocational historian par excellence, and one known for his relentless research and unselfish assistance to others involved in the craft. This number of Tequesta also includes a carefully-researched article on Miami's fearsome yellow fever epidemic of 1899 by William Straight, M.D. Dr. Straight has amassed an enviable record as a medical historian over the past four decades and he burnishes this reputation with this essay. Like Larry Wiggins, Leah LaPlant, author of a fascinating study on Charles Torrey Simpson, is a first-time contributor to Tequesta. A professor at Miami-Dade Community College's Wolfson Campus, Ms. LaPlant examines the renown naturalist's lengthy residence in the Miami area and his significant impact on his adopted home. As Arva Parks McCabe, my immediate predecessor as editor, indicated in the 1993 number of Tequesta, the journal is interested in a wide array of topics covering the rich history of south Florida and the Caribbean, and it invites the novice as well as those with more experience in the historian's craft, to submit articles for consideration. I will be happy, as Arva was, to work with anyone who has an idea and the determination to pursue research in primary sources in quest of new information on the area's history. An accomplished, energetic advisory board will assist in this quest. Paul S. George Tequesta Editor
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4 TEQUESTA The early pioneers who helped establish Miami: William and Mary Brickell (HASF Stan Cooper Collection) and Julia Tuttle (HASF 1975-25-1). The above view of Avenue D looks northward, from the south side the the Miami River. Julia Tuttle owned the land to the right in the picture, which was leased out to the local businessmen. The tallest building on that side is the Lobby, the site ofMiami's incorporation in 1896. (HASF x-145-x)
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5 The Birth of the City of Miami by Larry Wiggins Just over one hundred years ago, in 1895, three stubborn visionaries came together to create Miami and, in doing so, open all of then-pristine South Florida to development. The Tuttle and Brickell families possessed land. Henry M. Flagler owned a railroad and possessed the capital to transform the land from a wilderness into a city. The partnership between them was at times adversarial, the consequences sometimes disappointing, but the resulting Magic City would, over the next century, grow into something greater than they could have ever imagined. The Brickell family, consisting of William, his wife Mary, and eight adult children ranging in age from 18 to 38, lived on the south bank of the mouth of the Miami River where they operated a trading post and post office. They arrived in 1871 from Cleveland and purchased a vast stretch of land that extended from the banks of the river south to near today's Coconut Grove. They also owned property on the north side of the New River in today's Fort Lauderdale.' Julia Tuttle and her children, Harry and Fanny, lived across the river from the Brickells. Tuttle, who came to Miami in 1891 after purchasing a tract of 640 acres of land on the north bank of the Miami River, was also from Cleveland. Tuttle's husband, Frederick, died in 1886, and she decided to move to South Florida due to what was described as the "delicate health" of her children. Tuttle had seen the area in 1875, at the age of twenty-six, when she visited her father, Ephraim Sturtevant, who homesteaded in the area of today's Larry Wiggins is the Controller for the South Dade News Leader, a newspaper in Homestead, where he has been employed for 17 years. He graduated from the University of Miami in 1978. He was chairman of the Historic Preservation Board of the City of Homestead at the time of and during the recovery from, Hurricane Andrew.
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6 TEQUESTA Miami Shores. Sturtevant had been a friend of Brickell in Cleveland until a disagreement brought the friendship to a halt.2 The Miami area, in the years leading up to the railroad's arrival, was better known as "Biscayne Bay Country." The only overland transportation to the area was by a hack (or stagecoach) line that ran from Lantana on the southern end of Lake Worth to Lemon City on Biscayne Bay. The few published accounts from that period describe the area as a wilderness that held much promise.3 Lying five miles north of the Miami River, Lemon City could boast of only fifteen buildings in 1893. However, many homesteaders had settled on land up to five miles away from the core of the settlements. One of these buildings was a new hotel that could accommodate twenty-five to thirty guests. Two miles south were several people living in Buena Vista. "Cocoanut Grove" (as it was spelled then) sat ?? miles south of the Miami River; it contained twenty-eight buildings "of a very neat and tasteful character," two large stores doing an "immense business," and a hotel run by Charles and Isabella Peacock. Cutler, eight miles south of Cocoanut Grove, also contained a few settlers.4 But the jewel on Biscayne Bay was Miami. The site where the Miami River emptied into the bay was described as the cream of the property in the area. There was rich, heavy hammock growth, and to the south, on the Brickell lands, a high, rocky bluff, which was characterized as "one of the finest building sites in Florida."5 The Tuttles lived in a large home that had been in use when Fort Dallas occupied the spot at the time of the Indian wars of the mid-nineteenth century. Julia Tuttle repaired and converted the home into one of the show places in the area.6 It possessed a wide porch on the second story that provided a sweeping view of the river and the bay. The bay itself was a favorite resort for wealthy yachtsmen who came to the area in the winter for fishing and cruising.7 Flagler's biographers debate just when he first planned to extend his railroad south to Miami and eventually on to Key West. Perhaps no one but Flagler ever will know, although correspondence related to this matter dates to the early 1890s. However, the point in time when the decision actually was made to begin extending the railroad south from West Palm Beach can be ascertained as February 1895.8 Flagler, who earlier had achieved great wealth in partnership with John D. Rockefeller in Standard Oil, had been developing the
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The Birth of the City of Miami 7 east coast of Florida, beginning in St. Augustine in 1885, either through new construction or through the purchase of existing hotels and railroads, which were then upgraded. Every few years, Flagler extended his railroad farther south. Flagler became associated with the Florida Coast Line Canal & Transportation Company (FCLCTC) in 1893 because of the advantages it held for his railroad.' The canal company, chartered in 1881, had as its objective the construction of a series of canals connecting existing lakes and rivers in order to provide a navigable inland waterway beHenryM.Flagler tween St. Augustine and Lake Worth. (HASF 1981-116-2) This would allow for safe transportation as many ships were being lost off the Florida coast to dangerous underwater coral reefs and sudden violent squalls.10 FCLCTC's charter was amended in 1882 to extend the waterway from Lake Worth to Biscayne Bay and from St. Augustine to the St. Johns River. The company would dig the canals fifty feet wide and to a depth of five feet and dredge the existing rivers and lakes to that depth in order to accommodate steam-powered vessels. In return for opening the area to agriculture and development, the company received from the state of Florida a grant of 3,840 acres LAKE WORTH, Advertisement for Flagler's East Coast Line, c. 1893. (Florida State Archives)
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8 TEQUESTA of land for each mile of the waterway. The FCLCTC sold this land to settlers and farmers who, in turn, provided commerce for the canal which was to operate on a toll system. Thus began the first major commercial enterprise to link the Miami area with the outside world." The company was never well capitalized. Sales of the lands awarded it by the state of Florida for work completed was disappointing. This led to serious financial problems in 1892, at which time the FCLCTC prevailed upon its competitor, Henry Flagler, for help. Flagler's railroad then reached only as far south as Daytona Beach, but he was planning to extend it to Rockledge, eighty miles to the south. The railroad also operated on a system of receiving state grants of land for each mile of railway constructed. The canal's charter had effectively tied up the state land along its proposed route to Biscayne Bay. The state pledged the canal company all of its land designated as land to be granted. This state land amounted to every other section, on a township and range basis, within a six-mile-wide stretch along the canal's route. Flagler realized that the state was left with no land to grant to his railroad when it pushed farther south, so he used his bargaining skills learned during his Standard Oil days to negotiate a most favorable partnership with the canal company: he would provide capital in exchange for assuming the company's presidency and his railroad would receive a grant of 1,500 acres of the canal company's land for each mile of new track. The extension of the railroad would, in turn, increase the probability that the canal company could successfully market its remaining lands to potential settlers. The canal company and railroad also agreed on a plan to settle and develop some of the lands jointly.12 Thus, with the assured land available, Flagler pushed his railroad farther south, reaching Rockledge in February 1893 and Fort Pierce in January 1894. In February 1894, Flagler opened the jewel of his resort hotels, the Royal Poinciana, at Palm Beach.13 It was the largest wooden structure in the world, containing 1,150 rooms. The following month Flagler completed the extension of his railroad southward from Fort Pierce to West Palm Beach. In return for this extension the canal company issued the railroad 102,917 acres in January 1895. These deeds contained land in the Miami area as there were not sufficient lands owned by the canal company along the railroad extension between Fort Pierce and West Palm Beach.14 Within weeks of receiving this land Flagler would decide to begin his extension to Miami.
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The Birth of the City of Miami 9 Florida experienced its worst freeze since 1835 on the night of December 29, 1894. The cold wave, which originated in the Midwest, moved down the country so fast that it did not have a chance to warm up as it headed southward. Nor did it give forecasters adequate time to notify farmers in Florida of the coming danger. Temperatures sunk to 14 degrees at Jacksonville, and 18 at Tampa. West Palm Beach recorded 30 degrees; ice formed one-eighth of an inch thick in a fountain in front of Palm Beach's Royal Poinciana. At Titusville, the temperature dipped to 18 degrees, rising only to 34 the next day and back below freezing the following night. A temperature of 26 degrees for three hours or more would freeze the juice of an orange, making it unfit for eating. Florida's famous citrus crop was lost, as well as the winter vegetable crop in the ground throughout the state. 5 The word from the most southerly region of Florida, a land that could only be reached by an exhausting two-day trip by stagecoach over rough roads or by boat over the sometimes dangerous open water route, was surprisingly different. One farmer in a letter to a Titusville newspaper said: Biscayne Bay [area] is not frozen out as yet, as will be shown by the shipments of tomatoes made this month. Between 200 and 300 crates will be shipped from here tomorrow, the 14th [of January]. The cold did little damage here. Pineapples are not hurt as far as can be seen. The leaves on the banana trees are burnt some, but the fruit is not injured. Irish potatoes, beans and beets did not suffer from the cold, and we will have a full crop of tomatoes.16 All over Florida, farmers, developers and homeseekers looked upon their barren trees and fields and took note of this "freeze proof" section of Florida. As farmers were struggling from the devastating freeze of December 1895, Florida was hit by an even worse freeze. On the night of February 7, 1895, the temperature dropped to 18 at Orlando and Titusville, 22 at Tampa, 20 at Daytona, and 14 at Jacksonville. The following day the temperature failed to rise above freezing throughout most of the state. In Jacksonville, the St. Johns River froze a distance of eight feet from the southern bank and was thick enough
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10 TEQUESTA to support the weight of a man two feet out. Snow fell on Tampa and Fort Myers.'7 This second cold wave, coming just when citrus trees were putting out new growth and vegetable growers were preparing to harvest their replanted crops, finished off any of the remaining season's yield. Where citrus crops had been lost in December, the trees themselves were lost in the latter freeze. Farmers were demoralized and numbed; what they thought could not happen again in ten years had occurred only six weeks after the first freeze. Homesteaders who had looked upon Florida as the promised land and had invested years in their farms were wiped out in two days.18 Again, the reports coming from the areas of New River (Fort Lauderdale) and Biscayne Bay were difficult to comprehend. The freeze had not reached the far south end of Florida and again it was reported "many crates of tomatoes are being shipped to Key West daily."'9 Two days after the second freeze, Flagler dispatched James E. Ingraham to investigate the reports from South Florida. Ingraham headed the railroad's land department, which had the responsibility for securing land for the railroad, surveying and laying out the new towns that sprang up on the newly granted railroad lands, and attracting settlers and farmers to these lands. He was among Flagler's most trusted employees. Ingraham initially came to Florida in 1874, and worked for Henry Sanford and Henry Plant, two major entrepeneurs, before joining the Flagler organization.20 Sanford had purchased a large tract of land in central Florida and Ingraham had laid out and handled the development of the town of Sanford for him. Ingraham also talked Sanford into building a railroad to connect Sanford with Kissimmee. Ingraham became president of this railroad in 1879. When Plant, a wealthy Tampa investor, bought Sanford's railroad, Ingraham moved over to become president of this new line. Ingraham was president of the South Florida Railroad when Plant extended the train to Orlando and later to Tampa. Ingraham was hired away from Plant by Flagler in 1892.21 Two years earlier, in 1890, Ingraham met Julia Tuttle at a dinner party at her home in Cleveland. Tuttle was preparing to move to her property at Fort Dallas and remarked to him, "Some day somebody will build a railroad to Miami. I hope you will be interested in it, and when they do I will be willing to divide my properties there and give one-half to the company for a town site." Ingraham responded, "Well, Mrs. Tuttle, it is a long way off, but stranger things
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The Birth of the City of Miami 11 have happened, and possibly I some day may hold you to that promise."22 Two years later, while still president of the South Florida Railroad, Ingraham took an expedition across the Everglades from Fort Myers to Miami to investigate the possibilities of extending the Plant line to Miami. After the Ingraham expedition reached Julia Tuttle's home in April 1892, exhausted and half starved, James Ingraham became impressed with the Biscayne area, spending several days exploring it with his hostess. Soon after, however, the Plant System decided not to extend its railroad to Miami from Tampa, and six months after the expedition, Ingraham was hired away by Flagler. In his capacity with the railroad's land department, Ingraham would become one of Miami's most important early supporters.23 Speaking before a meeting of the Miami Women's Club in November 1920, on the occassion of a plaque dedication ceremony in honor of Henry Flagler, Ingraham recalled his return to Miami following the freeze of February 1895: I found at Lauderdale, at Lemon City, Buena Vista, Miami, Coconut Grove and at Cutler orange trees, lemon trees and lime trees blooming or about to bloom without a leaf hurt, vegetables growing in a small way untouched. There had been no frost there. I gathered up a lot of blooms from these various trees, put them in damp cotton, and after an interview with Mrs. Tuttle and Mr. and Mrs. Brickell of Miami, I hurried to St. Augustine, where I called on Mr. Flagler and showed him the orange blossoms, telling him that I believed that these orange blossoms were from the only part of Florida, except possibly a small area on the extreme southerly part of the western coast, which had escaped the freeze; that here was a body of land more than 40 miles long, between the Everglades and the Atlantic Ocean, perhaps very much longer than that, absolutely untouched, and that I believed that it would be the home of the citJames E. Ingraham rus industry in the future, because it was (HASF 1976-85-1) absolutely immune from devastating
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12 TEQUESTA freezes. I said: 'I have also here written proposals from Mrs. Tuttle and Mr. and Mrs. Brickell, inviting you to extend your railroad from Palm Beach to Miami and offering to share with you their holdings at Miami for a town site.' Mr. Flagler looked at me for some minutes in perfect silence, then he said: 'How soon can you arrange for me to go to Miami?'24 Flagler had decided to see this "freeze proof" section for himself. In late February 1895, the railroad baron traveled by special train to West Palm Beach before transferring to a launch for a trip down the Florida East Coast Line canal, which by this time was completed from Lake Worth to New River. The party spent the night in Fort Lauderdale, and left by carriage the next morning to travel to the northern shore of Biscayne Bay where they were met by Tuttle's launch and brought to Miami. Ingraham recalled that the day was beautiful and "that night was the most perfect moonlight that I have ever seen." Before bedtime, Mr. Flagler made the decision to accept the offers of Tuttle and Brickell, extend his railroad to Miami and build a resort hotel there.25 The party returned to St. Augustine in early March with a verbal agreement to extend the railroad to Miami and to develop a city in that locale, but formal contracts had yet to be drawn up and signed. No official announcements were made at the time, although rumors over the meaning of the trip began to appear in the press.26 The Titusville paper observed that, "Some optimists believe the railroad will be extended to deep water off Key Largo, others think a mammoth hotel will be constructed on Bay Biscayne."27 From Sanford: "Flagler has decided to extend to Bay Biscayne and also he has purchased half of Key Largo."28 The Jacksonville report noted that the natives of Bay Biscayne are "very much stirred up by the advent of the big millionaire's [visit]. It is generally supposed that this tour means the extension of the east coast line to Bay Biscayne."29 Preliminary to drawing up a formal contract, Flagler wrote Tuttle a long letter on April 22, 1895, recapping her offer of land to him in exchange for his extension of the railroad to Miami, laying out a city and building a hotel. The terms, as they appeared in the letter, provided that Tuttle would award Flagler a 100-acre tract of land. The boundaries of this tract would stretch approximately from the bay on the east (at that time the shoreline ran along today's Biscayne Bou-
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The Birth of the City of Miami 13 levard) to Southwest Third Avenue on the west, and from Southeast and Southwest First Street on the north to the Miami River on the south. Within this tract, a 13-acre parcel, on which Tuttle's home stood, was reserved as her "home lot." It was bounded by today's South Miami Avenue on the west, Southeast Second Avenue on the east, Southeast Second Street on the north and the Miami River on the south.30 The remainder of the Tuttle property at the Miami site would be divided between Flagler and Tuttle. Flagler professed in the letter that he would prefer to have his portion in a solid tract, but told Tuttle he would "agree to accept your ideas, viz: an equitable division by alternate lots."31 Tuttle wisely inserted and stuck to this provision so that her lots would be as valuable as Flagler's as he laid out the streets and developed the town. The larger divided tract was bounded approximately by the Miami River on the south and southwest, Northeast and Northwest Eleventh Street on the north, Northwest Seventh Avenue on the west, and the Bay on the east. This offer would eventually be drawn up into a contract that was signed by Tuttle and Flagler dated October 24, 1895.32 The April 1895 letter also mentioned that Flagler had sent a similar missive to William Brickell in reply to his offer for extending the railroad to Miami. Flagler said that Brickell was including 100 acres of land at New River; thus he felt justified in asking for the same from Tuttle.33 Flagler's letter to Brickell, and the ensuing contract, have not survived, but from the course of events we can assume the offer was similar to that of Tuttle's. The Brickells would divide a portion of their property south of the Miami River with Flagler and, in turn, the industrialist would construct a bridge across the Miami River. As with the Tuttle tract, the property would be subdivided by alternate lots. The boundaries of this property were approximately South Miami Avenue on the east, Southwest and Northwest Eighth Avenue on the west, Southwest Fifteenth Road and Southwest Eleventh Street on the south, and the Miami River on the north. Also included was the New River land. The Brickells reserved their home lot at the mouth of the Miami River and all property between the bay and South Miami Avenue.34 While the railroad's extension to Miami remained unannounced in the spring of 1895, rumors of this possibility continued to multiply, fueling real estate activity in the Biscayne Bay area at a time when
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14 TEQUESTA land prices throughout the rest of Florida were relatively depressed due to the affects of the freeze. In May 1895, prices for bayfront property were reported as "almost out of sight," but good lands for agricultural purposes could still be found "from one to two miles back from the bay," priced reasonably at $10 to $25 an acre.35 The news of the railroad's extension was officially announced on June 21, 1895, in the pages of Jacksonville's Florida TimesUnion: "It is now a certainty that the East Coast line will be extended to Bay Biscayne at an early date. A corps of engineers began the survey this week. The distance is sixty-five miles, with no heavy grading but few bridges."36 The following day, the paper reported that "Contractor F.M. Cabott, with a large force of men, has commenced to grade."37 The land was graded by removing trees and bushes in a strip 100 feet wide and smoothing over any uneven places in the terrain. The track was then laid down the middle of this strip. The railroad and canal companies owned, or had grants from the state, for nearly sixty miles of the sixty-six-mile extension. For the remaining six miles, they endeavored to persuade the property owners to donate the right-of-way. J. R. Parrott, vice president and general manager of the railroad company, in a newspaper interview appearing in early July, threatened to halt construction of the extension if the railroad was forced to pay for a portion of the right-ofway. "At present," Parrott announced, "the country is very sparsely settled, and our only object in extending the line now would be because labor and material are so cheap."38 This was, again, due to the freeze. The thirteen men of the Corps of Engineers, under supervision of H. G. Ord, completed their survey and reached Miami on July 15. They camped at the mouth of the Miami River on Tuttle's property. While there, they also made a survey map of the 100 acres Tuttle was to donate to Flagler, the site where the hotel was to be built.39 The canal was completed and navigable between West Palm Beach and New River, and on August 12, 1895, the canal company placed one of its own steam-powered boats, the Hittie, on a triweekly run between the two points. Construction of the next phase of the canal, from Fort Lauderdale to Biscayne Bay, began at the end of August with one dredge working south while the other -the Biscayne -was towed to Biscayne Bay on the Atlantic Ocean side to begin working northward to meet up with the former.40By then,
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The Birth of the City of Miami 15 A. L. Knowlton, a Justice of the Peace at West Palm Beach, had resigned his position and gone to the New River area to survey the town site of Fort Lauderdale.41 In late September, the work of laying the track began.42 The cross ties were seven inches by nine inches by nine feet and laid 2,800 to a mile. A report made by a state inspector after the extension was completed noted that the track had been "carefully laid" and "well spiked, well lined, and evenly spaced on the ties." The inspector added that "workmanship on all classes of this construction is good, and the material used is the best that could be obtained."43 With work on the railroad extension to Miami well under way, settlers began pouring into the promised "freeze proof" lands. Settlements such as Linton -today's Delray Beach -and Fort Lauderdale were springing up along the canal and railroad route. Only a month old in mid-October 1895, Linton boasted a population of more than 100, most of whom were male heads of families.44 The men would arrive in advance of their families to prepare a home before sending for their wives and children. But still, many more interested settlers held back to wait until the lots would be put on the market in Miami. Already, many believed that Miami would surpass West Palm Beach in growth and importance as a tourist, agricultural and transportation center.45 Early housing in South Florida, c. 1896. (HASF x-149-x)
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16 TEQUESTA As South Florida underwent its first boom, optimism ran high and people were excited. Flagler, however, was going through what was to be the worst time in his life. He married his second wife, Ida Alice Shourds, on June 5, 1883. The early days of their marriage were happy, but by 1894, Flagler began to notice peculiarities in her behavior. She began making wild claims and accusations to Flagler's doctor and personal friend, George S. Shelton. She claimed that prominent New Yorkers were involved in many varieties of nefarious conduct. After consulting a ouija board in early October 1895, Mrs. Flagler decided that she was in love with the czar of Russia and would marry him after her husband's death. So strong were her claims of love for the czar that Dr. Shelton became concerned for Flagler's life. On October 24, 1894, he called in two mental health specialists to visit with the Flaglers at their New York residence. Mrs. Flagler repeated her claim that she was engaged to be married to the czar and added that the house was filled with Russian spies.46 The diagnosis was "delusionary insanity" and the physicians recommended that she be committed to a sanitarium. She was taken by force on that day and sent to an institution. The following day, Dr. Shelton wrote to Flagler's friend, Dr. Andrew Anderson in St. Augustine, insisting that Flagler visit Florida to get his mind off his personal life. Flagler agreed to leave for the Sunshine State the following week. Dr. Shelton added that Flagler was "almost prostrated with grief and anxiety."47 While the date October 24, 1895, brought "grief and anxiety" to Flagler, it would represent the legal date that Julia Tuttle would see that her dreams had begun to be fulfilled. On that day, the agreement that was to become known as Miami's "birth certificate," was drawn up. The typed contract set forth the items previously agreed upon by Flagler and Tuttle.48 At that time in October 1895, Miami was recovering from the effects of a tropical storm that moved through the area three days earlier, uprooting trees and causing inhabitants to move their boats up river for safety.49 One report claimed that the wind blew the water out of Biscayne Bay "until it could be waded."50 West Palm Beach suffered more severely from the storm as several wharfs were destroyed and the piledriver employed in the construction of a railroad bridge across Lake Worth from West Palm Beach to Palm Beach was sunk.5" At the time, Surveyor Knowlton was in Miami studying the area in order to begin platting the town site of Miami, and W. C.
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The Birth of the City of Miami 17 Valentine of Fort Lauderdale was surveying and platting the area at the fork of the Miami River and some of the Brickell property outside the town site of Miami.52 Following his doctor's advice, Flagler arrived in Jacksonville on October 30, on his way to St. Augustine.53 At the same time, railroad workers, clearing the right-of-way to Miami, (with graders following along behind them) were nearing Lemon City.54 On November 4, Flagler, along with J. R. Parrott, Ingraham and R. T. Goff, left St. Augustine to inspect his railway, hotels and railroad bridges. He traveled as far south as Lantana by train, for the tracks ended at that point.5 In the meantime, the railroad bridge across Lake Worth was completed while Flagler was in South Florida. With this bridge completed, workers who had been engaged in its construction, moved south to begin building railroad bridges over the Hillsboro and New Rivers.56 In the second week of November, Flagler journeyed to Miami, returning to St. Augustine on November 14.57 In all likelihood, Flagler came to Miami to sign the contract of October 24. With that, and the railroad on its way, activity in Miami began to pick up. Men, both black and white, from throughout Florida flocked to Miami to await Flagler's call for workers of all qualifications to begin work on the promised hotel and city. By late December 1895, seventy-five of them already were at work clearing the site for the hotel. They lived mostly in tents and huts in the wilderness that as of yet had no streets and few cleared paths. These men were primarily victims of the great freeze that had left both money and work scarce.58 At the December 10 meeting of the Dade County Commission in Juno, Dade's county seat, Mary Brickell posted a performance bond to operate a ferry across the Miami River. This conveyance would allow men camped on the north side of the river to reach the south side where the Brickells operated their trading post and post office.59 The long-awaited Florida Coast Line Canal was completed to Biscayne Bay in mid-January 1896.60 To inaugurate the canal, Flagler -its president -with other officials, took the first trip along the canal's uninterrupted, sheltered route of 40 miles from Lake Worth to Biscayne Bay in the river steamboat J. W. Sweeny under the command of Capt. S. A. Bravo.61 The line began operating regularly scheduled steamboat service between Lake Worth and Miami with the completion of the canal. The boats Hittie and Della left from
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18 TEQUESTA West Palm Beach on alternating days, staying overnight at Fort Lauderdale, before leaving for Miami the next morning; they returned to West Palm Beach the same day.62 By then, the railroad extension had been completed to a point about six miles north of the New River, although trains had not yet begun to run on it.63 The end of January found 200 men at work clearing the town site of Miami, prompting the Florida Times-Union to remark, "Everybody is busy and the boom has commenced."64 E. H. Harrington and Charles L. Tyler were doing big business feeding the workmen. A. L. Knowlton was continuing to survey the town site. The firm of Ellis, Williams and Branscombe operated a successful fertilizer and crate business. At Cocoanut Grove, real estate brokers John Frederick and E. C. Dearborn also were busy. The lots in the actual city site of Miami were not platted and were not yet for sale. However, there was much land in the adjoining area that was selling.65 February 1896 saw the opening of the railroad extension to Fort Lauderdale. The first passenger train left Palm Beach on Tuesday, February 18, at 7:30 a.m.66 The canal steamboat schedule was adjusted so that the Della (owned by the canal company) and the Biscayne (formerly the J. N. Sweeny, owned by the railroad company) met the arriving trains at Fort Lauderdale on alternate days for the trip to Miami.67 On February 1, 1896, Mrs. Tuttle fulfilled the first part of her agreement with Flagler by signing two deeds to transfer land for his Surveyors Knowlton and Frederick at work marking off the future streets of Miami. (HASF 1990-516-2)
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The Birth of the City of Miami 19 hotel to him, and the 100 acres of land adjoining the hotel site, less her homesite, to Flagler and Ingraham. The titles to the Brickell and Tuttle properties were based on early Spanish land grants and had to be determined to be clear of conflict before the marketing of the Miami lots began. The law and abstract office of Robbins, Graham and Chillingworth, a Titusville firm which opened a Miami branch, was charged with this task. Walter S. Graham, the manager of the Miami branch, also was preparing to start Miami's first newspaper, the Miami Metropolis. Graham was formerly part owner of the Indian River Advocate in Titusville.68 Graham wrote a confidential letter to J. R. Parrott on February 24, 1896, explaining what he felt was "trouble ahead, unless a change of policy occurs in Miami." He noted that work was progressing on the north side of the river but that the south side was "not receiving the proper attention, and the Brickells are getting very sore."69 He maintained that if the lots on the north side were put on the market first, the city would develop there, leaving the south side undeveloped and less desirable. Accordingly, Graham felt that Flagler should begin construction at once on the promised bridge across the Miami River. Further, Graham believed the bridge should be completed before any lots went on sale on either side of the stream; and that work on the streets on both sides of the river be developed concurrently. Graham indicated that his firm would pronounce the titles clear to both the Brickell and Tuttle property simultaneously, so that the Brickells would have no grounds to blame his title company for any delay.70 Isidor Cohen was one of Miami's earliest merchants, arriving in February 1896. Cohen arranged to have a small building constructed on the south side of the river for his store, and secured a row boat to carry his customers across the river so they would not have to pay the ferry fare. Within two months, however, Cohen had moved to the north side of the river, believing business would be better in that sector.7 On March 3, Flagler dispatched John Sewell and twelve of his best black workers from Palm Beach to Miami to begin work on the townsite. They began by grading the site of Flagler's hotel.72 By late March the railroad extension had reached a point just below Arch Creek near today's Northeast 135th Street.73 Increasing numbers of people were coming to Miami. In order to provide them with a place to stay, Harrington and Tyler leased the Miami Hotel from Julia Tuttle -even before it had a roof over it. Located on today's South
PAGE 16
20 TEQUESTA Miami Avenue near the river, the hotel contained a dining room on the first floor and rooms on the second which only could be reached by ladder, since a staircase had not been completed.74 A former steamboat, the Rockledge, was converted into a floating hotel by E. E. Vail, towed to Miami and docked at the foot of Avenue D (today's Miami Avenue).75 Several new businesses had just opened or were about to open as March drew to a close. These included Frank Budge's hardware store, Frank Duren's meat market and green grocery, E. L. Brady's grocery store, and the Lummus Brothers' general store; additionally, a drug store, candy shop and pool room looked out over Avenue D. The lumber to build the Bank of Bay Biscayne building was being hauled to its lot next to the Brady grocery store.76 The lots in Miami owned by Julia Tuttle were put on sale, but as the Flagler and Brickell lots were not even listed, prospective purchasers could not compare prices, and initial sales were disappointing. The Tuttle lots, as would the Flagler and Brickell properties, contained a clause forbidding the manufacture or sale of "any spirituous or intoxicating liquors, either distilled or fermented."7 Thus Miami was to be a "dry" town, with the notable exception of Flagler's Royal Palm Hotel."7 Already an addition to Miami had sprung up. Called "North Miami," it was platted and placed on the market in late March.79 Its southern border was today's Fourteenth Street, located about one quarter of a mile north of the Miami townsite several blocks west of today's Omni shopping mall. The addition was comprised of two subdivisions, one owned by E. A. Waddell and J. W. Johnson and the other by the law firm of Robbins, Graham and Chillingsworth. Its lots contained no liquor clause and saloons quickly moved in. It would grow to become Miami's den of inequity until it was cleaned up some fifteen years later.80 The railroad tracks reached Lemon City, near today's Northeast Sixty-second Street, on April 3, 1896. Only seven miles remained to Miami. Those seven miles were covered in four days. The tracks reached Miami on April 7. There have been several conflicting accounts of the entry of the first train into Miami. Some indicate that the event occurred at night and others maintain it happened during the daytime. Accounts from two contemporary newspapers appear to settle the argument as to when the first train arrived.8'
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The Birth of the City of Miami 21 The first train actually arrived on Monday, April 13, 1896. It was a special, unscheduled train and Flagler was on board, as was his custom. One reason for the discrepancy over the arrival of the first train may be that the first regularly scheduled FEC passenger train did arrive late at night on Wednesday, April 15, the date generally given as the arrival date of the first train. However, the Florida Times-Union of April 14 carried a dispatch from its St. Augustine correspondent, dated April 13, which reported the following: Mr. Henry Flagler's private car left for the south last night, with Capt. J. J. Vandergrift, of Pittsburgh, Pa.; Mr. J. E. Ingraham, Mr. Flagler's general agent; Mr. C. B. Knott, superintendent of the East Coast hotel system; Vice President J. R. Parrott and Superintendent R. T. Goff, in the former's private car, also went south. Messers. MacDonald and W. H. Merrill will join the party at Palm Beach. At Ft. Lauderdale, contractor McLain will take the party to inspect the new extension of the F. E. C. railway to Miami, which is completed, and on which Mr. Joseph Richardson, general passenger agent, believes this summer schedule will be put in operation next Wednesday.82 This train is identical to the first train that entered Miami in 1896. (HASF 1977-152-1)
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22 TEQUESTA The weekly Indian River Advocate, in its edition of April 17, reported the following: THE FIRST PASSENGER TRAIN OVER THE NEW EXTENSION At noon Monday last the first passenger train over the new extension of the Florida East Coast Railway rolled into Miami. Among those on board the train were Mr. H. M. Flagler, president of the road; Vice-President J. R. Parrott, Land Commissioner J. E. Ingraham, Supt. J. T. Goff, Gen'l Freight Agent W. J. Jarvis, Contractor J. A. McDonald, C. B. Knott, superintendent of the East Coast Hotel System; H. W. Merrill, manager Hotel Royal Poinciana; Dr. Andrew Anderson, St. Augustine; Capt. Van Dergriff, Pittsburg, Pa.; A. E. Robbinson, John B. Reilly and D. C. Sutton. Most of the party, soon after their arrival, started for a few days' cruise on the steamer Biscayne among the Keys."3 Additional confirmation for the arrival of the first train into Miami on April 13, is found in the diary of Mary Barr Munroe of Cocoanut Grove, who wrote that Flagler visited the Grove that day on the Biscayne.84 In the Florida Times-Union of April 18, the West Palm Beach correspondent, under an April 17 dateline, reported: "The special [train] containing Mr. Flagler and his officers, which went south Monday [April 13], returned to St. Augustine last night, passing here about 5 o'clock."85 The first regularly scheduled train arrived on the night of April 15. Later published histories claim that the first week of train service provided only for freight and that passenger service did not begin until a week later, April 22. contemporary newspaper accounts, however, contradict this claim.86 The Indian River Advocate of April 17 reported that "Regular trains are now running between the above places [Jacksonville and Miami]."87 The Florida Times-Union noted on April 17 that "The through schedule started April 16th."88 The use of April 16 is explained by the fact that the through schedule called for a train to leave Miami at 5 a.m. In order for the schedule to begin, a train had to be in Miami to leave at 5 a.m. Since there was no train in Miami until the night of April 15, it would fall to April 16 to be the first day that the schedule could start with trains arriving in and leaving from
PAGE 19
The Birth of the City of Miami 23 Miami. In the April 22 edition of the Florida Times-Union, the journal's West Palm Beach correspondent, under an April 21 dateline, reported, "There is a daily through train from each end, and a mixed one between Fort Pierce and Miami."89 The arrival of regular train service was a catalyst to the rapid settlement and development of the entire area. On April 24, the Brickells deeded a right-of-way to the FEC Railway through their Fort Lauderdale property. One week later, on May 1, the Brickells deeded every other lot in the town site of Fort Lauderdale to the Fort Dallas Land Company, Flagler's land company, headed by James Ingraham, that was organized to market Flagler's lots in Miami and Fort Lauderdale.90 Commercial activity increased with the opening of the Bank of Bay Biscayne on May 2.91 Miami's first newspaper, the Miami Metropolis, issued its first edition on May 15, under the editorship of Walter S. Graham. The newspaper reported that the Miami lots owned by Brickell went on sale "last Monday."92 It complained that there was still no bridge across the river and people who wanted to get mail had to spend an hour waiting for the ferry and pay a tencent toll to learn if they had any mail. The Metropolis ridiculed the mail service and pleaded for a post office on the north side of the river, where the Miami community now was firmly entrenched.93 The Metropolis lobbied for the incorporation of Miami before August 1, 1896. The journal argued that incorporation was necessary in order for Miamians to "frame and enforce such ordinances as are necessary." More specifically, an ordinance was necessary to deal with a problematical sanitary situation. "The removal of excrement and all kinds of disease-producing products at stated intervals should be rigidly insisted on," the paper said. In addition, it observed a problem with "indecent bathing," as workers bathed nude in both the river and along the banks of the bay.94 To begin the process of incorporation, an informal meeting was held on the evening of June 17. Frederick S. Morse was called upon to chair the meeting of about 100 people, forty of whom were registered voters. To incorporate as a municipality, at least twenty-five registered voters would be necessary to form a town; 300 or more voters would enable the municipality to incorporate as a city. The process required the twenty-five voters desiring incorporation to propose boundaries for the municipality and publish a notice to all eligible voters. This notice, to appear in the local newspaper, had to contain
PAGE 20
24 TEQUESTA =. _~_-i ---1, -i:.--i S-' -._ ..i ......, ....... ........ .... .... XTI 4-11,TT T, L14-4 40, .1 2 i I II l~t.J"^a~ L~f^--: l.^rieT^^^ ^I4'" _^-_ -i/ .-_------7. .. ;, -; s ...... .• ..... =,i a -r -... ""' "> g 1896 plat map of Miami, showing the Tuttle and Brickell land and the original street numbering system. (Courtesy of Arva Moore Parks) '~'F -~;;r-; M IAMIi ~ -;~i:7~rt~Wr.7T.S~;~T: i~ 9 ~ ~ ~~; FLA.' 5utt Z;6=uc 7 I. -_ R ae'186 la apofimi soin teTutl ndBrcel ln ad h origial steet nmberng sytem. Courtsy o-rva oore arks
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The Birth of the City of Miami 25 (1) the declaration of a desire to incorporate, (2) the proposed boundaries, and (3) the date and time that another public meeting would be held at which all voters living within the boundaries could vote for or against the incorporation.95 This initial meeting proceeded without incident, with the exception of the question of whether or not to include North Miami within the city limits. Rev. Asbury Caldwell, the local Congregational minister, spoke in favor of including the "wet" area in order to control the saloon and other elements which, he claimed, "need checking now." After it became known that neither Flagler nor Tuttle wanted North Miami included, the proposed boundaries were settled with that sector excluded. Using today's street numbering system, these boundaries included: On the north, a point just above Eleventh Street; on the west, Northwest Seventh Avenue (north of the Miami River), Northwest and Southwest Eighth Avenue (south of the Miami River); on the south, beginning at the intersection of Southwest Eighth Avenue and Southwest Eleventh Street, going east along Eleventh Street to the intersection of Fifteenth Road and following that road southeast to a point in the middle of Biscayne Bay; on the east, the middle of Biscayne Bay.96 The final order of business before adjournment was to set the date of the next meeting, which was decided upon as July 28.97 The legal notice of the meeting appeared in the Miami Metropolis each week for five weeks. It outlined the proposed boundaries and was signed by the required minimum twenty-five voters. It stated in part: That notice is hereby given to all persons who are registered voters residing within the above proposed limits of the proposed corporation to assemble on the 28th day of July, A.D. 1896, at the room over "The Lobby," which building is situated on Avenue "D," in the town of Miami, Florida, to select officers and organize a municipal government.98 At 2 p.m., on July 28, 1896, the incorporation meeting took place. The vote was restricted to all men (women did not receive the right to vote until 1920) who resided in Miami and who had lived in Dade County for at least six months in order to register to vote. This allowed men who had moved from West Palm Beach, Juno or Lemon City to Miami to vote, as those places were all part of Dade County.
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26 TEQUESTA Joseph A. McDonald, Flagler's chief of construction on the Hotel Royal Palm, was elected chairman of the meeting, H. J. Burkhardt was elected secretary and John B. McIntyre assistant secretary.99 The secretary called the roll to verify that at least two-thirds of the registered voters were present as the law required. There were 312 in attendance. However, as the meeting progressed, at least 32 stragglers arrived, since 344 votes were tallied in the final voting. The official minutes of the meeting indicate that the County Supervisor of Registration certified that there were 424 registered voters eligible to vote. This number consisted of 243 whites and 181 blacks. Of those registered voters, 368 were present at the meeting -206 white and 162 black.100 After ensuring that the required number of voters were present, Walter. S. Graham moved to vote by acclamation for the first three items on the ballot. The motion was made and unanimously carried to incorporate and organize a city government under the corporate name of "The City of Miami," with the boundaries as proposed, and that a corporate seal of this municipality shall be as follows: A round seal two inches in diameter, with the words 'The City of Miami' arranged in a semicircular form, constituting the border around the base and the design of the Royal Palm tree in an upright position in the center of the seal, with the inscription 'Incorporated 1896' inserted just below the center of the seal.'01 The next order of business was to elect officers. This was carried out by ballot. After the ballots were cast and while they were being tabulated, most people left to eat and then reassembled after dinner to learn the results, which were not announced until 10 p.m.102 The vote was a straight ticket win for the proposed "citizen's ticket" candidates. There were five proposed tickets, each of which endorsed 26-year-old John B. Reilly for mayor.'03 Reilly headed Flagler's Fort Dallas Land Company in Miami. He received 341 votes. The following were elected as Miami's first aldermen: Joseph A. McDonald (334 votes); Walter S. Graham (341 votes); William M. Brown (343 votes); Frederick S. Morse (343 votes); Edward L. Brady (317 votes); Daniel Cosgrove (343 votes); Frank T. Budge (233 votes). J. M. Graham (199 votes) was elected city clerk and Young F. Gray (247 votes) was chosen marshal.104
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The Birth of the City of Miami 27 The next item of business was the passage, by a unanimus vote, of a resolution urging the Postmaster General to direct the postmaster of Miami, Alice Brickell, "to immediately move the post office to a convenient location on the north side of the Miami River" since more than ninety percent of the population of Miami was living on that side. The voters also requested that the Miami post office be made a full money-order post office.105 Following the post office resolution, Justice of the Peace George W. Pierce administered the municipal oath of office to the new mayor Reilly who, in turn, administered the oath to the seven aldermen.16 The meeting closed with County Solicitor James B. Sanders of West Palm Beach "calling for three cheers for Miami and the new officers, which were given with a vim," and with speeches delivered by J. A. McDonald, lawyer E. F. McKinley, who had provided legal advice, Walter S. Graham and J. J. Haggerty.107 Isidor Cohen later recalled that one of the best speeches had been made by a black voter, whom he identified as A. C. Lightburn, but whom later records recognize as Alex C. Lightbourn.108 After the meeting, McKinley telegraphed the results to J. R. Parrott and J. E. Ingraham, who were spending the night in West Palm Beach before coming to the new city of Miami.10' Early the next morning, McDonald wired the results of the voting to Flagler in New York. Later that day, the following telegraph message, addressed to Joseph A. McDonald, was received in Miami: Telegram received. I congratulate the citizens of Miami upon the harmony which marked the election yesterday and trust that the auspicious beginning will result in future prosperity which will equal the most sanguine expectation of the people of the new city. H. M. Flagler110 The election results came as no surprise to Flagler, who has been called "Miami's Benevolent Dictator." He had invested no small sum in the railroad extension and development of Miami. He could not afford to sit by and watch an anti-Flagler group take control of his city. As he employed the great majority of the potential electors in the city, his men could decide the election.
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28 TEQUESTA John Sewell wrote that his boss, J. A. McDonald, had put together a proposed slate of candidates but had chosen banker William M. Brown for mayor."' Sewell felt that the honor of being the first mayor of Miami should go to a Flagler man and chose John B. Reilly, who happened to be McDonald's son-in-law. McDonald didn't think it would look good if he put his relative in the top spot, but later acquiesced when Sewell told him that he, McDonald, could be an alderman. Sewell then went to Tuttle and let her choose an alderman candidate and then did the same with the Brickells.12 The resulting "citizen's ticket" carried the election. This slate probably was the best that could be found among the early residents and was instrumental in the development of the fledgling city, with the notable exception of Marshal Gray, a bibulous lawman, who was replaced in 1899 by John Frohock.113 The incorporation meeting on July 28 and the prior meeting on June 17 were both held "at the room over The Lobby."114 The exact location of this building had been somewhat of a mystery in recent years. The only known picture of a building labeled "The Lobby" depicted a small, one-story wood frame structure that was not large enough to have held all of the incorporators."5 This photograph appeared in a Miami Herald feature called "The Good Old Days" on January 29, 1939. The caption claimed J. M. Graham provided the picture, "which was taken a short time before Miami's incorporation. The Lobby Pool and Billiard Parlor, housed in the low-lying structure in mid-scene, was the center, Graham recalled, of the city's early social life. The men working on the Royal Palm Hotel used to come over there [on] evenings and shoot pool.""116 In its first edition, which appeared on May 15, 1896, the Miami Metropolis carried a brief description of several of Miami's businessmen, one of whom was Willis M. Myers, proprietor of the Lobby: Myers... was one of the first businessmen in Miami. When he talked about a pool room and cold drink stand about three months ago, most people thought he was wild or foolish. But he started the affairjust the same. Nobody thinks he was a fool now. Look at the crowd at his place every night. He must be coining money and he deserves to. He is gentlemanly, courteous and obliging."7
PAGE 25
The Birth of the City of Miami 29 Both scenes shown here are Avenue D (today's South Miami Avenue) in 1896. The photograph above is of the earlier home of the Lobby Pool Room, commonly mistaken as the site of the vote for incorporation. The pool room business moved into the first floor of the large center building, shown below, before the incorporation meeting, which was held on the second floor of this structure. All of these buildings were owned by Julia Tuttle and leased to local businessmen. (HASF 1962-24-203 and HASF 1975-25-103)
PAGE 26
30 TEQUESTA The answer to the mystery of the one-story building is found in the Florida Times-Union for May 14, 1896, with the report from the Miami correspondent that, "W. M. Meyers [sic] has removed his poolroom several doors down the avenue toward the river.""8 Thus, the picture was taken before Myers moved his business from the one-story building to the ground floor of the larger two-story building, located five buildings south of his first location. All of those buildings were on the east side of today's South Miami Avenue between Southeast Second Street and the Miami River. They were owned by Tuttle and rented out to merchants. The exact location of the larger building at the time of the incorporation was 350 feet south of the spur track leading to the Hotel Royal Palm.19 Myers sold the business to H. J. Burkhardt in June 1896, who had closed the pool room by July 10. However, the building continued to be referred to as "the Lobby building" and was used for large meetings. In July 1899, the building was removed to the south end of the west wing of the Hotel Miami. Five weeks later, P. C. Hainlin leased the lower floor for a steam laundry to be known as the "Magic City Steam Laundry."120 But, on November 12, 1899, during a severe Yellow Fever epidemic, an explosion of a blue flame oil stove caused a fire to break out in the adjacent Hotel Miami. Within thirty minutes after the first alarm, the hotel, the Lobby building and four other structures "were in a mass of ruins."121 Thus, Miami's "birth place" was gone little more than three years after incorporation while the municipality it spawned has not only endured, but it has achieved, since that time, a prominence as one of the hemisphere's most important cities. The author would like to gratefully acknowledge the help given by Howard Kleinberg, who provided encouragement and editorial assistance. Endnotes 1. Oby J. Bonawit, Miami Florida Early Families and Records (Miami, Fla., published by author, 1980), 69. See also Francis P. Fleming, Memoirs of Florida, vol. 2 (Atlanta, Ga.: The Southern Historical Association, 1902), 445-46. 2. Bonawit, Miami Florida Early Families and Records, 75-77. See also Flemming, Memoirs of Florida, vol. 2, 735-36; Arva Moore Parks, Miami, The Magic City (Revised Edition, Miami, Fla.: Centennial
PAGE 27
The Birth of the City of Miami 31 Press, 1991), 60. 3. "The Day in St. Augustine -The Hack Line to Biscayne Bay," Florida Times-Union (Jacksonville, Fla.), January 10, 1893. 4. "A Trip to Biscayne Bay," The Tropical Sun (Juno, Fla.), March 9, 1893. 5. Ibid. 6. "The Lower East Coast -A Picture of Beautiful Bay Biscayne and the Lake Worth Region," Florida Times-Union, May 8, 1893. 7. "Southern Part of Dade -Fred S. Morse Talks of the Biscayne Bay Region," The Tropical Sun, November 29, 1894. 8. Joe Knetsch and Paul S. George, "Flagler Sets His Sights on Biscayne Bay," South Florida History Magazine (winter 1995), 20-25. 9. "Mr. Flagler and the Canal Company," Indian River Advocate (Titusville, Fla.), March 3, 1893 and March 24, 1893. 10. Alfred Jackson Hanna and Kathryn Abby Hanna, Florida's Golden Sands (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1950), 245-259. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid. 13. Sidney Walter Martin, Florida's Flagler (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1949), 129. 14. "A Great Strip of Land Granted to the East Coast Railroad by the Florida Canal Company," The Florida Star (Titusville, Fla.), January 25, 1895. 15. "Ice and Snow in Florida," The Florida Citizen (Jacksonville, Fla.), December 29, 1894. See also "It is a Story of Ruin," The Florida Citizen, December 30, 1894; "Counting Up The Damage," The Florida Citizen, December 31, 1894. 16. "No Damaging Freeze at Biscayne Bay," The Florida Star, January 25, 1895. 17. "The Freeze," Indian River Advocate, February 15, 1895. See also "Ice Everywhere," Florida Times-Union, February 8, 1895; "Freeze Grips Florida," Florida Times-Union, February 10, 1895; "Another Destructive Freeze," Florida Star, February 15, 1895. 18. Ibid. 19. "Reports from New River and Biscayne Bay," Indian River Advocate, February 15, 1895. 20. "J. E. Ingraham," Indian River Advocate, February 15, 1895. See also "Ingraham Returned to St. Augustine," Indian River
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32 TEQUESTA Advocate, February 22, 1895; "Interesting Story of How Miami Began Reads Like Romance," The Miami Herald, June 17, 1915; "Memory of Late Henry M. Flagler Honored at Unveiling of Bronze Tablet Yesterday," The Miami Herald, November 13, 1920. 21. Harry Gardner Cutler, History of Florida, Past and Present, Historical and Biographical, vol. 3 (Chicago and New York: Lewis Publishers, 1923), 370-71. See also "James E. Ingraham," The Tatler [sic] of Florida Society (St. Augustine, Fla.), March 7, 1908, 2. 22. David Leon Chandler, Henry Flagler, The Astonishing Life and Times of the Visionary Robber Baron Who Founded Florida (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986), 168-69. 23. Ibid. 24. Ibid. 25. "Memory of Late Henry M. Flagler," The Miami Herald, November 13, 1920. 26. "The Flagler Party and Bay Biscayne," Indian River Advocate, March 22, 1895. 27. Ibid. 28. "Newspapers at Sanford," Indian River Advocate, April 5, 1895. 29. "Biscayne Bay Business," Florida Times-Union, March 12, 1895. See also "Railroad Through the Wilderness," Broward Legacy 15, no. 3-4 (summer/fall 1992), 38-44. 30. Flagler to Tuttle, April 22, 1895, Julia Tuttle Papers, Historical Museum of Southern Florida, Miami, Fla. 31. Ibid. These lots were conveyed by Tuttle to Flagler's Fort Dallas Land Company on January 6, 1897. See Dade County, Fla., Recorder's Office, Deed Book "Q", 347-352. 32. Contract between Henry M. Flagler and Julia S. Tuttle, as reproduced in Howard Kleinberg, Miami The Way We Were (Tampa, Fla.: Surfside Publishing, 1989), 33, 35. 33. Ibid. 34. "The City of Miami, Some Points About the History of the Place," The Miami Metropolis, October 9, 1896. This article indicates the date of the Brickell contract was June 12, 1895. The bridge was completed in December 1896 and the Miami lots were conveyed by the Brickells to Flagler's Ft. Dallas Land Company on January 6, 1897. See Dade County, Fla., Recorder's Office, Deed Book "Q", 341-346. 35. "A Trip to Biscayne Bay," Indian River Advocate, May 17, 1895.
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The Birth of the City of Miami 33 36. "East Coast Extension," Florida Times-Union, June 21. 1895. 37. "West Palm Beach Items, Work Has Commenced on the Railroad to Biscayne Bay," Florida Times-Union, June 22, 1895. 38. "The Flagler Railway," Indian River Advocate, July 5, 1895. 39. "East Coast Surveyors," Florida Times-Union, July 17, 1895; Dade County, Fla., Recorder's Office, Deed Book "Q", 257267. 40. "The Flagler Railway," Indian River Advocate, August 16, 1895. See also "East Coast Line Canal and Transportation Company," Indian River Advocate, August 23, 1895. 41. C. M. Gardner and C. F. Kennedy, Business Directory, Guide and History of Dade County, Fla., for 1896-97 (West Palm Beach, Fla.: Tropical Sun Print, 1896), 33. 42. Ibid., 34. 43. Minutes of the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Fund Meeting, July 9, 1896, Records of the State of Florida. 44. "Let Us All Pull Together," Indian River Advocate, October 18, 1895. 45. "Col. John A. McDonald," Indian River Advocate, October 25, 1895. See also "Dade County," Indian River Advocate, October 25,1895. 46. Chandler, Henry Flagler, 110-14. See also Martin, Florida's Flagler, 169-77; Edward N. Akin, Flagler: Rockefeller Partner and Florida Baron (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1988, 1992), 147-48. 47. Ibid. 48. Contract between Henry M. Flagler and Julia S. Tuttle, as reproduced in Kleinberg, Miami The Way We Were, 33, 35. 49. "Great Guns at Miami," Florida Times-Union, October 27, 1895. 50. "Blew the Bay Dry," Florida Times-Union, October 29, 1895. 51. "West Palm Beach," Indian River Advocate, October 25, 1895. 52. "Great Guns at Miami, Florida Times-Union, October 27, 1895. 53. "Arrival of Mr. Flagler," Indian River Advocate, November 1, 1895. 54. "On to Miami, Indian River Advocate, November 1, 1895.
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34 TEQUESTA 55. "Inspecting the Railway Extension and Hotels," Indian River Advocate, November 8, 1895. 56. Gardner and Kennedy, Business Directory, 35. See also "The Florida East Coast Railway," Indian River Advocate, December 13,1895. 57. "Mr. H. M. Flagler," Indian River Advocate, November 15, 1895. 58. "Miami's New Hotel," Indian River Advocate, December 27, 1895. 59. Minutes of the County Commission, December 10, 1895, Records of Dade County, Fla. 60. "Improvements Along the East Coast," Indian River Advocate, January 10, 1896. 61. "Florida Coast Line Canal," The Tatler [sic] of Society in Florida, January 18, 1896, 21-22. See also "Miami Meanderings Reliable Information As To How Affairs Are Progressing on Biscayne Bay," Indian River Advocate, January 31, 1896. 62. "Steamers to Run on the Canal," Indian River Advocate, January 10 1896. 63. "Misleading Statements," Indian River Advocate, January 24, 1896. See also "Miami Meanderings Reliable Information As to How Affairs Are Progressing on Biscayne Bay," Indian River Advocate, January 31, 1896. 64. "The Boom Is On At Miami," Florida Times-Union, January 31, 1896. 65. Ibid. 66. "East Coast Railway Extension," Indian River Advocate, February 21, 1896. 67. "West Palm Beach News, George Zapt Acquitted," Florida Times-Union, April 20, 1896; "Travel," The Tatler [sic] of Society in Florida, February 22, 1896. 68. Dade County, Fla., Recorder's Office, Deed Book "Q", 257267. 69. W. S. Graham to J. R. Parrott, February 24, 1896, as reproduced in Howard Kleinberg, "Caution Urged in Tuttle, Brickell Deals," The Miami News, August 1, 1987, 4C. 70. Ibid. 71. Isidor Cohen, Historical Sketches and Sidelights of Miami, Florida (Miami, privately printed, 1925), 13-20. 72. John Sewell, Miami Memoirs, A New Pictorial Edition of
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The Birth of the City of Miami 35 John Sewell's Own Story by Arva Moore Parks (Miami, Fla.: Arva Parks & Co., 1987), 17-18. 73. "It is Getting There," Indian River Advocate, March 27, 1896. 74. Sewell, Miami Memoirs, 20-25. 75. Ibid. See also "A Floating Hotel," Indian River Advocate, March 13, 1896. 76. "Miami Meanderings," Indian River Advocate, April 10, 1896. 77. Ibid. See also Dade County, Fla., Recorder's Office, Deed Book "O", 407-409. 78. Sewell, Miami Memoirs, 153. 79. "Miami Meanderings," Indian RiverAdvocate, April 10, 1896. 80. "A Go Ahead Suburb," The Miami Metropolis, May 15, 1896. See also Dade County, Fla., Recorder's Office, Plat Book "A," 49 1/2; Dade County, Fla., Recorder's Office, Plat Book "B," 53; Sewell, Miami Memoirs, 153-56. 81. "West Palm Beach Budget," Florida Times-Union, April 4, 1896; "West Palm Beach -The Section Growing Steadily and Surely," Florida Times-Union, April 10, 1896. 82. "Tales From The Old Town," Florida Times-Union, April 14, 1896. 83. "The First Passenger Train Over The New Extension," Indian River Advocate, April 17, 1896. 84. Mary Barr Munroe Diary, April 13, 1896, Kirk Munroe Papers, National Archives, Washington, D. C. Copy on microfilm in Special Collections, Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla. 85. "West Palm Beach News -Successful Church Festival," Florida Times-Union, April 18, 1896. 86. "From Jacksonville to Miami," Indian River Advocate, April 17, 1896. Says "first run having been made on Wednesday [April 15]." 87. Ibid. 88. "West Palm Beach News -Prospect for Oranges and Limes Excellent," Florida Times-Union, April 17, 1896. 89. "West Palm Beach News -The Ocean Pier Is About Completed," Florida Times-Union, April 22, 1896. 90. Dade County, Fla., Recorder's Office, Deed Book "O", 22931,257-60. 91. Sewell, Miami Memoirs, 80. 92. Ibid., 101.
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36 TEQUESTA 93. "Additional Local," The Miami Metropolis, June 19, 1896. 94. Sewell, Miami Memoirs, 102. 95. "The New City," Florida Times-Union, June 21, 1896. See also "Incorporation The Town" The Miami Metropolis, June 19, 1896; "We Will Incorporate," The Miami Metropolis, June 19, 1896. 96. "The New City," Florida Times-Union, June 21. 1896. 97. Ibid. 98. "Notice," The Miami Metropolis, June 19, 1896. 99. "Transcript of the Proceedings of the Meeting Held July 28 A. D. 1896 for Incorporation of the City of Miami," Dade County, Fla., Recorder's Office, Corporation Book "A", 29. Copy courtesy of City of Miami Archives. 100. Ibid. See also Dorothy Jenkins Fields, "Reflections on Black History: Miami's Incorporation," Update (August 1976), 10. 101. "Transcript of the Proceedings of the Meeting Held July 28, A. D. 1896," Dade County, Fla., Recorder's Office, Corporation Book "A", 29. 102. Ibid. See also "Miami Incorporated," The Miami Metropolis, July 31, 1896. 103. "City of Miami Christened," Florida Times-Union, July 29, 1896. 104. "Miami Incorporated," The Miami Metropolis, July 31, 1896. 105. Ibid. 106. "City of Miami Christened," Florida Times-Union, July 29, 1896. 107. Ibid. 108. "Miami Was Tough, Uninviting, 25 Years Ago," Miami Daily Metropolis, July 26, 1921. 109. "City of Miami Christened," Florida TimesUnion, July 29, 1896. 110. "Miami Incorporated," The Miami Metropolis, July 31, 1896. 111. "John Sewell Engineered Incorporation Election," Miami Daily Metropolis, July 28, 1917, 25. 112. Sewell, Miami Memoirs, 145-50. 113. Miami Metropolis, June 2, 1899, as cited in Kleinberg, "First Lawman Hired -and Ousted," The Miami News, December 8, 1984, 4C. 114. "Notice," The Miami Metropolis, June 19, 1896. See also "Incorporating The Town," The Miami Metropolis, June 19, 1896. 115. Howard Kleinberg, "A City is Born...Over a Pool Room,"
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The Birth of the City of Miami 37 The Miami News, July 28, 1984, 4C (Photograph). 116. "The Good Old Days," The Miami Herald, January 29, 1939, 13. 117. "Leaders in Business," The Miami Metropolis, May 15, 1896. 118. "Matters at Miami," Florida Times-Union, May 14, 1896. 119. Sanborn Maps, Miami, Fla., April 1899, 4, Map Division, National Archives, Washington, D. C. Microfilm copy in Special Collections, Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla. 120. "Miami Mince Meat," The Miami Metropolis, September 8, 1899. 121. "Miami Mince Meat," The Miami Metropolis, July 10, 1896; "Miami Mince Meat," The Miami Metropolis, July 28, 1899; "Sunday's Bad Fire," The Miami Metropolis, November 17, 1899.
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38 TEQUESTA LEMON CITY t DetentionCamp ALLAPATTAH PRAIRIE BUENA VISTA William McAdam atFulford .... (north of Lemon City) <,< < a< <, [NW 7th Street] McKenzies'sCorner I 12th Street [Flagllr St 'Stone Dock -
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39 Yellow Fever at Miami: The Epidemic of 1899 by William M. Straight, MD When 1899 dawned, the City of Miami was barely three years old, yet its 1,700 residents had already endured severe epidemic disease. Six months earlier, the Spanish-American War brought 7,500 U.S. Army troops to Miami, who, in turn, brought measles and typhoid fever. These diseases spread from the encampment to the townsfolk and caused a significant number of deaths.' Mindful of this, the citizens hoped for better luck during 1899, but such was not to be. Ahead was an epidemic as mysterious and frightening to the Miamians of 1899 as the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is to us today. An Exceedingly Clean Town In the eyes of the State Health Officer, Miami was, "an exceedingly clean town, of rock foundation and wind-swept."2 The houses, mostly of frame construction, were widely spaced and the business district, chiefly along today's Miami Avenue and Flagler Street, boasted two dozen brick and at least two concrete buildings.3 Within the city limits there were eighteen miles of smooth streets paved with rolled, crushed rock. Miami's boundaries at the time were Eleventh Street on the north; Seventh/Eighth Avenue on the west; Fifteenth Road on the south; and Biscayne Bay on the east. Only a few paved roads extended to the surrounding communities beyond the city limits. There was a road through the Brickell Hammock and along the bayfront that was described as "a thing of William M. Straight, M.D., is a retired physician who has written numerous articles on Florida medical history and has served as historical editor for the Journal of the Florida Medical Association.
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40 TEQUESTA beauty and a joy forever to tourists, bicyclists and others."4 Northeast Second Avenue, the road to Lemon City, situated five miles north of Miami, was paved as far as Buena Vista (Northeast Fortyfirst Street), as was the road to the bridge over Wagner Creek, with an extension nearing completion to the "Golf Grounds" (now the site of the civic center and hospital complex along Northwest Twelfth Avenue). Other than these, the roads beyond the city limits were rough, rocky wagon roads, horse trails and footpaths. Only one bridge crossed the Miami River -a crude wooden drawbridge with a sliding draw -at the foot of Southwest Second Avenue. On the south side of the river, Second Avenue continued as far as Eighth Street, which was paved east to Brickell Avenue, which ran south to Coconut Grove. For the most part, land travel within the city limits was by foot or bicycle. Beyond the city limits, where paved roads existed, the bicycle was popular together with horses, buggies and carriages. The physicians of the Miami area made calls in Coconut Grove, Lemon City and Little River by these modes of transportation. The advent of the automobile in Miami was still two years away. Travel by boat was common, particularly if the distance to be covered was great or a large load was to be transported. Many families had sailboats, some had ocean-going schooners, and a few, naphtha Downtown Miami, 1899. This street scene depicts the cleanliness of the city. (HASFx-217-x)
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Yellow Fever at Miami 41 launches. Large sailing ships and steamboats from distant ports called at the Port of Miami bringing passengers and cargo on regular schedules. By 1899, Miami boasted an inexhaustible supply of fine water from "a spring in the Everglades" near the rapids in the river (about Northwest Twentieth Street, one-fifth mile west of Twenty-seventh Avenue). Miami also had one-and-a-half miles of sanitary sewer with an outfall in the river at the foot of Miami Avenue. Most of the householders, however, were dependent on privies, the buckets of which were to be emptied at least weekly by the city scavenger. Electricity from the generators at the Royal Palm Hotel was available to homes and businesses in the downtown area. Telephones came to Miami in February 1899.5 Four Physicians In Miami The young city had the services of four physicians: James Mary Jackson, Peter Thomas Skaggs, Edwin Worth Pugh and Ruben Harrison Huddleston. Beyond the city limits were John Gordon DuPuis and Henrietta W. Martens in Lemon City and James W. Jackson and Eleanor Gait Simmons in Coconut Grove. In the spring of 1899, preparations were underway to build a City Hospital at Northeast Ninth Street and Biscayne Boulevard on land donated by Henry M. Flagler. He also contributed $4,500 toward construction with the proviso that the city equip and manage the hospital.6 Meanwhile, in the spring of 1899, Miami's physicians were occupied with routine doctoring. There were the usual obstetrical cases, respiratory and The four doctors of Miami (clockwise from top left): Dr. James M. Jackson (Courtesy of Dr. William M. Straight); Dr. Peter Thomas Skaggs (Courtesy of Miss Virginia Skaggs); Dr. Ruben Harrison Huddleston and Dr. Edwin Worth Pugh (FromHistory ofMedicine in Dade County, Florida, by Dr. John Gordon DuPuis).
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42 TEQUESTA urinary tract infections, rattlesnake bites, accidents resulting in dislo cations or fractures, knife and gunshot wounds from drunken fights, and hernias that sometimes became strangulated and required surgery. Tuberculosis was always in the community as people with the disease came to Miami hoping to get well. There were occasional abdominal infections (possibly appendicitis or diverticulitis of the colon) that lead to abdominal abscesses which had to be drained. For instance, on Wednesday, April 26, 1899, Drs. Eleanor Galt Simmons and James M. Jackson drained a liver abscess from which Claude Rose had been suffering five months. Then, too, there were cases of fever. On April 7th, The Miami Metropolis noted that Mrs. Harry Budge, wife of the city's hardware dealer, "is resting more easily, the fever having been abated." Two weeks later, the paper stated that this was a case of typhoid fever. In June, another case of typhoid was reported in the illness of Ed Hinckson who lived on the Miami River. Although several Miami pioneers speak of a typhoid epidemic in 1899, these are the only mentions of typhoid in the newspaper of 1899; perhaps they are thinking of the epidemic of 1898. The First Scare Starting about mid-July and continuing through September, there were many cases of fever, particularly in the area of the city known as "the Hammock,"7 which Dr. Jackson diagnosed as dengue fever.8 Jackson's diagnoses were corroborated by Dr. J. Louis Horsey, Assistant State Health Officer, and later by Dr. Joseph Yates Porter, the Florida State Health Officer, both of whom had extensive experience with epidemic dengue.9 However, only the barest mention of fever appears in the Metropolis and never the word, "dengue." Although Jackson later said he had 200 or 300 cases and that the other physicians took care of 100 more, none of them mentioned dengue lest the populace panic thinking the epidemic was in reality yellow fever.10 Yellow fever was a scourge in Florida about every two years during the nineteenth century. A small number of cases were known to be present in Havana year around. Therefore, in February 1899, well before the "fever season," Dr. James M. Jackson, Health Officer of the Port of Miami, was ordered to fumigate all second class baggage arriving
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Yellow Fever at Miami 43 from Havana." One month later, on March 31, a formal quarantine of Miami against Havana was announced -this had been standard practice since the city's incorporation. The wooden-hull steamer Lincoln was replaced by the steel-hull steamer Miami on the Miami to Havana run, possibly because wooden-hull vessels were thought more likely to hold the contagion of yellow fever.12 On August 11, yellow fever broke out in the Soldier's Home, Hampton, Virginia, among soldiers recently returned from duty in Havana. Two weeks later, the first case of yellow fever was discovered in Key West. Jackson was notified of this occurrence on August 31, prompting him to order the institution of a quarantine against expected refugees from Key West. The quarantine went into effect on September 1.13 About September 2, the steamer Santa Lucia, carrying fumigating equipment, took up station in the mouth of the channel at Cape Florida.14 Persons living on the Keys who wanted to make purchases in Miami placed their order at this quarantine station, and the orders were taken by "immunes" to town and brought back to the station. All craft entering Biscayne Bay were stopped, fumigated and required to remain in detention from five to seven days. If no sickness appeared, the craft was permitted to proceed up the bay to Miami. Among the first parties intercepted was a group of Miami mechanics who had been working in Key West and had fled under cover of darkness. When they arrived at the bay, they were stopped and placed on Soldier's Key in Biscayne Bay where they battled hordes of mosquitos for a week before entering Miami.'1 Another hapless detainee was Captain Charles John Peacock of Coconut Grove who was returning from Key West with a schooner load of stable manure to sell to the farmers. He had to dump the manure in the bay and YEtLLOw FEvER IMMUNITY CARD, YellowFeverImmunity Card, signed by Dr.James M.Jackson. (CourtesyofDr. William M. Straight)
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44 TEQUESTA remain aboard his ship at the quarantine station until Jackson was satisfied he was not importing yellow fever.16 Buoys carrying yellow flags were anchored in south Biscayne Bay and guards placed along the shoreline at Cutler in South Dade and Coconut Grove to prevent refugees from landing. Fishermen, allowed to troll the bay for mackerel, brought their catch to the mouth of the River where they blew a conch horn signalling employees of the Cockran and Fog fishouse to row out and buy the catch. If a sportsman wanted a day of sailing on the bay, he was required to obtain a permit from Jackson or his designee.17 Around the perimeter of the city, guard stations -tents with shotgun-carrying guards -appeared about September 18. Alfred Kemp recalled one "at the rockpit just above Seventeenth Avenue" (possibly C. J. Rose's rockpit), one guard station at Fisher's corner (Southwest Eighth Street at Twenty-second Avenue) and one at McKenzie's corner (Northwest Seventh Street at Twenty-second Avenue)."8 There were also guards on the roads leading from the Allapattah Prairie, Little River, Lemon City and Buena Vista. A guard station stood at the approach to the bridge on the south bank of the river. When Maude Richards Black was to be married to Charles F. Seibold on October 16, she was not allowed to cross the bridge into Miami. Her groom, having contracted yellow fever during an outbreak in the Miami River community in September 1873, and thus an "immune," could cross the bridge, but Maude could not. To solve this sticky point, they were married at the United States Experiment Station (Southeast Thirteenth Street and Brickell Avenue).19 It was an axiom that yellow fever conferred immunity for life. Accordingly, people who could document an earlier bout with yellow fever or who had lived for ten years in areas were yellow fever was endemic were given Immune Cards. By showing these to the guards they could enter or leave the city at will. The Miami Metropolis repeatedly exhorted Miami's citizenry to clean up their premises since rubbish and offal as well as human waste were thought to harbor the yellow fever contagion. Since privies and water closets were believed to be sources of foul air in which the germs lived, they had to be kept sweet and clean. Citizens remained indoors after dark until sunrise because it was thought the fever could be caught more easily at night. Business houses closed at four in the afternoon. People who lived just outside the city limits were passed by the guards, provided they went out of (or into) the
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Yellow Fever at Miami 45 city after sunrise and returned to their home before sunset. Trains manned by "immune" crews brought in food and supplies and took out produce, but only passengers with Immune Cards could travel on the trains. Clothing and fabrics had to be fumigated before shipment, but other manufactured goods did not.20 Yellow Fever Strikes! By September 2, dread of the scourge spread among Miami's populace after the first case of yellow fever entered the city from Key West. On its regular run, the steamship City of Key West arrived in the morning of August 31, and discharged two passengers. On September 2, Dr. Jackson was able to track down both passengers and found one, Samuel R. Anderson, in bed with fever. Anderson had developed a chill followed by fever in the evening of his arrival and had remained in bed, though improving, until the day of Dr. Jackson's visit. Dr. Jackson believed Anderson's illness was yellow fever because of the absence of severe muscle pains, the presence of albumin in the urine and his recent residence in Key West. He immediately confined Anderson and his entire family to the house and placed two "immunes" as guards to prevent anyone from entering or leaving the house. The physician wired Dr. Horsey, who arrived in Miami on September 4, and immediately confirmed the diagnosis. Dr. Horsey had extensive experience with yellow fever, but none of Miami's four doctors had seen a case up to that time. Anderson, his wife and two daughters were put aboard the Drummer, a small schooner, and sent over to Bear Cut for an eighteenday quarantine. "Upon the removal of these people, all of their beds and bed clothing was [sic] destroyed by fire."2' The house was fumigated, the yard cleaned and the ground, even under the house, wetted down with bichloride of mercury solution and coated with lime.22 Panic Reigns Yellow fever was a dreaded disease; in some epidemics, upwards of sixty percent died.23 Did the people panic? Dr. DuPuis recalled that:
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46 TEQUESTA A great number of citizens became panic-stricken and left town regardless of the quarantine, some riding bicycles, some on horses and in wagons and many by foot.... There was a young pioneer attorney who took to his heels and left Miami so fast that it was reported in conversation that "He was going at such a rapid pace down the path, when a Molly Cottontail jumped up in front of him, he yelled 'Rabbit, get out of my way if you can't lead the pace.' It was reported, 'the rabbit escaped to the side and he proceeded northward very rapidly.'"24 In the local press there are repeated statements that there was no panic. Some people, however, decided to go north to visit relatives or took an extended cruise on a seagoing vessel. Others, including John Seybold, a prominent baker, pitched tents in the pine and palmetto woods beyond the city limits where they spent the nights, coming into the city after sunrise to take care of business. It was believed that sleeping in the woods, away from the city, avoided the contagion that caused yellow fever.25 The disease struck again when I. R. Hargrove, a dancing instructor at the Hotel Miami, became sick about September 19, after spending the night aboard the cattle boat, Laura, moored at the city dock at the foot of today's Miami Avenue.26 Hargrove was taken to his room on the second floor of the Hotel Miami, where he was seen by Drs. Jackson and Horsey and nursed by friends, but ultimately died on September 26. The hotel was promptly quarantined, the occupants and anyone who had contact with Hargrove sent to detention aboard the quarantine vessel, the Santa Lucia, and the Hotel Miami disinfected, "using bichloride of mercury wash, sulphur dioxide fumes and formaldehyde gas, first pasting all openings and making the building as air-tight as possible."27 Scare Is Over Starting September 26, the sheriff and doctors carried out daily canvasses. When no new cases appeared, the canvasses were discontinued after sixteen days. The editor of the Metropolis believed the "yellow fever scare is over."28 Restrictions on travel and business were relaxed and citizens breathed a sigh of relief, but the relief was short-lived.
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Yellow Fever at Miami 47 Two other persons who had been aboard the steamer Laura developed mild cases of yellow fever, while James Flye, a third passenger, died with renal failure. His illness was so suspect that Dr. Horsey performed an autopsy in the middle of the night (October 16), with Drs. Jackson and Skaggs and several citizens present. Although there were some dissenters, the final decision was yellow fever.29 On October 17, Philip DeHoff, a clerk at the Hotel Miami who had nursed Hargrove, became sick with undoubted yellow fever. He had returned to the Hotel Miami after remaining in detention on the bay several miles south of Miami with the other hotel occupants for a suitable length of time. But within five days of his return, DeHoff became sick.30 Quarantine Is On Again At this time, Dr. Robert Drake Murray of the United States Marine Hospital Service, a noted authority on yellow fever, visited Miami and publicly announced the existence of seven active cases. Only then, did Dr. Porter officially acknowledge the presence of yellow fever in Miami, and ordered a rigid quarantine against the rest of the state. Porter pronounced Philip DeHoff as the "first case" of the epidemic; later he amended this to I. R. Hargrove. Sam Anderson was not recognized as such since he had been so quickly segregated from the community and because nearly three weeks had elapsed before Hargrove became sick.31 Most physicians believed the chief manner in which yellow fever spread was through contact with a victim, his clothing, bedclothes or other items; a few favored the foul air theory. For Miamians, this meant increased restrictions. Houses containing yellow fever patients were marked by yellow flags and no one, except doctors, nurses, and persons with Immune Cards, were allowed to enter or leave them. Quarantined residents made out grocery lists and posted them on a tree or fence for neighbors who shopped for them. On returning, the neighbor set the supplies in the yard for pickup. Upon the patient's recovery, the house and its contents were disinfected by fumigation and the yard wetted down with bichloride of mercury then sprinkled with lime. Only then were the patient and residents of the house free to circulate in the city. Early in November, fumigation of outgoing mail was instituted.32
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48 TEQUESTA Believing that depopulation of the city was a quick way to stem the epidemic, Porter, with the approval of the railroad, offered throughticket transportation to Hendersonville, North Carolina, which had agreed to accept refugees. Escape to the mountains was a timehonored method in fighting yellow fever. Porter's offer was contingent on at least forty fares being in hand by October 24, because the connecting lines north of the Florida border would not accept less than this number. Although the fare was only $24.50, not enough applicants came forth.33 In late October, new cases began to spring up in all quarters of the city. The number mounted daily, with as many as eight new cases on several days. J. K. Dorn, who made rounds with Jackson, posted the names of new cases, as well as deaths, each day on a blackboard outside Townley Brothers Drug Store. As the cases mounted, so did the deaths. Edwin Nelson, the furniture store owner who sold coffins as a sideline, was frequently seen riding with "White Horse Douglas" who owned and drove the dead-wagon. Some parents were so devastated by the scourge that there was no one to look after the needs of their children. To manage this problem the Miami Relief Association, the United Way of that era, opened a home specifically for the care of these children until their parents were sufficiently recovered.34 Detention Camps Established On October 27, Camp Francis P. Fleming was established "about where the Rickenbacker Causeway is today."35 The detention camp SteamerSanta Lucia, main vessel of Camp Francis P. Fleming, a detention camp for yellow fever patients. (Florida State Archives)
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Yellow Fever at Miami 49 consisted of the steamer Santa Lucia, which had apparently been brought up from Cape Florida, and a cluster of smaller vessels. Dr. Horsey was in charge of the facility, which could accommodate forty to sixty residents. Miamians exposed to yellow fever or desirous of leaving the city were detained there for about ten days. If they had shown no signs of the disease at the end of this period, they were taken by boat to Lemon City, which was beyond the quarantine line, and were free to leave for points north -but not south. If, however, they exhibited signs of the disease, as happened on two occassions, they were taken back to Miami for treatment. After having served about forty retainees, Camp Fleming closed around November 6, and Camp William E. McAdam, a second, more adequate detention camp was opened at Fulford, twelve miles north of Miami, on November 2.36 Initially, Camp William E. McAdam accommodated sixty residents, both blacks and whites, but it was later expanded to accommodate over 100 internees as the demand increased. The tent camp was pleasantly situated in "the orange grove of Judge [P. W.] White of Quincy."37 The tents were arranged on orderly streets, which were illuminated at night with oil lamps. In the packing house of the grove, a kitchen and dining room were set up, which the camp guests dubbed the "Hotel de Stimpson," after the camp's chief medical officer. It was said that they were served gourmet food rather than the standard army rations. The "hotel" also served as an entertainment center for dances, skits and other activities. The medical staff consisted of W. G. Stimpson, Passed Assistant Surgeon of the U.S. Marine Hospital Service, and Assistant Surgeons Rudolph von Ensdorf and A. R. Hagan. There was also a "dental tent," presided over by Dr. Gillespie Enloe, who brought a complete set of instruments from his office in Miami.38 The camp consisted of three sections: the asymptomatic section described above, the suspect section for inmates with vague symptoms, and the hospital section, located some distance from the other sections. Physical "inspection" of each camp inmate was carried out at 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. daily. When a suspect's condition was determined to be that of yellow fever, he or she was promptly hauled away in the ambulance, a wagon "formerly used by the New York Bakery." Three (possibly five) yellow fever victims were hospitalized at the camp in its brief existence. Those who did not develop yellow fever were released after ten days of detention, but were not allowed to
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50 TEQUESTA return to Miami until after the quarantine ceased. The camp finally closed on December 2.3 Meanwhile, back in Miami, the situation grew worse daily. The need for a hospital became urgent. The City Hospital, built at Northeast Ninth Avenue and Biscayne Boulevard, was completed shortly after September 22.40 Badgered by the expenses of the epidemic, however, the city had no funds to carry out its part of the bargain originally promised to Henry Flagler. An appeal was made to the State Board of Health but their coffers were empty. Thus it appears that this hospital did not take patients during the epidemic of 1899. There might have been another reason for the fact that this new building, whose construction cost $7,805.64, was not used -to avoid contaminating it with yellow fever.41 Emergency Hospital Built Into the breach stepped W. W. Prout, a civic minded contractor and secretary of the Miami Relief Association. He agreed to build an Emergency Hospital, paying for it out of his own pocket and awaiting repayment, if any came. During a downpour on Sunday, October 27, Prout's men began construction of the facility, completing it the following Wednesday, with water and sewer connections in place, and ready to receive patients. The single-story frame building, which measured 18 by 88 feet, extended along Northeast First Avenue from Northeast Third Street to Fourth Street. The hospital consisted of "four wards, [an] office, baths and full working equipment."42 The Hotel Miami, built in 1896, served as a hospital for yellow fever patients. (HASF75-25-143)
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Yellow Fever at Miami 51 There was a wing "suitable for cooking purposes with range and all conveniences provided."43 Mr. Flagler paid for immune nurses (male and female; black and white), who were recruited in Jacksonville and Key West, to staff the hospital as well as serve in the community. He also reimbursed Mr. Prout for the cost of the hospital building ($1,000). The hospital accepted both black and white patients, chiefly indigents who had no proper place to receive food, lodging and medical care.44 Dr. Porter took charge of the Emergency Hospital and the four doctors in the community gratuitously gave their assistance in the care of indigent yellow fever victims, both in the hospital and in the community. No deaths occurred at the hospital.45 It appears that after the epidemic ended the Emergency Hospital building remained empty. The Miami Metropolis, for December 7, 1900, carried an advertisement: "F. W. Hahn is authorized to sell the hospital building on Avenue C [Northeast First Avenue]. Apply quick [sic] for a bargain in lumber." After Hargrove died on September 26, and the Hotel Miami was thoroughly fumigated, one of its three floors was used as a hospital for yellow fever patients. On November 12, while five patients were convalescing in the hotel, fire broke out. Although the patients and attending personnel were safely removed, the threestory, Dade County pine building, hosting the fledgling city's first hotel, was a total loss in just thirty minutes. The fire also destroyed five surrounding buildings.46 Rumors spread that the hotel had been torched by an arsonist to get rid of the contagion within its walls. These rumors were promptly squelched when it was determined that the fire began in the room of a yellow fever patient, Mrs. Pell, whose attendant inadvertently upset a "blue flame oil stove." Treatments and Remedies In the treatment of yellow fever, the experts recommended first a mild laxative -Compound Cathartic Pills (colocynth, jalap, calomel and gamboge). If no bowel movement occurred in six hours, the patient was given Epsom salts or castor oil, followed by a hot bath to induce sweating, after which the patient was given a coal tar product (Antifebrin, Antipyrin), soda and caffeine to lower the fever. For nausea, an attendant rubbed the neck and temples with ice or gave one-quarter grain of cocaine in tablet-form. For sleeplessness,
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52 TEQUESTA a patient received chloral hydrate (today known as Noctec). If the patient was threatened with circulatory collapse, he or she received an enema of turpentine and whiskey. R. D. Murray, the yellow fever specialist, customarily started treatment with sixty grains of quinine because he felt that yellow fever was commonly associated with malaria and a "little" quinine would not hurt.47 Laymen, who sometimes treated patients, did not have such an elaborate therapy. Dorn described the treatment he and others administered to Oscar Nicholson: There was a fellow with us... a big strapping man. Suddenly he had a terrible chill. We immediately rushed him to his room, got a bucket of boiling water in which we placed his feet, put him to bed with several blankets over him, a mustard plaster on his stomach and cracked ice around his throat and at the top of his head. In a few minutes he was delirious. It took six of us to hold him in bed. He would yell... you could hear him in Cuba. The six of us heldhim in bed for five hours until he finally dozed off from weakness. The next morning he was convalescent. He was fed mostly on liquids and especially a tea made from roasted watermelon seeds which we thought in those days was a cure for yellow fever.4 By late November to early December, the epidemic began winding down with fewer new cases appearing. At this time, the editor of the Metropolis commented, "The infection has now spread to the colored section [today's Overtown] where the greater portion of the new cases are coming from."49 Blacks were generally thought to be relatively resistant to yellow fever. In anticipation of the lifting of the quarantine, scheduled for about December 15, the Metropolis published a Proclamation by Mayor John B. Reilly exhorting all citizens to clean up their premises. All bedding and bedroom furnishings must be sterilized at the state disinfecting plant on board the steamer Santa Lucia, which "had been brought up to the stone pier for that purpose."50 The fumigation plant exposed the bedding and clothing to superheated steam and formaldehyde gas. Captain Ridley Curtis Pinder recalled that his suit came apart from this and was ruined. All single-story dwellings must be fumigated and "several cheap ones" burned.51
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Yellow Fever at Miami 53 Despite the optimism, new cases continued to appear, albeit less frequently. A light frost occurred on Christmas Eve, a sure sign that the end of the epidemic was near. The last new case appeared on New Year's Day, but the quarantine was still in place. During the night of January 5, 1900, thieves robbed Frank T. Budge's Hardware, on the northeast corner of Flagler Street and Miami Avenue. They set the building afire, ostensibly to cover the theft. Word of the fire reached John Sewell, who had just returned from a buying trip to New York and was staying at Buena Vista because of the quarantine. Sewell, whose haberdashery was located in the Biscayne Hotel building, just across Flagler Street from the Budge Hardware Store, later wrote: I knew I had to get down to my store in some way, but I didn't know how to get beyond the quarantine line. I hopped on my bicycle ... and decided if I stopped to argue with the guard he wouldn't let me past, so Ijust went past him full tilt. It was about 1:30 a.m. then, and the guard was hardly awake before I was past. I heard him shout at me, but I kept pedalling on.... the health authorities were in a quandary over my getting past the quarantine line. They didn't want to let me stay in town for fear I would bring further yellow fever infection in....the health authorities finally settled matters by allowing me to stay at my store during the daytime. But I had to return to my lodgings at Buena Vista at 4 p.m. and remain there until 8 a.m. the next day.52 Quarantine Finally Lifted The quarantine was finally lifted on January 15, 1900. Only then did the Metropolis editor admit, "When the first scare was reported a general stampede occurred, but when the real epidemic had fastened itself upon us, our people deported themselves wisely and thoughtfully, as always characterizes all good Miami citizens."53 With the lifting of the quarantine, the city came alive! Optimism and jubilation reigned. Citizens and whole families caught outside the quarantine, such as William M. Burdine and his family, came streaming back. The wondrous Royal Palm Hotel opened in time for its fourth season, and the Miami Transfer Company bought new equipment:
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54 TEQUESTA In their stables we found 15 new surreys, buckboards, landaus, carriages and phaetons, all of the latest patterns and handsome beyond description, worth from $300 to $500 each....Thirty-six head of horses were shipped from Niagra Falls last Saturday and are expected to arrive here at once.... [The] company is looking forward to the best winter business in the history of Miami.54 The Statistics Although the first case appeared on August 31, according to the published record, the yellow fever epidemic in Miami officially began October 17, 1899, and ended January 15, 1900. There were 220 cases, with 13 percent of the city's residents infected; 14 deaths resulted, which was a mortality rate of 6.4 percent of the city's populace. For the most part the epidemic remained localized; there were no cases in Coconut Grove, Buena Vista, Lemon City or Little River.5 One citizen attributed the confinement of the disease to the "Miami River Valley" to the emptying of sewage into the river. He suggested a sewer outfall in the bay at the foot of Flagler Street and as far out as the ship channel. He also suggested that the falls in the river, located near its headwaters less than five miles west of downtown, be "blown up" to drain the Everglades and produce a more vigorous flow that would carry away the sewage that caused "the polluted vapor from the river settling on the city through the night and early morning."56 Epilogue Four physicians appointed by the Surgeon General of the United States Army, commonly referred to as the Reed Commission, conducted medical research experiments in Cuba. In 1900, their experiments proved conclusively that mosquitoes transmitted yellow fever, a hypothesis long championed by Cuban physician, Carlos J. Finlay.7 On October 27, 1900, the Reed Commission announced its findings: "The mosquito serves as the intermediate host for the parasite of yellow fever, and it is highly probable that the disease is only propagated through the bite of this insect.""58The specific mosquito
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Yellow Fever at Miami 55 identified as the carrier was then known as Stegomyia fasciatus; today we know it as the Aedes aegypti.59 This discovery explained several bits of time-honored yellow fever folk wisdom. The Aedes aegypti was found to be an urban mosquito which bred in stagnant collections of water commonly found around human habitations: in discarded jars, cans, cisterns, roof drains and catchment basins. This explained the predominence of yellow fever in cities, as well as the fact that ships sometimes carried yellow fever from tropical ports -mosquitoes bred in the water casks and bilge.60 The belief that leaving the city before sunset and returning after dawn to avoid contracting yellow fever was also explained by this discovery -the Aedes aegypti is a night biting mosquito. It became clear why taking refuge in the mountains helped to avoid infection, and why the first good frost usually marked the end of an epidemic -the Aedes aegypti is quickly killed by cold weather. The Reed Commission found that the yellow virus must incubate in the mosquito's digestive tract from nine to thirty days before the mosquito can pass it on, which explained the delay between the Anderson case and the start of the Miami epidemic. Finally, the close and confusing association of yellow fever and dengue fever was clearly evident -they are both transmitted by the Aedes aegypti.61 Whereas public health physicians welcomed the discovery, they were slow to abandon their sterilization/fumigation stations and the practice of quarantining vessels leaving tropical ports during the spring, summer and fall. When Florida's final yellow fever epidemic occurred in Pensacola in 1905, it was quickly contained by isolation of patients under mosquito netting and vigorous measures to eradicate mosquitos. However, even in 1905, a few physicians and many laymen insisted on extreme measures, such as requiring that Florida oranges be shipped in screened boxcars when they passed through Arkansas. The Florida ports of Apalachicola and Carrabelle even refused to allow a cargo of brick and gasoline to be landed despite the ship having been cleared by the State Board of Health.62 Acknowledgements: The author is indebted to many individuals for help. He is especially indebted to Arva Parks McCabe for encouragement, astute editing and the use of her extensive library and photographic archives. Others who gave assistance generously were Larry Wiggins,
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56 TEQUESTA Paul George, Sam Boldrick (Florida Collection, Metro-Dade Public Library), and Becky Smith and Dawn Hugh (Research Center of the Historical Museum of Southern Florida). Endnotes 1. William M. Straight, "Camp Miami, 1898,"Journal ofthe Florida Medical Association 74 (July 1987): 504-13 (hereinafter JFMA). 2. Joseph Yates Porter, Eleventh Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Florida, Jacksonville, March 15, 1900, 88 (hereinafter Report, SBH, March 15, 1900). 3. Howard Kleinberg, Miami The Way We Were (Tampa:Surfside Publishing, 1989), 106-107. The original number/naming of Miami's streets was changed in October 1920. Throughout this paper locations will be noted as on today's map. 4. The Miami Metropolis, May 27, 1898, 1. 5. A person appointed by the City but paid by each householder to pickup the privie buckets and empty the contents at a suitable place. 6. "Our New Hospital." The Miami Metropolis, April 21, 1899, 2. Construction began about May 19, 1899, and was completed shortly after September 22, 1899; see The Miami Metropolis on those two dates. 7. The area where the original dense, tropical hardwood forest remained at that time; roughly Northeast Second Avenue to the bay from Flagler Street to Northeast Sixth Street. There dwellers lived in small, poorly built houses and shacks and were dependent on shallow surface wells and privies. See Annual Report of the Supervising Surgeon of the Marine-Hospital Service of the United States for the Fiscal Year 1899 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1901), 731-33. 8. Dengue fever is a virus infection characterized by chills, fever, severe headache, pains in the muscles of the back and extremities and a rash on the trunk spreading to the extremities. It is also called "breakbone fever" because of the severity of the pain. In 1899, dengue was frequently confused with yellow fever, but the appearance of the rash, absence of albumin in the urine, together with the rarity of death usually meant the disease was dengue rather than yellow fever. 9. Jackson's Report to Porter, January 20, 1900, Report, SBH, March 15, 1900, 46. 10. Ibid. 11. Hereinafter "Dr. Jackson" or simply "Jackson" will be used to indicate James M. Jackson. Dr. John W. Jackson, who was not
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Yellow Fever at Miami 57 related to Dr. James M. Jackson, was in practice at Coconut Grove but he played no part in the epidemic of 1899. 12. Under the supervision of the State Board of Health, and later the United States Marine Hospital Service, all Florida ports were routinely quarantined against Havana from April 1 until November 1 each year. 13. Sweeting's Report to Porter, January 20, 1900, Report, SBH, March 15, 1900, 32. 14. The steamer Santa Lucia belonged to the Florida East Coast Steamship Company, part of the Flagler interests. She was a woodenhull, double decked, sternwheeler, 158 feet long, and 28.6 feet in the beam. Her draft was 3.4 feet; weight 193 tons gross and 170 net. The Santa Lucia was a typical river steamer. In late August 1899, decontamination and fumigation equipment was mounted on the lower deck along with the galley and a dining room for the crew. The upper deck was divided into a salon surrounded by 28 staterooms, which opened into it; Surgeon W. G. Stimpson stated that she could accomodate 36 passengers. The staterooms were likely 6 by 7 feet, and furnished with upper and lower bunks. Each stateroom included a large bowl and pitcher, which permitted sponge baths. Astern, on the lower deck, was a "common" toilet that was flushed with bay water. Above the stateroom deck was a "hurricane deck" supplied with stanchions over which an awning could be streched to make a comfortable assembly space or an isolation ward. See "A New Fumigating Plant," The Florida Times-Union & Citizen, September 4, 1899, 2. 15. Miami Metropolis, September 8, 1899, 3. 16. The Florida Times-Union & Citizen, September 13, 1899, 2. 17. Alfred L. Kemp, "Coconut Grove -The Pioneer Paradise" (Unpublished manuscript, c. 1965, in author's possesion), 10. 18. Ibid. 19. Maude Richards Black, interview by author, June 1, 1968; The Florida Times-Union & Citizen, October 18, 1899, 2. 20. J. M. Hawks, "Urges Precautionary Measures," The Miami Metropolis, Letter to the Editor, February 26, 1897, 8. 21. Horsey's Report to Porter, January 15, 1900, Report, SBH, March 15, 1900, 60; Jackson's Report to Porter, January 20, 1900, Report, SBH, March 15, 1900, 47. 22. Ibid. 23. William M. Straight, "The Yellow Jack," JFMA 58 (August 1971): 31-47. 24. John G. DuPuis, MD, History of Early Medicine History
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58 TEQUESTA of Early Public Schools History of Early Agricultural Relations in Dade County (Privately printed, 1957), 49-50. 25. Olive Chapman Lauther, The Lonesome Road (Miami: Center Printing Co., 1963), 80-83. 26. J. K. Dor, "Recollections of Early Miami," Tequesta, (1949), 56. 27. Porter, Report, SBH, March 15, 1900, 111. 28. "The Fever Scare," The Miami Metropolis, September 29, 1899,7. 29. Jackson's Report to Porter, January 20, 1900, Report, SBH, March 15, 1900, 61. 30. The Miami Metropolis, October 27, 1899, 7. See also DuPuis, History of Early Medicine, 57. 31. "The Doctors Disagree," The Miami Metropolis, October 20, 1899,2. 32. Letters, sealed in envelopes, were individually pounded with a wooden mallet, the head of which was studded with several large nails. Having been thus perforated, the letter was placed on a rack, in a chest containing burning sulfur candles. The fumes of the candles were thus allowed to permeate the letter in hopes of killing the contagion. See "Florida Health Notes," State Board of Health of Florida 51 (September 1959): 145. 33. The Miami Metropolis, October 17, 1899, 7. 34. Lauther, The Lonesome Road, 82. 35. Kemp, "Coconut Grove -The Pioneer Paradise," 10. 36 .The Miami Metropolis, November 3, 1899, 1. 37. "Camp M'Adam," The Florida Times-Union and Citizen, November 6, 1899, 2. 38. Ibid., 4. 39. For a more detailed description of Camp McAdam see The Annual Report of the Supervising Surgeon-General, 1899 (op. cit. endnote # 7), 740-42. 40. The Miami Metropolis, September 22, 1899, 6. 41. Saidee Kolb, interview by author, July 9, 1958. 42. W. W. Prout, "History of Miami's Past, Present Conditions and Future Importance Told in Detail," The Miami Metropolis, April 24, 1905, 1. 43. "The Emergency Hospital," The Miami Metropolis, November 3, 1899, 7. 44. Ibid. 45. J. Y. Porter, "Looking Backward Over Fifty Years of Health
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Yellow Fever at Miami 59 Work in Florida," JFMA 12 (January 1926): 194. 46. "Sunday's Bad Fire. For the Second Time in Her History Miami Suffers From the Fire Fiend," The Miami Metropolis, November 17, 1899,3. 47. H. I. Raymond, "Yellow Fever: How It Is Regarded At Camp Tampa Heights," Medical News 72 (1898): 683-84. 48. Dorn, "Recollections," 57. 49. The Miami Metropolis, November 24, 1899, 3. 50. "Proclamation," The Miami Metropolis, November 17, 1899, 7. The stone pier (also called the "stone dock") jutted into the bay just south of Flagler Street. It was built by Flagler for use by pleasure boats connected with the Royal Palm Hotel. Miami's commercial dock, at that time, was in the river near the foot of Miami Avenue. In 1903, the Fair Building was built on the stone dock, and later (in early 1925) when the bayfront was pumped in, preparatory to creating Bayfront Park, the stone dock was surrounded and covered. 51. Nixon Smiley, "Man Who Came to Florida in 1888 Reflects on the Past," The Miami Herald, May 5, 1968, 8C. 52. "Burdine's Buys Flagler and Miami Corner," The Miami Herald, July 31, 1936, 2A. 53. "The Quarantine is Off," The Miami Metropolis, January 19, 1900,8. 54. "New Turnouts," The Miami Metropolis, January 19, 1900, 1. 55. "Yellow Fever Patients," The Miami Metropolis, November 10, 1899,7. One case occurred at "North Miami" on November 1, 1899, and one at "South Miami" on November 7, 1899. North Miami was an unincorporated area near Miami's northern boundary; South Miami was a reference to that part of the community south of the city limits. 56. "Thoughts for the Future," The Miami Metropolis, December 22, 1899,7. 57. Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse W. Lazear, "The Etiology of Yellow Fever," The Philadelphia Medical Journal, October 27, 1900, 796. 58. Ibid. 59. Ibid. 60. Ibid. 61. Ibid. 62. Hiram Byrd, "Rational Quarantine," Transactions of the Florida Medical Association, April 18-20, 1906, (Jacksonville: H. & W. B. Drew Co.), 103-109.
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60 TEQUESTA Charles Torrey Simpson in South Florida. (HASF 80-158-12)
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61 The Sage of Biscayne Bay: Charles Torrey Simpson's Love Affair with South Florida by Leah La Plante I do not want to investigate nature as though I were solving a problem in mathematics. I want none of the elements of business to enter into any of my relations with it. I am not and cannot be a scientific attorney. In my attempts to unravel its mysteries I have a sense of reverence and devotion, I feel as though I were on enchanted ground. And whenever any of its mysteries are revealed to me I have a feeling of elation -I was about to say exaltation, just as though the birds or the trees had told me their secrets and I had understood their language -and nature herself had made me a confidant. Charles Torrey Simpson In Lower Florida Wilds, 1920 The average sun-struck South Florida tourist, much less the resident, is probably not sure whether the area is "tropical" or "sub-tropical." Whatever the proper latitudinal designation, the image of exotic South Florida is formed and elaborated by a prevailing southeast wind of flashy publicity and wildly varied experience that has swirled the sun, the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico around a lush jungle of palms, bananas, orchids and breadfruit, across an Everglades of alligators and gracefully plumed herons, down to the Florida Keys' legendary pendant jewels of the "Flowerida" necklace. An English professor at Miami-Dade Community College's Wolfson Campus, author Leah La Plante is a native Miamian who grew up in the downtown area. She raised two daughters on a jungle acre near Fairchild Garden, where she has long been a member. Currently, La Plante is working on a book about early South Florida naturalists.
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62 TEQUESTA Some came to pluck the flowers to sell for a profit. Others became enchanted by the area's unique natural richness and beauty and stayed to nurture and protect it. Fortunately for South Florida, one of the latter group was Charles Torrey Simpson, brilliant, selftaught field naturalist and gifted writer of a type that is almost extinct, who in 1905 moved to Lemon City, a few miles north of Miami, on Biscayne Bay. "I loved Florida on sight," says Simpson in his book Florida Wild Life, published in 1932, the year he died. "It is, today, dearer to me than any place on earth."' For the last twenty-seven years of his life Simpson devoted himself with a passion to exploring and writing about the pine and palmetto flatlands, Everglades, hardwood hammocks and Keys -even then seriously threatened by rudely encroaching civilization. Charles Torrey Simpson, known in his day variously as The Sage of Biscayne Bay, Doctor Simpson (in 1927 he received the first honorary doctorate in science given by the University of Miami), The Professor, and 'The Old Man' (as he called himself), wrote four books about South Florida nature: Ornamental Gardening in Florida (1916), In Lower Florida Wilds (1920), Out of Doors in Florida (1924), and Florida Wild Life (1932), and a great many articles in magazines and newspapers. While Simpson was appreciated and honored in his lifetime, his name is most familiar today as that of the City of Miami's Simpson Park, one of two remaining protected pieces of the Brickell Hammock, which originally stretched from the Miami River south to Coconut Grove and beyond, and from the Everglades to Biscayne Bay, alongside of which was an Indian trail. First named Jungle Park, in 1927 it was renamed in honor of Simpson, called by the Miami Parks Division "the father of all South Florida naturalists," because of his zeal for preserving native plant species.2 In her speech at the dedication of the park's newly-built meeting house in 1931, Mrs. R. M. Seymour, Education Director of the Council of Garden Club Presidents of Greater Miami, said, "Simpson Park is well named for Charles Torrey Simpson, the one Florida naturalist who ranks with John Muir, John Burroughs, and other writers of wild life and the natural character of place. His books are and always will be the most authoritative source of information on the natural history of South Florida."3 Simpson was an original, his life the stuff of legend. He was born on June 3, 1846, in Tiskilwa, Illinois, the seventh child of Jabez and Matilda Simpson;4theirs was a poor pioneer family living in a log cabin on the
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The Sage of Biscayne Bay 63 prairie.5 In later life Simpson revealed that "Some of the love I have for the great out-of-doors I got from my mother. She knew the name of every common flower in the fields and woods around my boyhood home and was glad to answer my eager questions."6 As a child, he developed a fondness for natural history, making collections of shells, minerals and fossils, and studying botany. Like Darwin, Edison, Burbank and other well-known scientists, Simpson had little formal education. Later in his life, he said that he had hated school, complaining that he could never understand sentence parsing and math. "The fields and woods were my school."''7 Raised on a farm, he was first a farmer. "While following the plow it was my custom to carry a little box on the plow handles and when a shell or specimen was found I put it in the box and looked up the subject in a book or sent the specimen to the state geological survey."8 Collecting shells was his first passion, South Florida was to be his second and last. Simpson went on to work as a miner, carpenter (he built his South Florida house almost singlehandedly), cowboy (for three years in Nebraska), soldier (in the 57th Illinois regiment of the Union Army in the War Between the States, he was with General William T. Sherman in several minor engagements through Georgia from Atlanta to the sea), sailor (after the war Simpson joined the navy to see the world; for three years, aboard the Shenandoah, he traveled to Europe, Africa, and the Mediterranean, collecting shells and closely observing the natural world around him).9 Finally, Simpson settled into the major work of his first life mollusks. In the 1880s he had established a reputation as a conchologist. In Florida Wild Life, Simpson wrote, "There is a nameless fascination about collecting ... I have been a collector from infancy -in fact, I think I was born one, though I have no recollection of collecting during my prenatal existence."'0 In the same book, he tells about his first trip to Florida. In December 1881, he and several friends went by rail and boat down the west coast to Bradenton, south of Tampa. He had studied Chapman's Southern Flora and therefore knew many of the trees and plants on sight." Having collected a "camel load" of shells, he was lucky enough to run into a marine biologist from the Chicago Academy of Sciences who helped him identify them.12 Reminiscing after fifty years, Simpson said: These were golden days and I look back upon them as among the happiest of my life. I was young and filled with splendid enthusiasm; my companions were congenial and were having
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64 TEQUESTA the time of their lives; our whole environment could not have been improved upon. For many years I had dreamed of Florida, hoped for it, almost prayed for it, and now my dream had come true and all was far more strange and wonderful than I had supposed it could be.13 In the early 1880s, Simpson lived for four years in Bradenton, supporting himself as a carpenter-contractor while he explored Florida's lower wilds. During that period, he made a significant plant and shell collecting trip to Honduras, returning with a variety of the first tropical plants introduced from that area, some of which found wide distribution in South Florida.14 In 1889, when Simpson was forty-three, his reputation as a conchologist was sufficient for him to be hired by the U.S. National (Smithsonian) Museum in Washington, D.C. In October of that year, he received a letter from William H. Dall, Curator of the Department of Mollusks, offering him a position as an assistant, with a starting salary of $75.00 a month -this for someone who barely had a high school education!'5 Nevertheless, as Nixon Smiley, Miami Herald columnist and fellow naturalist, noted, Simpson was said to be able to identify some ten thousand shells by sight and give their Latin names.16 Simpson spent thirteen years at the Smithsonian, traveling often to the West Indies and the Bahamas, classifying two thousand species of freshwater snails and mussels.'7 Degreeless but an undeniable authority in his field, he occasionally lectured at Georgetown University. One tribute came in a letter from Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of Simpson, to left, and George Clapp, the Department of Mollusks aluminum manufacturer and amateur the Academy of Natural conchologist, together on one of their manytrips.(ASFx-76349) Sciences of Philadelphia: "I many trips. (congratulate yASF x-763-49) can congratulate you upon
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The Sage of Biscayne Bay 65 the recognition of the value of your achievement ... both in Europe and America. Wherever fresh water bivalves are studied, it is acknowledged that your work began a new era...."18 Ultimately the museum published a five-hundred-page report on his findings, which Simpson described as "the first scientific classification of its kind ever made in this country."19 In 1897, Cornelia Couch, Simpson's first wife, died, leaving one son, Pliny. In 1902, he married Flora Roper, widow of a botanistconchologist friend, who had one daughter, Marion.20 South Florida may have been their mutual fond dream, because later that year, Flora came to the area to look for possible homesites. Writing in the Florida State Horticultural Society Bulletin in 1913, Simpson explained, "I chose [the Lemon City location] after studying Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica and the Bahamas. These islands have the advantage of a more tropical climate than South Florida, their soil is generally richer, but I felt that to them could be applied the lines from the missionary hymn, 'Where every prospect pleases, and only man is vile.'"21 The Simpson property in Lemon City consisted of nine and one-half acres of mostly pineland, with a small hammock area and a frontage of six hundred feet on Biscayne Bay. Simpson retired from the Smithsonian in 1905 at the age of fifty-six, and immediately moved to Florida. In later life he said with a laugh, "I thought my work was done then," realizing that it had hardly begun.22 Simpson's first major accomplishment after settling into his beloved new world was building his house. An experienced carpenter, he designed and built it himself, with the help of his son, Pliny. Only the heart of durable Dade County pine was used in its construction. Marion Roper, Simpson's stepdaughter, said in later years that the home was modeled after a picture of an inn in Honolulu that Simpson found in a set of books, Our Islands and Their People, published in 1899.23 In his early book, Ornamental Gardening in Florida, Simpson, in a characteristically humorous and ironic tone, wrote: Some of the best architects in the country have pronounced my house an atrocity, and I present it to my readers [in a photograph] in order that they may know what an atrocity is and be able to distinguish one at sight ... the living part elevated well above the ground, a wide, encircling veranda or gallery, as it is often called in South Florida and the West Indies, and
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66 TEQUESTA the rather sharp roof which has never leaked seriously in the worst hurricane. Some of the ideas embodied in it have been taken from dwellings in Jamaica, Hawaii, Cuba and the Philippines; others are my own, and it is not like anything in the heavens above, the earth beneath, or the waters under the earth.24 The Sentinels, home of Charles Torrey Simpson (HASF x-763-54) In Lemon City: Pioneering on Biscayne Bay, 1850-1925, Thelma Peters simply describes the Simpson house as a frame structure of two stories that was built seven or eight feet off the ground, with a basement enclosed in lattice.25 While Simpson was justifiably proud of his house, for the most part his thoughts were drawn to the surroundings: There were two magnificent Caribbean pines in front of the house, eighty feet high and in the full glory of robust life. I called them the Sentinels, and from them I named my house. I felt they would watch over and guard me and mine. But the glory of the place was a couple of acres of fine young hammock that lay within a few rods of my door containing a large variety of mostly
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The Sage of Biscayne Bay 67 tropical growth, a thing of joy and inspiration. Year in and year out its greenery, its peace and quiet have appealed to me and from it I have learned some of the most valuable lessons of my life.26 And, in those days, a short distance to the west lay the Everglades. It would be nine years before there was electricity and ice. In Lemon City, Thelma Peters wrote that at the Sentinels a "vista was opened to the bay through the mangrove, and a path was built up with rocks across the swamp, giving access to the dock, boathouse and pavilion that Simpson built over the water. The pavilion, open to the breezes, was a favorite spot of the Simpsons', and they often entertained their friends there."27 And of friends there were many, such as fellow naturalists David Fairchild, John Kunkel Small, Liberty Hyde Bailey, Wilson Popenoe, John Gifford, Marjory Stoneman Douglas and others who both shared Simpson's appreciation of the unique South Florida environment and also made a name for themselves in part by writing about it. Later in life, Mrs. Simpson's daughter, Marion Roper, recalled that one of the visitors to the Sentinels was James Deering, who came to consult with Simpson about the landscaping of Vizcaya, his stunning Mediterranean villa on Biscayne Bay. "Mr. Deering was a very serious man most of the time," Miss Roper said, "but after a drink or two he became jovial and full of fun."28 And then there were the neighbors and the endless procession of garden clubs. Toward the end of his life, Simpson once estimated that he had shown as many as fifty thousand people around his garden. According to David Fairchild, "Simpson's charming personality and unfailing generosity towards everyone who came for information or plants made his place a general rendezvous."29 In his book, A Yank Pioneer in Florida, Allen Andrews, after a visit to the Sentinels, characterized Simpson as: Most gracious and kindly, especially to kindred souls who are interested in Florida wild life and its preservation. One might ordinarily be inclined to visualize an outstanding authority on botany, tree snails and Florida wild life as a dry-as-dust individual, entirely wrapped up in his scientific investigations and devoid of all sense of humor. On the contrary, the Doctor is possessed of a keen wit that is continually effervescing, and
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68 TEQUESTA whether the joke is on him or his visitors makes no difference in his appreciation of it."30 This does, however, contrast with the observation of his stepdaughter, Marion, that "the qualities that made him so successful and popular with others didn't always make him pleasant to live with. He had a very strong will, and would push through with anything he set out to do at any cost."32 One would believe this of someone who, as he said, "published nine good-sized volumes and a considerable number of scientific papers..., besides hundreds of articles for magazines and newspapers."32 In a late overview of the Sentinels, Simpson counted 3,000 varieties of plants: over 100 species of trees and shrubs, 75 orchid species, 150 of palms, 20 of rubber trees, 100 of fruits of all kinds, and many single species of rare trees and plants. Simpson the collector gathered around him in a botanical embrace trees and plants that were both native and the result of his many collecting trips throughout the Caribbean. He explained that the money for every plant he purchased was obtained by going without a meal.33 How glorious it would have been for Simpson's private green world to be preserved. Just before his death in 1932, the Miami Rotary Club inaugurated a movement to buy the estate and set it aside as Rustic stone bridge and brackish pool at The Sentinels in Lemon City, home of Charles Simpson. Simpson built the bridge and walls himself. (HASFx-287-2)
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The Sage of Biscayne Bay 69 a public park, since it was considered one of the finest collections of sub-tropical flora in the world. The Simpsons were in favor of the Rotary Club's intentions, but for reasons unknown the idea apparently did not pass the suggestion stage. As late as 1944, the city of Miami considered purchasing the entire Simpson property and turning it into a park, but the plans fell through.34 Of the private gardens, his and those of the other significant plant explorers and naturalists of this early period, only the Kampong, the Fairchild estate in Coconut Grove, is still intact and is open to the public for special guided tours. Simpson was fifty-three when he finally settled into Florida for good. Tall and slender, he was distinguished-looking, with a white moustache and beard, except for his style of dress, typically old outdoor clothes. In Miami U.S.A., Helen Muir describes Simpson "wearing his faded khaki trousers, torn shirt and canvas shoes, carrying a stained bamboo staff, conducting a 'wading trip' to Big Cypress Swamp for nearly one hundred embryonic botanists."35 The reader of his South Florida nature books, knowing Simpson as a tireless, nonstop explorer, can easily imagine how he would have looked. In a letter written to a friend in 1929, Simpson noted: I probably have made a hundred trips to the lower part of the state and the Keys; have repeatedly tramped the latter from Key Largo to Key West. Sometimes I carried a little tent and about as often went without, camping out alone, have been eaten with swarms of insects, have almost frozen and then been burned with heat. Once I went 38 hours without food and have almost perished with thirst. But there was a charm, an enticement about it all and I could never give it up.36 Then there was the scorn of various locals -Conchs (water people) and Crackers (inland dwellers), who took him for a dangerous desperado instead of a famished and exhausted naturalist and denied him food or shelter. Nixon Smiley told the story of how Simpson was once almost arrested as a vagrant when he returned to Miami at the end of an exploring trip, tired and dirty, with an old canvas bag of plants and shells over his shoulder.37 'The Old Man' divided his energies between gardening at the Sentinels and exploring the wilds, somehow getting himself indoors to work with his collection of over 10,000 shells, which was kept on the
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70 TEQUESTA ground floor, to read in his extensive library, and to write. In addition, on September 5, 1914, Simpson received a letter from P. H. Dorsett, Acting Agricultural Explorer in Charge, Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, U.S. Department of Agriculture, appointing him as a 'Collaborator,' at three hundred dollars per annum (a post he held until June 1932). Simpson served as a consultant, conducted experimental planting at the Sentinels, and allowed for the use of his library.38 He continued to write, although he realized little revenue from it. Simpson wrote in 1924, "I believe I could make more money stealing than writing for a living." About his first Florida book, Ornamental Gardening in Florida, he complained that "the publishers did not deal fairly with me and tried to cheat and dodge in every way. Don't give any work to Little and Ives is my advice."39 Simpson got his start as a South Florida nature writer when he was asked by Dr. Henry Nehrling to prepare articles for the Florida Horticultural Society.40 His first essay concerned Dade County plants, which attracted the attention of David Fairchild and James Deering's brother, Charles, a strong naturalist. The article, entitled "Native and Exotic Plants of Dade County, Florida," included photographs, and it was distributed as a guide for plant growers in the area. That, as Simpson explained, "got my feet into it."41 Then came his first South Florida book, Ornamental Gardening in Florida, dedicated to Charles Deering, "who, instead of destroying the hammock, is creating it," and subtitled A Treatise on the Decorative Plants Adapted to Florida and Their Cultivation, with Suggestions for the Ornamentation of Florida Homes and Grounds. Several of the chapters had already appeared in Tropic Magazine, which began publishing in Miami in 1914. Simpson became a regular contributor. In his introduction to Ornamental Gardening in Florida, Simpson, with uncharacteristic optimism in such matters, wrote: I can look forward with full confidence to a time in the near future when a large area within the territory covered in this work will be girded with the finest of roads bordered with beautiful tropical and semi-tropical shade trees; I can see the land filled with happy homes shaded and embowered with the glorious vegetation of the equatorial regions, a land of peace and contentment, a land of hope, of rest for the weary, a land of perennial verdure and fadeless beauty.42
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The Sage of Biscayne Bay 71 Simpson had so often bemoaned the fate of the wild in the path of burgeoning man that one cannot avoid reading this as hope temporarily overcoming his more usual deep concern for the environment, as expressed in this line from the first chapter: "Mankind everywhere has an insane desire to waste and destroy the good and beautiful things that nature has lavished upon him."43 Of his four South Florida books, only Ornamental Gardening in Florida reaches out directly to the reader with the practical approach of giving advice on gardening in the state, especially in reference to identifying and recommending suitable native and introduced trees and plants. Simpson's other books essentially leave civilization to its own follies and retreat to the wilderness. He announced in In Lower Florida Wilds: I know of no greater pleasure than that of a naturalist or collector, in the woods, the swamps, along the streams or upon the open seashore. I pity those whose entire life and energies are devoted to money making, who have never revelled in the beauty and freedom of the great out-of-doors.... Here is opened wide the great book of nature, the gleaming page filled with wonders. Here too, is health, peace, and contentment, and a new life for the soul cloyed with the artificialities of an over stimulated civilization.4 According to one reviewer of In Lower Florida Wilds: "Dr. Simpson is so big a man that the luxury of naturalness is his by right. The value of his work to Florida cannot be computed."45 Thomas Barbour, writing in That Vanishing Eden: "The best account of the Keys with which I am acquainted is in Charles Torrey Simpson's In Lower Florida Wilds. Simpson ... was thoroughly endued with the spirit of poetry,... and was a first-class plantsman. He exerted an extraordinary influence on the lower Florida community and has left a treasured memory behind him."46 Most often the naturally gregarious Simpson opened the great book of nature with one or several companions. In reference to his first visit to Long Key, he relates in In Lower Florida Wilds: My neighbor, John Soar, and Wilson Popenoe of the Department of Agriculture, and I took a two days' tramp over Long
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72 TEQUESTA Key to botanize and explore....When night fell, we gathered some dead pine wood ... and built a fine fire. After a cold supper and some yams we tried to rest. The mosquitoes were bad; the sharp uneven rock like Banquo' s ghost murdered sleep. The sky was overcast, the wind southwest, but we realized a norther was coming... a cold, steady rain began to fall. Soaked through, but with our blankets wrapped about us, we sat around our weakening fire and 'made a night of it....' Congenial men can draw very near to each other under such circumstances, and although we were cold, wet, and half devoured by mosquitoes, though our environment was the dreariest imaginable, the memory of that night is one of my very pleasantest.47 On another trip in a hammock, this time alone, surrounded by live oaks, gumbo limbos, West Indian cherry, lancewoods, white ilex, and even some royal palms, Simpson, in Out of Doors in Florida, observed that: Not the slightest sound disturbed me; in fact one of the charms of the great forest is its stillness. I sat and fairly drank in the wonderful silence and loneliness of the hammock. In such a Charles T.Simspsonreadingamongwildvegetaion inthehammockbehind The Sentinels after a hard day ofwork. (HASF x-287-6)
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The Sage of Biscayne Bay 73 place one must be alone to enjoy the full beauty and sweetness of it all. Even the presence of the most congenial friend or lover of nature is distracting and in a sense a disturbing element. Alone with uncovered head I bared my life, my all to the Great Power of the Universe, call it Nature, God, Jehovah, Allah, Brahma or whatever you will, and reverently worshipped." One of Simpson's deeply felt convictions was that plants are somehow sentient beings. In In Lower Florida Wilds, after elaborating at length on the wonders of plant adaptation, he remarked: It seems to me that there is a soul throughout nature, that the animals, and I like to believe, the plants, to a certain extent, think....A palm sends its growing stem deep into the earth and buries its vitals to protect them from fire; the mangrove raises itself high on stilted roots in order that it may live above the water and breathe; an orchid perfects a complicated device to compel honey-loving insects to cross-fertilize its pollen....If the work of man is the result of thought, that of animals and plants must be so in some lesser degree.49 In reference to the way the strangler fig gradually eliminates and replaces its host tree: It looks very much like the result of planning and reasoning, of a deliberate selfishness of the worst sort. The helpless tree which is being crushed and strangled in the embrace of the fig, the long, lithe roots thrusting themselves into every crevice, wrapping tighter and tighter about their victim, remind one of Laocoon and the serpents.50 In his writing, Simpson continually returned to "thinking" nature. In Out of Doors in Florida, he addressed the tendency of some plants to propagate themselves by sprouts as well as seeds: The idea of sprouts seems to me like a stroke of genius. Like the invention of the steam engine, the telegraph and telephone, these bring a boon to the human race. It will be noticed that I
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74 TEQUESTA speak of plants and animals as if they studied, as though they invented things which benefit themselves and their race. Why not? They are constantly engaged in doing such things, in making short cuts, in achieving results, in lifting themselves out of a low and degraded position into a higher and better one, and this looks to me exactly like the work of intelligence, brains if I may say so. Had a man invented the sprout system, he would have been a second Morse or Fulton.51 In a later chapter, Simpson describes the staying power of the saw palmetto: "Nothing could successfully oppose it; it is full of initiative; it is ambitious, smart!" In Florida Wild Life: "I may be told that all these things are so because they could not be otherwise, that the trees are simply obeying the fixed laws of nature; yet somehow I like to believe that in all this there is a purpose, soul, intelligence, almost thought, that these things reach results in somewhat the same fashion I do."53 Most of all in Simpson's writings there speaks a brilliant scientist who was at the same time humble, warm and friendly, spontaneous, good-humored, expressing an almost childlike enthusiasm about his green kingdom. After one wilderness exploration with a fellow scientist, he reports, "I fairly shouted in my exuberance as one new thing after another turned up until the Doctor claimed he was really worried about me and thought I needed medical treatment."54 On a later trip, upon finding a muchsought-after tree snail: "I capered about like a happy boy; I rubbed it against my cheek and lovingly patted it; I talked foolishly to it. No miser ever gloated over his gold as I did over that magnificent snail."55 On Lignumvitae Key, in referCharlesT. Simpson, in his ence to his inability to throw chunks of most comfortable state, wood or rock up onto a high tree branch (Courtesy ofJohn Clark to dislodge a snail, Simpson calculated Eckhoff) that, "I might hit the side of a good sized
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The Sage of Biscayne Bay 75 barn if it were not too far away and the wind was favorable, but that is about all."56 This is the prevailing tone of 'The Old Man,' who in over eighty years of hard work and achievement never lost his joie de vivre, his fundamental need to share his love of nature, his delight in expressing it. Not everyone understood and appreciated this highly original and far-ranging naturalist. In Out of Doors in Florida, Simpson reports that on one trip to a Caribbean island, some of the local people thought of him as "... a sort of semi-lunatic or as one lacking in mentality....No man in his right mind would leave his home and ... wander around the woods and along the shores to pull leaves from the trees, break off pieces of rock or crawl around picking up utterly worthless shells.""7 In a later chapter about a lower South Florida trip, after a wearying exploration through jungle and swamp, Simpson reiterated that: Wherever I went I had been taken for a tramp or a desperate man.... I tried to get a drink at a cistern, but a man in a very ugly voice told me to go away and leave the water alone. He refused to let me sleep on his floor, and didn't want to talk with me. I started away but came back and asked if he took me for a tramp, and he said I was either that or a bad man. I pulled out a gold watch and chain and asked if bad men and tramps carried such things, then I showed him a ten dollar bill and said, 'You still think I am a bad lot, do you?' His severe scowl changed into a smile and he said, 'O come in, I guess you are all right.'57 His fellow scientists and naturalists, those who had read his books and articles, thought he was much more than "all right." In 1923, the 77-year-old Simpson was the recipient of a high honor of the botanical world: the Meyer Medal. Marjory Stoneman Douglas, who was present at the award ceremony, reported in The Miami Herald that in the surroundings of his beautiful garden, Charles Torrey Simpson received the award "in recognition of his life of devoted service to tropical Florida and to the United States.""5 Doctor Fairchild, an earlier recipient of the medal, who made the presentation, stated that: The Meyer Medal is given to you in recognition of your distinguished service in the field of foreign plant introduction. You
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76 TEQUESTA have enriched the state of Florida not only through the introduction of a wide range of new plants, but also by the knowledge you have gained and freely shared of the behavior in this climate of hundreds of other plants....I feel, my dear Simpson, that in giving this Meyer Medal to you today, I am merely doing what I know Meyer would like to have done himself.59 Ms. Douglas reported, "When the medal was put in his hands, Professor Simpson had tears in his eyes and he was shaking a little, quite overcome. Lathrop [Barbour Lathrop, Fairchild's great benefactor and the first recipient of the Meyer Medal] stepped up to shake hands, proclaiming, 'I'm damn glad you've got it! You deserved it!' and saved the situation with a shout of laughter."60 There were many other tributes honoring the Sage of Biscayne Bay. In 1927, the University of Miami awarded him the honorary doctorate in science degree, a first for the institution and for Simpson. Through the years a great many shells and plants, such as the fan palm Simpsonia microcarpa and the tropical tree snail Liguus fasciatus simpsonii, were named for him. On June 3, 1930, two hundred of Simpson's friends and admirers, among them members of garden clubs and departments of parks and recreation, celebrated his eighty-fourth birthday at the Sentinels. The Simpsons were presented with a gift and there was a cake with eighty-four candles. Punch was served from blocks of ice in which roses had been frozen. There was an article about the party in the Tiskilwa, Illinois, newspaper for Simpson still had many friends in his hometown who had followed his career with great interest. On April 1 of the following year, the Simpson Park meeting house was dedicated, with two hundred people in attendance.61 Theodore Spicer-Simpson, the sculptor and medalist, struck a medallion with a profile portrait relief of Dr. Simpson. In a letter of thanks to the artist, the Doctor wrote, "It makes me look dignified and gives more of an air of power to my physiognomy than I possess but these things are, no doubt, a sort of poetic licence [sic] which artists are allowed to use."62 In Thelma Peters' Biscayne Country, there is a picture of Simpson posing for a life-size portrait bust executed by Elva Perrine, member of a pioneer South Florida family.63 At Simpson Park today, one can see a large oil painting by local artist Henry Salem Hubbell of Simpson receiving his honorary doctorate (the frame was a gift from the doctor's tree class). The painting was unveiled
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The Sage of Biscayne Bay 77 at a book tea at the park in 1942, held to add volumes to the Simpson Park library.64 Also framed and on permanent display at the park is a poem by Stephen Cochran Singleton entitled Charles Torrey Simpson, In Memoriam that ends with the lines, "All...are richer far today because this man... /Dwelt once among us and interpreted for us/ The messages of rock and tree and flower." Early in 1932, the year of his death, the 'Old Man's' last book, Florida Wild Life, appeared. The president of the Macmillan Company called upon Simpson and insisted upon its publication, an honor Simpson said that he could not resist.65 It is to be hoped that in 1996, the year when the City of Miami celebrates its one hundredth birthday, and the history of the area will be under more than the usual scrutiny, Simpson's South Florida books will again be in print, read and appreciated as they so richly deserve. At the end of the final chapter of Florida Wild Life, entitled "In Memoriam," Simpson expresses for the last time his deeply-felt concern for the future of wild life in words as appropriate to today as to that era: Looking back to the days when South Florida was a beautiful wilderness filled with magnificent wild life and then contemplating the wreck of today is enough to sicken the heart of a lover of nature, yes, even of any sensible person who has a true valuation of the useful and beautiful. If things go on here as they have done in the past few years this can only end in the destruction of all that is lovely and of value that nature has bestowed on us.... But let us not bring down the curtain in utter despair, let us not turn away without hope from this scene of ruin and desolation. Within the last few years there has come an awakening, a realization of the value of beauty for beauty's sake, and intelligent people are beginning to ask if it is wise to utterly destroy everything nature has so lavishly given us for the sake of gain.66 In December 1932, at age eight-six, while at work at his desk at the Sentinels, Dr. Simpson suffered a fatal heart attack. The funeral was held in his garden. It is reported that at one point in the service, violin music came from a distance, as if the wind in the trees were bidding him good-bye. Hundreds of mourners were in atten-
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78 TEQUESTA dance, and there was a mile-long procession to Woodlawn Park Cemetery in Miami for the burial ceremony. A tree, one of the stoppers discovered by Simpson, was planted next to his grave, on a plot deeded to the Garden Clubs of Miami by the Woodlawn Park Cemetery Association.67 Today, more than sixty years later, that tree remains next to his grave. Simpson willed his enormous shell collection and the part of his library devoted to that science to the University of Miami. The rest of his library of hundreds of books went in part to the Flagler (later the Miami Public) Library; the remainder can still be seen at the Chapman Field Plant Introduction Station.68 On February 2, 1933, The Florida Society of Natural History passed a resolution honoring Simpson: Whereas, in the death of Dr. Charles Torrey Simpson, honorary president ... the Society has lost a distinguished member, and Whereas his contributions in the fields of conchology, botany, and horticulture and his books on natural history on this unique section of the country have made him known to scientist and layman alike, and Whereas, as one of the pioneers in the field of natural history in this southern part of Florida he has endeared himself to its residents and acted as interpreter of its natural charms, be it therefore resolved that The Florida Society of Natural History, recognizing its great loss, hereby places on record its indebtedness to this scientist and nature lover and expresses its sorrow at the loss of this valued member.69 One can only hope that the wish Simpson expressed in Florida Wild Life, in tribute to his favorite palm trees, has somehow been realized: The royal is stately, it is an aristocrat, its outlines are sharp cut; as it stands in its severe beauty it is one of the most striking, even startling objects in the vegetable kingdom. The coconut has infinite grace as well as majesty; it is distinctly emblematic of the tropics. I hope when I die I may go to some place where I can see the smooth, gray columns of royals, where I can gaze on their splendid, black-green leaves as they are tossed and shaken in the strong trade wind, where the wonderful leaflets
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The Sage of Biscayne Bay 79 of the coconuts dance and shimmer in the moonlight as they are gently moved by the soft, warm sea breeze.70 Charles T. Simpson, dwarfed by his natural surroundings in South Florida. (HASFx-763-5)
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80 TEQUESTA Endnotes 1. Charles Torrey Simpson, Florida Wild Life (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1932), 31. 2. Simpson Park archives, supplied by Ralph Beaudry, Park Naturalist. 3. Ibid. 4. Dictionary of American Biography, 11th ed. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1958), 661. 5. Thomas Baird, "Man Who Helped Create Most of City's Beauty Finds Fame and Fortune Late in Busy Life," Miami Daily News, April 24, 1932, Main Section, 6. A lengthy interview of Simpson. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid. 9. Ibid. 10. Simpson, Florida Wild Life, 18. 11. Ibid, 31. 12. Ibid, 30. 13. Ibid, 31. 14. Baird, "Man Who Helped Create." 15. William H. Dall to Simpson, Washington, D.C., October 15, 1889, Simpson file, Special Collections, Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla. 16. Nixon Smiley, "Strange House Built by Noted Naturalist in 1905 Still Stands," The Miami Herald, July 30, 1950, 6G. 17. Baird, "Man Who Helped Create." 18. Henry A. Pilsbry to Simpson, Philadelphia, Penn., June 11, 1931, Simpson file, Special Collections, Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla. 19. Baird, "Man Who Helped Create." 20. The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 23d ed. (New York: J. T. White and Co., 1933), 661. 21. Florida State Horticultural Society Bulletin, 25-26 (19121913): 166. 22. Baird, "Man Who Helped Create." 23. Smiley, "Strange House Built by Noted Naturalist." 24. Charles Torrey Simpson, Ornamental Gardening in Florida (Concord, New Hampshire: Ramford Press, 1916), 15-16.
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The Sage of Biscayne Bay 81 25. Thelma Peters, Lemon City: Pioneering on Biscayne Bay 1850-1925 (Miami: Banyan Books, Inc., 1980), 252. According to Morris McLemore, a columnist for the Miami Daily News, the house contained three stories: "The house has no rooms -save Simpson's laboratory -on the ground floor. Apparently the scientist didn't altogether trust the bay that lay a few hundred feet east of his home. The main family rooms and the kitchen are on the second floor, and the bedrooms at the top." See Morris McLemore, "McLemore's Miami," Miami Daily News, November 30, 1961, 8F. 26. Simpson, Florida Wild Life, 119. 27. Peters, Lemon City, 253. 28. Smiley, "Strange House Built by Noted Naturalist." 29. David Fairchild, The World Was My Garden (Miami: Banyan Books, 1982), 401. 30. Allen H. Andrews,A YankPioneer in Florida (Jacksonville: Douglas Printing Company, 1950), 270. 31. Smiley, "Strange House Built by Noted Naturalist." 32. Ibid. 33. Baird, "Man Who Helped Create." 34. Smiley, "Strange House Built by Noted Naturalist." 35. Helen Muir, Miami USA (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1953), 186-87. 36. Simpson to Minnie Jay Kent, Coconut Grove, May 29, 1929, Simpson file (Box 18), Historical Museum of Southern Florida, Miami, Fla. 37. Simpson Park archives. 38. P. H. Dorsett to Simpson, Washington, D.C., September 5, 1914, Simpson file, Special Collections, Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla. 39. Simpson to Mrs. Sarah G. H. Jones, May 1,1927, Simpson file (Box 18), Historical Museum of Southern Florida archives. 40. Baird, "Man Who Helped Create." 41. Ibid. 42. Simpson, Ornamental Gardening in Florida, XIII. 43. Ibid, 3. 44. Charles Torrey Simpson, In Lower Florida Wilds (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1920), 300. 45. Review ofIn Lower Florida Wilds, Simpson file (Box 18), Historical Museum of Southern Florida, Miami, Fla. 46. Thomas Barbour, That Vanishing Eden (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1946), 200.
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82 TEQUESTA 47. Simpson, In Lower Florida Wilds, 201-20. 48. Charles Torrey Simpson, Out of Doors in Florida (Miami: E. B. Douglas Co., 1923), 256. 49. Simpson, In Lower Florida Wilds, 252-53. 50. Ibid, 377. 51. Simpson, Out of Doors in Florida, 58. 52. Simpson, Florida Wild Life, 150. 53. Simpson, Out ofDoors in Florida, 204. 54. Ibid, 38 55. Ibid, 385. 56. Ibid, 296-97. 57. Ibid, 388-89. 58. Marjory Stoneman Douglas, "American Genetic Association Honors South Florida Botanist-Philosopher," Simpson file (Box 18), Historical Museum of Southern Florida, Miami, Fla. 59. Ibid. 60. Marjory Stoneman Douglas,Adventures in a Green World: The Story ofDavid FairchildandBarbourLathrop (Coconut Grove: Field Research Projects, 1973), 57. 61. Simpson Park archives. 62. Simpson to Theodore Spicer-Simpson, Miami, Fla., July 23, 1923. Simpson file (Box 25, No. 17), Special Collections, Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla. 63. Thelma Peters, Biscayne Country (Miami: Banyan Books, 1981), 179. 64. Simpson Park archives. 65. Baird, "Man Who Helped Create." 66. Simpson, Florida Wild Life, 193-95. 67. Simpson Park archives. 68. Smiley, "Strange House Built by Noted Naturalist." 69. Resolution document of the Florida Society of Natural History, February 2, 1933. Simpson file, Special Collections, Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla. 70. Simpson, Florida Wild Life, 57.
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83 Historical Association of Southern Florida Membership List Members of the Historical Association of Southern Florida enjoy a wide variety of benefits. These include free admission to the museum; subscriptions to three museum periodicals: Tequesta, South Florida History Magazine and Currents; invitations to special events; use of the Research Center; discounts on purchases at the museum store; and discounts on educational and recreational programs. Each membership category offers the benefits as outline above, plus additional gifts and privileges for the higher levels of support. Membership revenues primarily cover the cost of the benefits provided, educational programs, special exhibitions and daily operations of the museum. The membership listing is made up of those persons and organizations that have paid dues since November 1994; those who joined after November 1, 1995, will be published in the 1996 Tequesta. Life Members Mr. Maurice D. Alpert Mr. Mitchell Franklin Mr. and Mrs. James C. Merrill, Jr. Mr. Edward J. Robinson Mr. and Mrs. Ralph B. Ryder, Jr. Mrs. Sylvia Sowards Honorary Life Members Mr. Fred M. Waters, Jr. Mr. James G. Withers Mrs. Wayne E. Withers Fellow Humanitarian Mr. Mitchell Wolfson, Jr. Mr. Peter L. Bermont Corporate Grand Benefactors Bacardi Gifts & Promotions Southern Bell SunBank/Miami, N.A.
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84 TEQUESTA Corporate Benefactors Coopers & Lybrand First Union National Bank Ryder System Charitable Daily Business Review Greenberg Traurig Hoffman The House of Seagram First Nationwide Bank Paul, Landy, Beiley & Harper Turner Construction Company Corporate Patrons Curbside Florist & Gifts, Inc. Keen, Battle, Mead & Company Parties By Pat Daniel Electrical Contractors Kloster Cruise Limited Price Waterhouse Deloitte & Touche Markes Printing & Graphics Shutts & Bowen Florida Power & Light Company Miami Dolphins Ltd. Southern Wine & Spirits Gato Distributors NationsBank Steel Hector & Davis Corporate Members AAA Able Appliance Service Co. Corporate Advisors, Inc. Peoples Telephone Company ALCO Ductmasters, Inc. Plaza Bank of Miami All About Air Conditioning,Inc Mr. Richard W. Ebsary Rechtien International Trucks Allied Plating Supplies Energy Cost Savers Inc. Republic National Bank Allied Specialty Co. Esslinger Wooten Maxwell Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. Bacchus Fine Food EXTEBANDES Ruben's Air Conditioning, Inc. Baker & McKenzie FEDCO, Inc. Rubin Barney & Birger Inc. Bank of North America, N.A. Fence Masters Sears Roebuck Company Baptist Hospital of Miami First American Title Ins. Co. Smith Barney Shearson Berkowitz, Dick & Pollack Golden Press Spillis Candela & Partners Inc Bierman,Shohat,Loewy,Perry Harrison Construction Stone Foundation Biltmore Hotel Hayhurst & Associates, Inc. Sun Protection Control Burdines Hopkins-Carter Company Swanson Printing, Inc. Cellular One Hotel Inter-Continental Tarmac Florida, Inc. Chalk's International Airlines John Alden Life Insurance Co. Temptrol Air Conditioning, Inc Citizens Federal Bank Johnson & Higgins of Florida The Lowell Dunn Company City National Bank Lawyers Title Insurance Corp. Transatlantic Bank Coastal Fuels Marketing Inc. Mercedes Electric Supply Inc Tropical Heat Air Conditioning Coconut Grove Bank Metro Air Services, Inc. United National Bank Community Air Conditioning Inc Miami Herald Utilities Services of Miami Condor Communications, Inc. Montenay Power Corp. ViroGroup, Missimer Division Constran Properties/CocoWalk Mount Sinai Medical Center Warren E. Daniels Construction Cordis Corporation Pan American Hospital Witty Air Corporate Contributors Aircraft Electric Motors, Inc. Farrey's Wholesale Hardware Co Omni Colonnade Hotel Bank of New York Mr. Martin Fine, Esq. Readers Digest Bankers Savings Bank Flagler Greyhound.Track Savings of America Biscayne Engineering Co.,Inc. Gardner's Markets South Florida Business Journal Biscayne Greyhound Track Mr. and Mrs. John Gillan Southern Certified Systems inc Christy's Restaurant Greater Miami Convention & Sunglass Hut International Coronet Paper Company HNTB Corporation T-Square Miami Blue Print Co. De Lara Travel Hydrologic Associates USA, Inc Tessi Garcia & Associates Deering Bay Associates John Martin's Restaurant The Miami Forum DeMoss Air Conditioning Kunde Sprecher & Associates The O. Edwards Company, Inc. Ms. Elizabeth England Metro Bank Fabulous Baskets Metro Golf Foundations Alma Jennings Foundation, Inc. Dunspaugh-Dalton Foundation Geiger Charity Foundation, Inc Leigh Foundation, Inc.
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List of Members 85 Fellow Benefactors Mr. and Mrs. Alvah H. Chapman, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. R. Layton Mank Mr. and Mrs. William D. Soman Miss Lamar Louise Curry Dr. and Mrs. Robert H. McCabe Dr. and Mrs. Franz H. Stewart, Sr. Mr. James L. Davis Mrs. C. T. McCrimmon Dr. Charlton W. Tebeau Mrs. Douglas Erickson Dr. and Mrs. Joseph S. Mensch Mr. and Mrs. Malcolm B. Dr. and Mrs. Joseph H. Fitzgerald Dr. and Mrs. Glenn Morrison Wiseheart, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Bertram Goldsmith Ms. Lamar J. Noriega Mrs. Robert J. Woodruff, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William A. Graham Mr. and Mrs. Ted J. Pappas Mr. and Mrs. David Younts Mr. and Mrs. Lewis M. Kanner Dr. and Mrs. T. Hunter Pryor, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Howard L. Zwibe' Fellow Patrons Dr. and Mrs. William Way Mr. and Mrs. C. Frasuer Knight Mr. and Mrs. R. Benjamine Rei Anderson Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth R. Laurence Mr. Edward J. Robinson Mrs. Margaret F. Black Mr. and Mrs. David Mesnekoff Dr. and Mrs. Karl Smiley Mr. and Mrs. Allen G. Caldwell Dr. and Mrs. John C. Nordt, III Mr. and Mrs. Gerald E. Toms Mr. and Mrs. Carlton W. Cole Dr. and Mrs. Harold G. Norman Mrs. M. Leffler Warren Mr. and Mrs. William G. Earle Mr. and Mrs. Preston L. Prevatt Mr. Judy M. Wolfe Mrs. Avis K. Goodlove Mrs. Connie Prunty Fellow Members Mr. Timothy G. Anagnost Mr. and Mrs. Arnold L. Mr. and Mrs. Jack Lowell Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin B. Battle, Jr. Greenfield Mr. and Mrs. Alan H. Lubitz Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Baumberger Mr. and Mrs. Jorge A. Gross Mr. and Mrs. Finlay L. Matheson Mr. Steve Becker Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Guilford Mr. and Mrs. D.R. Mead, Jr. Mr. Timothy C. Blake, P.A. Mr. and Mrs. David M. Harper Mr. and Mrs. Ezequiel Muhtar Mr. and Mrs. Francisco Blanco Mr. and Mrs. Fred Havenick Mr. and Mrs. William T. Muir Mr. and Mrs. Ignacio Carrera-Justiz Mr. and Mrs. Lee Hills Mr. and Mrs. Paul Neidhart Mr. and Mrs. Gregory M. Cesarano Mr. and Mrs. William Ho Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Norton Mr. and Mrs. Chuck Cobb Mr. and Mrs. Tom Huston, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Robert M. Oliver, Jr. Mr. Lamarr Cooler Mr. Charles Intriago and Ms. Joy Dr. Anna Price Mr. George M. Cozonis Meason Mr. and Mrs. Albert A. Rayle, III Mrs. Plato A. Cox Mr. and Mrs. Richard G. Jackson Mr. Daniel T. Robbie Mr. and Mis. Tony Del Campo Mr. and Mrs. Donald Kahn Ms. Jolyn H. Sellers Mr. and Mrs. Peter Dolara Mr. Gerald Katcher Mr. and Mrs. Robert J. Shelley, III Mr. Keith M. Douglas Ms. Sally M. Kennedy Mr. and Mrs. David W. Swetland Dr. and Mrs. Albert J. Ehlert Mr. Howard F. Kershaw Mr. John W. Thatcher Mr. and Mrs. Richard Fain Mr. and Mrs. Jay I. Kislak Dr. Jeffrey Tobias Mr. Walter R. Ferguson Mr. and Mrs. Peter Kory Dr. and Mrs. Joseph A. Traina Mr. and Mrs. Frank Fierro, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William A. Lane, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Traurig Mr. and Mrs. David O. Figueroa Mr. Samuel D. LaRoue, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Edward E. Walton, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Arnold S. Friedman Ms. Mary R. Lesko Mr. and Mrs. J. Calvin Winter Mr. and Mrs. Jerrold F. Goodman Mr. and Mrs. Jay W. Lotspeich Mr. Mitchell Wolfson, Jr. Benefactors Mr. and Mrs. Leonard L. Abess, Sr. Mr. Louis M. Jepeway, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Alan W. Steinberg Mr. and Mrs. Geoff W. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. Howard Kleinberg Dr. and Mrs. William M. Straight Mr. and Mrs. Stuart Block Mrs. B.A. Rickard Mr. and Mrs. Antonio M. Tremols Mr. Richard P. Cole Mr. Phil E. Rosensweig Ms. Sandra Villa Ms. Sofia Forteza Mr. and Mrs. Donald Rowell Mr. Steven Gretenstein Mr. Kenneth Sellati Mr. and Mrs. Louis J. Hector Ms. Phyllis A. Shapiro Mr. and Mrs. Larry Jacobson Dr. Donald Smith
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86 TEQUESTA Sponsors Mr. and Mrs. Allan T. Abess, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Richard Gossett Dr. Thomas A. Natiello Mr. and Mrs. Jack G. Admire Mr. and Mrs. Stanton Greene Dr. Mervin H. Needell and Dr. Mrs. Julius Alexander Ms. Helen R. Grier Elaine F. Neede Mr. and Mrs. Charles Allen Mr. and Mrs. Phil Guerra Mr. Bryan Norcross Mr. Larry Apple and Ms. Esther Mr. and Mrs. Robert D. Guthrie Dr. Jules Oaklander Perez Mr. and Mrs. Edward P. Mr. and Mrs. Alan Ojeda Mr. and Mrs. Alvin Atlass Guttenmacher Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Oroshnik Mr. and Mrs. Jim Aucamp Dr. Henry C. Hardin, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Pallot Mr. Joseph Averill Mr. and Mrs. William H. Harrison Mr. Bernard Plotkin Mr. and Mrs. Leonard A. Baker Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Hartz Mr. and Mrs. Don Poole Mr. and Mrs. Ivan E. Ball Mr. Patrick J. Heid Mr. and Mrs. Fred Radelman Mr. and Mrs. Charles G. Barker Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Hemmings Dr. and Mrs. Alan S. Rapperport Ms. Ava R. Barnes Mr. and Mrs. Arthur H. Hertz Mr. and Mrs. Edward K. Rawls, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. James W. Barrow Mr. and Mrs. L.F. Hinds, Jr. Mr. Charles G. Rebozo Mr. Harlan D. Beck and Ms. Mr. Michael Hiscano Mr. and Mrs. Thomas C. Reed, Sr. Anna M. Pietresz Mrs. Barbara Hollinger Dr. and Mrs. Thomas Righetti Mr. and Mrs. Hugo L. Black, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Al Hower Mr. and Mrs. Raul L. Rodriguez Mr. and Mrs. Bernard G. Blanck Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Hudak, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Laurence Rohan Mr. and Mrs. Luis J. Botifoll Dr. and Mrs. James J. Hutson Mr. and Mrs. James B. Rose Mr. and Mrs. Seth H. Bramson Dr. and Mrs. Francisco Izaguirre Dr. and Mrs. Theodore Sarafoglu Mr. and Mrs. G. Brian Brodeur Mr. Juan Jimenez Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Schwabe Dr. and Mrs. Robert J. Carbonell Mr. and Mrs. James R. Jorgenson Ms. Martha M. Scott Dr. and Mrs. Wayne H. Case Dr. and Mrs. J.R. Jude Ms. Abbie H. Shouse Mr. and Mrs. Alvin Cassel Mr. and Mrs. Francis T. Kain Mr. and Mrs. Larry E. Silvester Mr. and Mrs. Pedro Castillo Ms. Susanne Kayyali Mr. and Mrs. Edwin O. Simon Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Clements Mr. Neal S. Keys Mr. and Mrs. Murray Sisselman Mr. and Mrs. William H. Collins Mr. and Mrs. Ted Klinghoffer Mrs. Lillian N. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Lon Worth Crow Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth F. Kniskern Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Smith Ms. Mildred S. Crowder Ms. Camilla B. Komorowski Mr. and Mrs. Neal R. Sonnett Mr. and Mrs. George P. Dane Mr. and Mrs. Irvin Korach Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Spak Mr. Roger B. Davis Mr. and Mrs. James E. Korth Dr. and Mrs. Donald Spivey Mr. Gary Dellapa Dr. Susan Krauter and Dr. Henry Mr. and Mrs. David W. Steele Mr. and Mrs. J. Leonard Diamond Venable Mr. Arthur Stein Dr. and Mrs. Leonidas W. Mr. and Mrs. Irving Kreisberg Ms. Edeane W. Stirrup Dowlen, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Franklin D. Kreutzer Mrs. Joseph Sures Mr. and Mrs. George V.R. Dunan Mr. and Mrs. Ralph E. Lambrecht Mr. and Mrs. William Sutton Mr. Atwood Dunwody Mr. and Mrs. Calvin J. Landau Mr. and Mrs. Armando Tabernilla The Honorable Joe Eaton and Mr. and Mrs. Martin Leake Ms. Ruth Tinsman and Ms. Mrs. Patricia Eat Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Lewis Leann Lowman Mr. John C. Eckhoff Dr. and Mrs. William A. Little Dr. and Mrs. Michael B. Troner Mrs. James C. Ellenburg Mr. and Mrs. Thomas S. Loane Mrs. Roberta H. Turner Ms. Nancy Entenmann Mr. and Mrs. I. Edward London Mr. and Mrs. Christopher G. Tyson Mr. and Mrs. Michael Fay Ms. Joyce T. Long Dr. and Mrs. Alfred H. Underwood Mrs. Charles Finkelstein Mr. James R. Lowry, Jr. Mr. Jack Vallega Dr. and Mrs. Lawrence M. Fishman Ms. Charlene Lucinian Mrs. Jane Van Denend Dr. Rita M. Fojaco Mr. and Mrs. Norman L. Madan Mr. and Mrs. Roger Van Hoff Misses Bertha and Cecilia Fontaine Dr. and Mrs. Thomas Mark Mr. and Mrs. Carl D. Ward Mr. and Mrs. William Freeman Mr. and Mrs. Finlay B. Matheson Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Weksler Mr. and Mrs. Donald C. Gaby Mr. John H. McMinn Mr. and Mrs. David Weston Mr. and Mrs. Robert Gallagher, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. David Melin Mr. and Mrs. Michael J. Whalin Mr. and Mrs. Fernando T. GarciaMr. and Mrs. Howard A. Mesh Mr. and Mrs. William M. Williams Chacon Mr. and Mrs. Jack L. Meyer Mr. and Mrs. George M. Wilson Mrs. Dick B. Gardner Mr. and Mrs. David Miller Mr. Paul C. Wimbish Mr. and Mrs. Donald F. Gardner Mr. and Mrs. Karlsson Mitchell Ms. Pauline Winick Mr. David C. Gibson Mr. Alfred B. Mohr Ms. Edna Wolkowsky Mr. and Mrs. Franklyn B. Glinn Mrs. Claire W. Mooers Mrs. Warren C. Wood, Sr. Ms. Sue Searcy Goldman Mr. and Mrs. A. Melvin Morris Mr. and Mrs. Otis 0. Wragg, III Mr. and Mrs. Charles Gomes Mr. and Mrs. Michael Moses Mr. and Mrs. James A. Wright, III Mr. and Mrs. Martin B. Goodman Mrs. Wirth M. Munroe Mr. and Mrs. Stuart S. Wyllie Mr. and Mrs. Reed Gordon Ms. Ruth D. Myers Mrs. Eunice P. Yates Mrs. Robert Zeppa
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List of Members 87 Donors Dr. Anthony Barthelemy Mrs. Edward G. Grafton Mr. and Mrs. George Monticino Mr. and Mrs. Harry D. Bavly Dr. Edward N. Green Mr. and Mrs. George L. Morat Dr. and Mrs. Miguel A. Bretos Mrs. John C. Harrison Mr. and Mrs. David M. Morris Dr. Barry Burak, P.A. Mrs. Roy H. Hawkins Mr. and Mrs. John Perez Mr. and Mrs. Vernon Corbitt Ms. Rosemary E. Helsabeck Mr. and Mrs. John C. Pistorino Mrs. Beverly Danielson Ms. Margery A. Hilliard Mr. J. David Puga Mr. and Mrs. Phillip Daum Mr. and Mrs. James C. Hobbs, II Dr. and Mrs. Philip J. Reckford Mr. Raymond de Castro Mrs. Mary D. Jenkins Mr. and Mrs. Robert Reilly Ms. Betty Ruth Dewitt Mr. Ernest P. Jones Mr. and Mrs. Norman C. Ridgely Ms. Diane M. Dorick Mr. and Mrs. Ralph A. Juncosa Ms. Rona Sawyer Mr. Dennis Doucette Ms. Kimberly Kennedy Mr. John C. Seipp, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Robert Feltman Mr. Marvin J. Kristal Ms. Elaine Sheehan Mr. and Mrs. Willard L. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Markowitz Dr. and Mrs. Thomas B. Strozier, M.D. Fitzgerald, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Stuart B. Mclver Mr. and Mrs. James B. Tilghman, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Stanley G. Garner Mr. Lawrence Meyer Mr. Pedro L. Velar Mr. and Mrs. William Goodson, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William Mitchell Mr. and Mrs. Harry Mark Vieth Families Mr. and Mrs. William Aaron Mr. Johnathan Baham and Ms. Mr. and Mrs. Randall C. Berg, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Jay Abbott Sharon Clifford Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Berger Mrs. Leatrice Aberman Mr. and Mrs. David R. Baker Mr. and Mrs. David M. Berkowitz Mr. and Mrs. Pedro Acosta Mr. and Mrs. Gerrit 0. Baker Mr. and Mrs. Brian Berman Mr. and Mrs. John L. Adams Mr. and Mrs. John W. Baker Mr. and Mrs. Lou Berman Mr. and Mrs. R. Wade Adams Mr. Kaare Bakke Mr. and Mrs. Richard B. Bermont Mr. and Mrs. Richard B. Adams, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Clive Baldwin Ms. Cyane H. Berning Mr. and Mrs. John Admire Mr. Tom Bales and Mrs. Connie Mr. Ron Bernstein Mr. and Mrs. Joseph A. Aguilera Ryan Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Bernstein Mrs. Harold Aibel Mr. and Mrs. Rod C. Ball Mr. and Mrs. Ray Berrin Mr. and Mrs. Armando Aiguesvives Mr. and Mrs. Michael Bander Mr. and Mrs. Ralph H. Bertelson Mr. and Mrs. Herbert E. Allenson Ms. Portia Barberic Mr. Steve Berwick Mr. J. Harvey Alligood and Ms. Ms. Joneva Barbes Gonzalez and Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Bey Judith M. Miller Mr. Maurice Jenkins Mr. and Mrs. Antonio Bischoff Mr. and Mrs. David Alter Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Bare Dr. and Mrs. Alan Bisno Mr. and Mrs. Jose A. Alvarez Mr. and Mrs. James W. Barfield Mr. and Mrs. Marvin Lee Biver Mr. Lino Alvarez Mr. and Mrs. John Barkett Mr. William Bjorkman and Ms. Dr. and Mrs. Fernando AlvarezMr. and Mrs. Paul J. Barko Pam Winter Perez Ms. Beverly Barnett Allen Mr. and Mrs. David M. Blackard Mr. and Mrs. Neal Amdur Mr. and Mrs. John Barry Mr. and Mrs. Ace J. Blackburn, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. John S. Ammarell Dr. and Mrs. Terrence J. Barry Mr. and Mrs. Jose Blanco Mr. and Mrs. Cromwell A. Anderson Ms. Marcia Barry-Smith Dr. and Mrs. Harvey Blank Mr. and Mrs. Duane Anderson Ms. Emma Barth Mr. and Mrs. Ted R. Blue, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Fred Anderson Dr. and Mrs. Robert T. Bass Mr. and Mrs. Andy Bohutinsky Mr. and Mrs. John Anderson Mr. and Mrs. Vernon Bass Ms. Susan Bonsor Mr. and Mrs. Jay Angel Ms. Maria C. Batista Mr. Steve Boone and Ms. Susan Mr. Henry Angelo Mr. and Mrs. Timothy A. Battle Peterson Ms. Diana Anker Mr. and Mrs. Bill Bauer Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Boswell Mr. and Mrs. Ross E. Apgar Mr. and Mrs. Gary L. Baumgartner Mr. and Mrs. William H. Bourne Mr. and Mrs. James W. Apthorp Ms. Barbara Beatty Mrs. A. Rush Bowles Mr. and Mrs. Ted Arch Mr. Christopher Beauchamp Dr. and Mrs. Russell Boyd Ms. Christine Ardalan Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Bechamps Ms. Clara Boza and Ms. Kathleen Mr. and Mrs. Rene Arencibia Mr. and Mrs. Allen M. Beck Mahoney Mr. and Mrs. Mike Arnold Ms. Mary Glenda F. Beeler Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Brack Mr. and Mrs. Albert Aron Mr. and Mrs. Juan M. Bel Mr. and Mrs. Daniel T. Brady Mr. and Mrs. Jordan Arutt Mr. and Mrs. William G. Bell Ms. Jodi Brady Mr. and Mrs. Juan C. Aspuru Mr. Charles F. Belmont Ms. Donna J. Bragassa Hon. and Mrs. C. Clyde Atkins Dr. and Mrs. James Benenati Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Brake Mr. and Mrs. Jim Aucamp Mr. and Mrs. David Bennett Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth E. Mr. and Mrs. Leslie J. August Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Bennett Brandenburg Mr. Daniel Baden and Ms. Alina Mr. Larry P. Benovitz Mr. and Mrs. Brian Bratter Szmant Mr. and Mrs. David Bercuson Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Breit
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88 TEQUESTA Mr. and Mrs. J. Andrew Brian Mr. and Mrs. Robert Collins Mr. and Mrs. Norman Einspruch Mr. and Mrs. William Brian Mr. and Mrs. Tom Collins Ms. Carol Elder Mr. and Mrs. Harry Brion Ms. Catherine J. Conduitte Mr. and Mrs. E. Otho Ellison Mr. and Mrs. Roger Britton Mr. Willie Cone and Ms. Sheila Drs. Ralph and Mary Allen Engle Mr. and Mrs. Carl Broadbent Quinlin Ms. Lilia Espinosa Ayala Mr. and Mrs. Douglas C. Broeker Ms. Diane M. Congdon Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Esteves Mr. and Mrs. Lester I. Brookner Dr. and Mrs. James W. Conley Mrs. Alice Evans Mr. and Mrs. Bradford E. Brown Mr. and Mrs. Leo B. Cook Mr. and Mrs. Philip B. Everingham Mr. and Mrs. Harvey Brown Mr. and Mrs. Thomas G. Cooney Ms. Doreen Evers Mr. and Mrs. Isaac Brown Mrs. Leona H. Cooper and Ms. Ms. Jean Evoy Mr. and Mrs. Jack N. Brown Clarice C. Cooper Mr. Dan Eydt and Mrs. Ellen Mr. and Mrs. James K. Brown Mr. and Mrs. Marc Cooper Andrews-Eydt Mr. and Mrs. E.R. Brownell Mr. and Mrs. Alberto Coppo de Mr. and Mrs. Ralph J. Fairbairn Dr. and Mrs. Thomas Bruce Saugy Mr. and Mrs. Andres Fajardo Mr. and Mrs. John M. Brumbaugh Ms. Kay Coppock Mr. Errol Falcon Mr. and Mrs. Mark Buchbinder Mr. Hal Corson and Mrs. Gerri Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Fancher, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Rollo L. Budde Campbell Corson Mr. Orlando Farinas Mr. and Mrs. Jim Buddi Rep. John Cosgrove Mr. Robert Farr Mr. and Mrs. Jean E. Buhler Mr. and Mrs. Hyman Coverman Mr. and Mrs. Dante B. Fascell Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Burke Mr. and Mrs. John W. Cowling Judge Harold Featherstone and Ms. Sandy Burnett Mr. and Mrs. Karl Cox Mrs. Ruth Featherstone Mr. and Mrs. Jorge Busse Mr. and Mrs. Barry G. Craig Mr. Alan H. Fein and Ms. Susan Mr. and Mrs. Donald B. Butler Dr. and Mrs. Donald R. Crampton Westfall Mr. and Mrs. John T. Butler Mrs. John E. Culmer Dr. and Mrs. Alfred Feingold Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence W. Cahill Mr. Charles D. Cunningham Mr. and Mrs. Larry Feldman Mr. and Mrs. Steve Calderon Mr. and Mrs. DeVere H. Curtis Mr. and Mrs. Andres Fernandez Mr. and Mrs. Victor Calderon Mr. and Mrs. Guillermo Cutie Dr. and Mrs. Elio Fernandez Mr. and Mrs. Michael Caldwell Mr. and Mrs. John Dacy Mr. Juan Fernandez Mr. and Mrs. George Calvalaris Mr. and Mrs. Dan Danforth Ms. Harriet Feuerman and Ms. Mr. and Mrs. Hilario Candela Mr. and Mrs. Edward Daniel Carole Ludwig-Feuerman Mr. and Mrs. Pablo Cano Mr. and Mrs. John W. Davis Mr. and Mrs. C.S.B Field Mr. Fernando A. Capablanca Mr. and Mrs. Richard Davis Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Fields Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Carpel Mr. and Mrs. Ted Davis Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Finkelstein Dr. and Mrs. Laurence T. Carroll Mr. and Mrs. Joel B. Day Mr. and Mrs. James N. Finlay Mr. and Mrs. Marcelo Carugo Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. De Aguero Mr. and Mrs. Martin Fischer Mr. and Mrs. Carlos Casal Mr. and Mrs. Jose Dearing Mr. and. Mrs. Bob Fitzsimmons Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Cast Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Decker Mr. and Mrs. Michael Flattery, Jr. Dr. Rosa Castro-Feinberg Mr. and Mrs. Cesar Delgado Mr. Jorgen Fleischmann Ms. Graciela C. Catasus Mr. and Mr. Peter Denike Mr. and Mrs. Harry D. Fleming Mr. and Mrs. Antonio V. Cavaco Mr. and Mrs. Floy B. Denton Ms. Linda Flick and Ms. Diane Mr. and Mrs. Robert Gene Chaille Mr. and Mrs. Don Deresz Buker Dr. and Mrs. J.R. Chandler Ms. Donna Dial and Mr. Art Mr. Lee Fowler Dr. and Mrs. Arthur E. Chapman Buckelew Mr. and Mrs. Marcel Frank Mr. and Mrs. J.F. Chapman Ms. Marlene Diaz Mr. and Mrs. Paul Fraynd Ms. Jackie Chapman Mrs. Robert F. Dickey Mr. and Mrs. Dwight E. Frazier Mr. and Mrs. Frank Chase Mr. and Mrs. Ronald F. Diehl Mr. Lewis B. Freeman Mr. and Mrs. Edwin H. Cheatham, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Ray Dieppa Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Freeman Mr. and Mrs. John S. Chowning Mr. and Mrs. James Dillon Mr. and Mrs. Philip Freidin Mr. Thomas A. Christensen Ms. Lizabeth Doebler Miss Arlene Freier Mr. and Mrs. Dennis Chung Mr. Roger Doucha Mr. and Mrs. Richard E. Friberg Mr. and Mrs. David Church Dr. and Mrs. Maurice Downs Mr. David Frum Mr. and Mrs. Fred Cisco Mr. Robert R. Drake Ms. Olive Frye Mr. and Mrs. James K. Clark Mr. and Mrs. Stan Drillick Ms. Beth J. Fuller and Mr. Mr. and Mrs. Jimmie Clay Mr. and Mrs. Daniel S. Dubbin Williams Wayne Ms. Madeline M. Clay Mr. Ernest M. Dumas Mr. and Mrs. Donald C. Gaby Mr. and Mrs. Charles Clough Dr. and Mrs. Charles A. Dunn Mr. and Mrs. Jorge Gallo Mr. and Mrs. Louis Coburn Ms. Debra Durant-Schoendorf Mr. and Mrs. Tom Galya Mr. and Mrs. Kendall Coffey Mr. and Mrs. David J. Dutcher Mr. and Mrs. Tomas F. Gamba Mr. and Mrs. George Cohen Dr. and Mrs. William H. Eaglstein Mr. and Mrs. Joseph H. Ganguzza Mr. and Mrs. Ronald F. Cold Mr. J.T. Easley Mrs. Martha Gannon Mr. and Mrs. Philip Cole Mr. and Mrs. Vernon C. Eason Ms. and Ms. Evelyn Garcia Mr. Robert B. Cole Mr. and Mrs. James M. Eckhart Dr. and Mrs. Victor Garcia
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List of Members 89 Mr. and Mrs. Donald Gardner, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William W. Hamilton Mr. and Mrs. Harold Jaffer Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Gardner Mr. and Mrs. Charles Hammond Mr. and Mrs. James R. James Ms. Melanie Garman Dr. and Mrs. Gregory Han Mr. and Mrs. James L. Jeffers Dr. and Mrs. Bruce Garrison Ms. Lucy H. Hanafourde and Mr. Mr. and Mrs. John Jensen Mr. and Mrs. Peter B. Garvett Bradley K. Hanafourde Mr. and Mrs. Peter Jensen Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Geffen Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey Hanft Mr. and Mrs. Ned Johns Mr. Harold Gelber and Ms. Pat Ms. Susan Hangge Ms. Jean Johnson and Ms. Betty Mackin-Gelber Mr. and Mrs. Christian Hansen Priscak Mr. and Mrs. Robert Gelberg Mr. Craig Harding and Mrs. Janice Ms. Laura Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Joe Gentile Novack Mr. and Mrs. Lyle Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Michael George Mr. Frederick H. Harrington Dr. and Mrs. Stanley Jonas Dr. and Mrs. Paul. S. George Mr. and Mrs. William H. Harrison Mr. and Mrs. Daniel C. Jones Mr. and Mrs. Clifford S. Gibson Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Hartz Mr. and Mrs. Frank E. Jones Mr. Jess Gift Mr. and Mrs. Yudex Hasbun Mr. Michael Jourdain Mr. and Mrs. John Gillan Mr. and Mrs. Joseph J. Hatton Mr. and Mrs. John E. Junkin, III Mr. and Mrs. Norman M. Giller Ms. Susan Haugge and Mr. David Mr. and Mrs. Chester Just Mr. and Mrs. John Gladstone Collins Dr. and Mrs. Federico Justiniani Ms. Susan Glass and Ms. Lisa Smith Ms. Klara Hauri Ms. Stacey Kagan Dr. and Mrs. Marshall Glasser Mrs. Jean M. Hawa Mrs. Betsy H. Kaplan Mr. and Mrs. Saul Glottmann Mr. and Mrs. John Hayes Mr. and Mrs. Neisen Kasdin Mr. and Mrs. Sig M. Glukstad Mr. and Mrs. W. Hamilton Hayes The Rev. J.C. Katon and Mr. Mr. and Mrs. Peter Glynn Mr. and Mrs. Charles R. Helweick Robert Katon Mr. Mario A. Godinez Mr. and Mrs. Harvey Hendrickson Mr. and Mrs. Hy Katz Mr. and Mrs. Robert Goeser Dr. and Mrs. Jeffrey Henkin Mrs. Barbara P. Keller and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Harold Goldberg Mr. and Mrs. George Henning Fannie Reid Mr. and Mrs. Seymour Goldweber Mr. and Mrs. William Henry Mr. Richard Kelvin and Ms. Mr. and Mrs. Andy Gomez Mr. and Mrs. Ed Hernandez Sandie Seigal Mr. and Mrs. Jose A. Gonzalez Mr. and Mrs. Jorge Hernandez Mr. Harold E. Kendall Mr. and Mrs. Roy Gonzalez, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Jorge Hernandez Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin S. Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin F. Mr. and Mrs. Bernard P. Herskowitz Kennedy, Jr. Gooden, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Herman Herst, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Kennon, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. C. Ray E. Goodwin Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Hester Mr. and Mrs. Edward C. Kenny Mrs. Carol-Jane Gottfried Mr. and Mrs. Louis Hester Mr. and Mrs. Frederick J. and Dr. and Mrs. Richard Gottlieb Mr. and Mrs. W. Warfield Hester Gertrude Kent Mr. and Mrs. Edward Grad Mrs. T.F. Hipps Dr. and Mrs. Norman M. Kenyon Mr. and Mrs. Henry A. Grady Mr. and Mrs. Sol Hirsch Mr. and Mrs. C.M. Keppie Mr. and Mrs. Warren Grafer Dr. and Mrs. Andy Hirschl Mr. and Mrs. Bruce S. Kerestes Ms. Dorothy W. Graham Dr. and Mrs. Jim Hirschman Dr. and Mrs. Wayne J. Kerness Sen. and Mrs. Robert Graham Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Hittel Ms. Judith Kernoff Mr. and Mrs. Bruce E. Grayson Ms. Peg Hodges-Pippin Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth Keusch Mr. and Mrs. Henry Green Mr. and Mrs. Jack Hodus Mr. Neal S. Keys Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Green Dr. and Mrs. William Hoffman Mr. and Mrs. Bill Kilpatrick Mr. and Mrs. Barry N. Greenberg Mr. and Mrs. Harry Hokanson Mr. and Mrs. Eddie King Mr. and Mrs. Burton D. Greenfield Mr. and Mrs. Lyle D. Holcomb, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. James L. King Mr. and Mrs. Nathan Greenhouse Mr. and Mrs. Roy Hollenbeck Mr. and Mrs. Randy King Mr. and Mrs. Michael L. Gregory Mr. and Mrs. Robert Horwitz Mayor Mitchell Kinzer and Mrs. The Rev. and Mrs. Robb Grimm Dr. Laurie R. Householder Regan Kinzer Dr. Jay Grossman and Dr. Alana Mr. and Mrs. Hadleigh Howd Mr. Neil P. Kjeldsen and Ms. Ana Grajewski Mr. and Mrs. Al Hower L. Garcia Mr. and Mrs. Carl Grozan Mr. and Mrs. Jim Hubbard Mr. and Mrs. Michael Klotz Mr. and Mrs. George Grunwell Mr. Russell V. Hughes Mr. and Mrs. Tom Knotts Mr. and Mrs. Dan Guernsey Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Huls Ms. Don Koggan Mr. Arturo Guerrero Mr. and Mrs. Michael Hutchinsson Mr. and Mrs. Dick Koll Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Guttman Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Hynes Mr. and Mrs. John Kostelak Dr. and Mrs. Thomas B. Guyton Mr. and Mrs. Ezequiel E. Infante Mr. and Mrs. John Kozyak Mr. Joseph Hack Dr. and Mrs. George L. Irvin, III Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Kremer Mr. and Mrs. Jack D. Hahn Mr. and Mrs. Charles Iselin Mrs. James A. Kridel Mr. and Mrs. John Hall Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Jackson Mr. and Mrs. Warren Krug Mr. Lewis Hall Mr. and Mrs. Richard Jacobs Mr. and Mrs. Robert Krulik Mr. Thomas L. Hambright Mr. and Mrs. William B. Jacobs Mr. and Mrs. Norman Kublin Mr. and Mrs. Rex Hamilton Mr. and Mrs. T. M. Jacobsen Mr. and Mrs. Elmer Kucks Mr. and Mrs. William F. Hamilton Dr. and Mrs. George Jacobson Dr. and Mrs. Miles Kuttler
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90 TEQUESTA Mr. and Mrs. David E. Lair Dr. and Mrs. Eugene Man Mr. and Mrs. Sanford B. Miot Mr. John Lake Mr. and Mrs. Philip J. Mank, Jr. Mr. Brian Mitchell and Ms. Sonia Mr. and Mrs. Mark Lamb Mr. and Mrs. Dimitrios Maratos Smith Ms. Donna A. Lancaster Mr. and Mrs. Robert Mark Ms. Nanci B. Mitchell and Mr. Mr. and Mrs. Calvin J. Landau Dr. and Mrs. Clifford Marks Simon Taylor Mr. and Mrs. Wright Langley Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Markus Mr. Larry Mizrach Mr. and Mrs. Vic LaPorta Dr. and Mrs. Michael E. Marmesh Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd L. Moeller Ms. Linda Lasch and Mr. L. Mr. and Mrs. Dominique Martin Mr. and Mrs. Fawdrey A. Molt Whildin Mr. and Mrs. Frank C. Martin Judge and Mrs. Joseph Monsanto Mr. and Mrs. Larry J. Laseter Major and Mrs. J. William Martin Mr. and Mrs. Charles B. Monson Mr. and Mrs. Charles Laughton Mr. and Mrs. Alberto MartinezMr. and Mrs. Mario E. Monteagudo Mr. and Mrs. Bill Lay Ramos Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Montgomery Mr. Herbert N. Le Boyer Mr. and Mrs. Frank Mascari Mr. and Mrs. George Monticino Mr. Karl Le Boyer Mr. and Mrs. Parks Masterson Mr. and Mrs. Christopher Mooers Ms. Sharon K. Le Boyer Mr. James F. Matheson Mr. and Mrs. Donald R. Moore Dr. and Mrs. Roswell E. Lee, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Michael Matheson Mr. and Mrs. Gene Moore Mr. and Mrs. Terry R. Lee Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Matkov Mr. William Moore Mr. and Mrs. Dennis Lefebure Mr. and Mrs. Lorenzo Matte Mr. and Mrs. Modesto Mora Mr. and Mrs. Joseph LeGath Mr. and Mrs. Frederick J. Maxted, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Mario J. Morales Mr. Douglas K. Lehman Mr. Thomas C. Maxwell Mr. and Mrs. Santiago D. Morales Mr. and Mrs. Paul A. Lester Mr. and Mrs. Thomas F. Mr. Felix Moran and Ms. Vivian Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Levin McAuliffe, III Vieta Dr. and Mrs. Richard Levitt Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd McAvoy Dr. and Mrs. Ramon Moran Mr. and Mrs. Marvin Lewis Mr. and Mrs. Michael McCarthy Mrs. Bianca Moreiras Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Lewis Mrs. C. Deering McCormick Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Morrison Ms. Wanda Lietz-Trouba and Mr. Dr. and Mrs. Donald Mr. Steven Mountain and Ms. Mark Trouba McCorquodale, Jr. Donna V. Reed Mr. Arthur Lim and Ms. Ofelia Mr. and Mrs. Richard McCroskey Mr. and Mrs. John H. Moynahan, Sr. Ravelo Mr. John E. McCulloch Mr. and Mrs. Bryan L. Mulcahy Mr. and Mrs. Bernard R. Limegrover Mr. and Mrs. Scott McDaniel Mr. Kenneth Muller and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Ron Lindhart Mr. and Mrs. J. Gordon McDonald Judith Siskind-Muller Mr. and Mrs. Norman H. Lipoff Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. McGarry Mr. and Mrs. Charles P. Munroe, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Leigh Livesay Mr. Patrick McGee Mr. and Mrs. Roger J. Murphy Mr. Don R. Livingstone Mr. and Mrs. Michael F. McGlannan Mr. and Mrs. Daniel E. Murray Mr. and Mrs. Felix Llibre Mr. Brian McGuinness Misses Margaret & Alice Mustard Mr. and Mrs. Joe Longo Ms. Beverly McKeon Mr. and Mrs. Craig J. Nagel Mr. and Mrs. James R. Longsdorf Mr. and Mrs. Ollen McLane Mr. and Mrs. Paul Neidhart, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Carlos J. Lopez Mr. and Mrs. Les McLean Mr. and Mrs. Burnham S. and Mr. and Mrs. Manuel Lopez de Dr. and Mrs. Robert A. McNaughton Mildred C. Neill Quintana Mr. and Mrs. Jack McQuale Mr. and Mrs. Denis Nerney Mr. and Mrs. Ray Lopez, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. R.H. McTague Mr. and Mrs. Erik Neugaard Mrs. Pury Lopez-Santiago Mr. and Mrs. Jack S. McWicker Mr. and Mrs. Freeman J. Nevins Dr. and Mrs. Edward Lores Mr. and Mrs. Don M. Meginley Mr. and Mrs. Gary F. Nevins Mr. Douglas S. Loria Mr. and Ms. Manuel Meland Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Newcomb Mr. and Mrs. Rafael T. Lorie Mr. and Mrs. Carlos Melendez Mr. and Mrs. Richard F. Newman Mrs. Nereida Lowery Ms. Maria Melendez Mr. and Mrs. Frank O. Nichols Mr. and Mrs. George Lowis Dr. and Mrs. Ramon Mendoza Mr. and Mrs. Gaillard Nolan Mr. David Lowry Drs. George and Elizabeth Metcalf Mr. and Mrs. Nils Nordh Mr. and Mrs. Philip F. Ludovici Mr. and Mrs. Addison J. Meyers Mr. and Mrs. Rolando Noriega Mr. Jack Luft and Ms. Perla Aguayo Mr. and Mrs. M. Donald Michelson Mr. and Mrs. Colgan Norman, Jr. Mrs. Betty Lunnon and Mr. Mr. and Mrs. Roger Miel Mrs. Luz Norwood Darrell Fleeger Mr. and Mrs. Kevin Miles Mr. and Mrs. Jorge Nouvo Mr. and Mrs. Edward Lustig Mr. and Mrs. Richard Militello Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Nuehring Mrs. Stephen C. Lutton Dr. and Mrs. Max Millard Mr. and Mrs. John Nyitray Mr. and Mrs. Toby MacCullam Mr. and Mrs. Aristides J. Millas Mr. Michael O'Rourke Mr. and Mrs. Robert MacDonald Mr. and Mrs. David Miller Mr. and Mrs. John Oakes Mr. and Mrs. John D. Machleid, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. David Miller Mr. and Mrs. Cesar Odio Dr. and Mrs. Bruce Mahaffey Mr. and Mrs. Edward Miller Mr. John C. Ogden and Ms. Mr. and Mrs. Roy R. Mahoney Mr. and Mrs. H. Dale Miller, Jr. Maryanne Biggar Mr. and Mrs. Anthony P. Maingot Ms. Kim Miller Mr. and Mrs. Bob Oliver Mr. and Mrs. Richard H. Maloy Mr. and Mrs. William J. Miller Prof. and Mrs. George Onoprienko Mr. and Mrs. Wesley Maltby Ms. Denise Mincey-Mills Mr. and Mrs. Stephen T. Onuska
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List of Members 91 Mr. and Mrs. Alberto Ordonez Mr. and Mrs. Constantine Railey Dr. and Mrs. Richard Rubin Mr. and Mrs. W. James Orovitz Dr. Jerome Raim and Ms. lanna Jacks Mr. and Mrs. Robert Rubin Ms. Mary Kay Orr Dr. and Mrs. Salvador M. Ramirez Dr. and Mrs. Howard A. Rubinson Mrs. Tatiana Ortiz Mr. and Mrs. John J. Randall Mr. and Mrs. Sam Rundell Mr. Craig Overholt Mr. and Mrs. William G. Randall Mr. and Mrs. William Ryder Mr. and Mrs. Rod E. Overholt Mr. and Mrs. William W. Randolph Mr. and Mrs. Charles P. Sacher Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Owens Mr. and Mrs. Stuart M. Rapee Mr. and Mrs. Joseph A. Sackett Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Pakula Mr. Douglas T. Ray Mr. and Mrs. Bert Sager Dr. and Mrs. Emanuel M. Papper Mr. and Mrs. A. James Reagan, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Louis Sager Ms. Janet Parker and Mr. David Mr. and Mrs. John A. Reams Mr. and Mrs. A.A. Sakhnovsky Mycko Ms. Joyce Rechtien Mr. and Mrs. David Salman Mr. and Mrs. Robin Parker Dr. and Mrs. Philip J. Reckford Mr. Carlos M. Salomon Dr. and Mrs. Edmund I. Parnes Mr. and Mrs. Barrie T. Reed Mr. and Mrs. Mike Samberg Mr. and Mrs. Harry F. Patterson Mr. Raoul G. Rehrer and Ms. Mr. Alan Sanchez Mr. and Mrs. Clifton Pawley Susan Connors Mr. and Mrs. Burdett W. Sandberg Ms. Marcia Pawley and Ms. Anita Mr. and Mr. Kenneth Relyea Dr. and Mrs. Joel Sandberg Pawley Mr. and Mrs. Lewis M. Ress Mr. and Mrs. Gustavo Sanin Mr. and Mrs. Larry Peacock Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Reyna Mr. and Mrs. Ed Santos Mr. and Mrs. William Peacon Dr. and Mrs. Milton Rhodes Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Sapp Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Pearlson Dr. and Mrs. Maurice Rich Mr. and Mrs. Barth Satuloff Judge Ray Pearson and Mrs. Mrs. D.E. Richards Mr. and Mrs. Stanley H. Saulson Georgia Pearson Ms. Joann W. Richardson Mr. and Mrs. Bill Sawyer Mr. and Mrs. Grant L. Peddle Mr. and Mrs. Bruce Ricke Mr. and Mrs. Paul M. Schaefer Mr. and Mrs. Marvin S. Pehr Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Rieder Mr. and Mrs. Leo Scherker Mr. and Mrs. William A. Pena Mrs. William D. Rieder Dr. and Mrs. William M. Schiff Mr. and Mrs. John D. Pennekamp, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Richard Riegler Mr. and Mrs. Roy E. Schoen Mr. Jorge J. Perez and Mr. Jorge G. Mr. and Mrs. Karsten A. Rist Mr. and Mrs. Sol Schreiber Perez Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Roache Mr. and Mrs. Mark E. Schultz Mr. and Mrs. Rafael Perez Mr. and Mrs. Rafael L. Robayna Mr. and Mrs. Allan Schwartz Mr. Ricardo Perez and Mrs. Dr. and Mrs. James A. Robb Mr. and Mrs. Warren S. Schwartz Elizabeth Gonzalez-Perez Mr. and Mrs. William R. Robbins, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. James H. Scott Mr. and Mrs. Paul Pergakis Mr. and Mrs. Jeff Roberts Ms. Kathy A. Scott and Mr. Bill Mrs. Jean Perwin Ms. Norma G. Roberts Swank Mr. and Mrs. Eric Pesce Ms. Florence Roberts-Reimer Dr. and Mrs. Paul Seigel Mr. and Mrs. Roderick N. Petrey Dr. and Mrs. E.G. Robertson Ms. Patricia A. Seitz, P.A. and Ms. Martha J. Pierson Mr. and Mrs. Neil P. Robertson Mr. Alan G. Greer Mr. and Mrs. R.D. Pitkin Mr. and Mrs. Pedro L. Roca Mr. and Mrs. Don Senften Ms. Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk and Mr. and Mrs. Jose L. Rodriguez Ms. Jan Serig Mr. Andres Duany Mr. and Mrs. Manuel G. Rodriguez Ms. Linda N. Severyn Richey Mr. and Mrs. Paul Plotkin Mr. Reinaldo Rodriguez Mr. and Mrs. Robert Shafer Mr. Morton C. Pollack Mr. and Mrs. Victor Rodriguez Ms. Sandy Sharp and Mr. Stuart Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Pollack Mrs. Dorothy Rodwell Newman Mr. and Mrs. Norelle and Suzette S. Mr. and Mrs. Hector Romagosa Mrs. Genie Shayne Pope Mr. and Mrs. Keith Root Ms. Tamara Sheffman Mr. and Mrs. Budd Post Mr. and Mrs. B.H. Ropeik Mr. and Mrs. Robert Shevin Mr. and Mrs. Larry Powell Mr. Paul Rosen Mr. and Mrs. Vergil A. Shipley Ms. Miriam Prado and Ms. Miriam Dr. and Mrs. Michael Rosenberg Dr. and Mrs. Robert W. Shippee Olazabal Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Rosenblatt Mr. and Mrs. David Shoaf Mr. and Mrs. Guenther Prechter Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Rosenblatt Mr. and Mrs. Don Shoemaker V.M. Preuss and T.L. Rivers Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Rosengarten Ms. Marilyn Shrater Mr. Henry Prior Mr. and Mrs. Louis Rosenthal Mr. Blair Sibley Mr. Jeff Priskie Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey Rosinek Mr. and Mrs. Mark A. Siegel Dr. and Mrs. Eugene F. Provenzo Mr. and Mrs. Doug Ross Dr. J. Siegmeister Mr. Peter T. Pruitt Mr. and Mrs. H.J. Ross Mr. and Mrs. Louis Sigala Ms. Lucy S. Puello-Capone Mr. William Rothman and Ms. Kitty Mr. and Mrs. Jerry E. Silhan Mr. and Mrs. Herbert S. Quartin Morgan Mr. and Mrs. Eli Silverman Ms. Barbara Quesada Ms. Pily Rouco Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Silverman Mr. and Mrs. William F. Mr. Peter Roulhac Mr. and Mrs. Glen Simmons Quesenberry, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Donald Routh Mr. Jose Simonet and Ms. Rema Mr. and Mrs. Henry Raattama Dr. Robert L. Roy Comras Mr. and Mrs. Sam Rabin Mr. and Mrs. Herman P. Rubin Mr. and Mrs. Howard W. Sims Mr. and Mrs. William J. Rabun Mr. and Mrs. Michael Rubin Dr. Murry Sims
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92 TEQUESTA Dr. and Mrs. Joseph A. Singer Mr. Martin W. Taplin Mr. and Mrs. Preston C. Watters Mr. and Mrs. William G. Slater Mr. Thomas L. Tatham Mr. and Mrs. William A. Webb Mr. and Mrs. Donald Slesnick, II Mr. and Mrs. Claude G. Tatro Mr. and Mrs. Maxwell L. Weisberg Dr. and Mrs. Karl Smiley Mr. and Mrs. Ronald E. Temkin Mr. and Mrs. A. Rodney Wellens Mr. Kenneth Smith and Ms. Mr. and Mrs. Mark R. Thaw Mr. Miles Wells and Ms. Marianne Norma Jean Barker Ms. Pam Thomas D. Herrera Mr. and Mrs. Kevin Smith Mrs. Anne Thompson and Mr. Mr. and Mrs. James H. Wenck Mr. and Mrs. McGregor Smith, Jr. Richard Hamlin Mr. and Mrs. Stuart A. Werner Mr. and Mrs. Stewart Smith Mr. and Mrs. Cyrus Thompson Mr. and Mrs. Everett G. West Mr. and Mrs. William H. Smith, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas V. Thompson Mr. and Mrs. Mike Whalen Mr. and Mrs. David Smolarchik Dr. and Mrs. Richard J. Thurer Mr. and Mrs. Dean Wheeler Mr. and Mrs. James M. Snedigar Mr. and Mrs. Tom Thurlow, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. H. Burke White, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Tom Snook Ms. Kim Tiger Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. White Dr. and Mrs. Selig D. Snow Mr. and Mrs. Spencer Tiger Mr. and Mrs. Theodore E. White Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert Snyder Mr. and Mrs. Bill Timmeny Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Whiting Mr. and Mrs. Howard Socol Mr. and Mrs. Robert C. Tipton Mrs. Vivianne C. Wicker Mr. Manuel Sola Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Tirella Mr. Joe Wilkins Mr. and Mrs. Joseph M. Solomon Mrs. Jean Tong-Noon Mr. and Ms. Harvey Willensky Mr. and Mrs. Robert P. Soper Mr. and Mrs. Anthony Touchton Lt. Col. and Mrs. Freeman J. Mr. and Mrs. Edward Soto Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Touchton Williams Mr. and Mrs. Jose Sotolongo Mr. and Mrs. Sydney S. Traum Mr. and Mrs. Richard H. Williams Mr. and Mrs. James Sottile Mr. Coleman Travelstead and Mr. and Mrs. Norman Willis Mr. and Mrs. Carl A. Spatz Ms. Brookes McIntyre Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Wills Mr. and Mrs. Martin Spector Mr. and Mrs. Alan Troop Ms. Barbara W. Wilson Mr. Joseph B. Spence Mr. Shawn Tubman Mr. Ed Wilson Mr. and Mrs. Maurice Spiegel Dr. Gail S. Tucker Mr. and Mrs. Fred Wilson Mr. and Mrs. James P. Spillis Mr. Stephen C. Turner and Ms. Mr. and Mrs. Howard L. Wimmers Mr. and Mrs. Peter Spillis Elizabeth A. Debs Mr. Edward Wincek Dr. and Mrs. Donald Spivey Judge and Mrs. William C. Turnoff Ms. June Wincek Mr. and Mrs. George R. Splane, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Bill Tyson Mr. and Mrs. Craig Witty Dr. and Mrs. L.M. Stanfill Dr. and Mrs. Stephen Unger Mr. and Mr. John C. Witty, Sr. Mrs. Mary Stanley and Mr. Mr. and Mrs. William G. Urban Mr. and Mrs. John C. Witty, Jr. Donald Stanley Mr. Julian Valdes and Ms. Dr. and Mrs. Benjamin Wolf Mrs. Jacquelyn Steinberg-Rogow Suszanne Kaiser Mr. and Mrs. Bob Wolfarth Ms. Wilma Steiner Mr. and Mrs. James G. Van Mr. and Mrs. William Fred Wolff Mr. and Mrs. Adolph Steinhauer Derwalker Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Wolfson Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Y. Stillman Mrs. Clifford D. Van Orsdel Mr. and Mrs. Thomas D. Wood Mr. and Mr. Fred Stockhausen Mr. and Mrs. William P. Mr. and Mrs. William L. Wood Dr. and Mrs. G.J. Stocks, Jr. VanderWyden Mr. and Mrs. Thomas C. Woods Mr. and Mrs. John L. Stokesberry Ms. Diana T. Vasquez Mr. and Mrs. James S. Wooten Ms. Miriam L. Stoodt Mr. and Daniel J. Vayda Mr. and Mrs. Don Worth Ms. Larue Storm Mr. Greg Vayda Mr. and Mrs. James G. Worth Mr. and Mrs. Graham Story Ms. Joan E. Vayda Mr. and Mrs. Robert D. Wright Mr. and Mr. William G. Story Mr. Carlos Vazquez Dr. and Mrs. Lloyd L. Wruble Mr. and Mrs. Saul Strachman Mr. and Mrs. Tom H. Veenstra Ms. Marilyn M. Yaeger Dr. and Mrs. Thomas B. Strozier, Ms. Mary C. Viar and Ms. Nancy Mr. and Mrs. William Yates M.D. Viar-Slaughter Mr. and Mrs. L. Douglas Yoder Dr. and Mrs. Theodore Struhl Mr. and Mrs. Enrique Viciana Mr. David Yonover Mr. and Mrs. Joseph L. Strup Mr. and Mrs. Dana Vihlen Ms. Barbara Young and Mr. Robert Mr. and Mrs. Morton D. Stubins Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Vladimir Huff Mr. Jeff Stutin Mr. and Mrs. Maxwell Waas Mr. and Mrs. John F. Young Mrs. Amanda C. Suarez and Mr. Mr. and Mrs. Earl D. Waldin, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Stefan H. Zachar, Jr. Edward Suarez Mr. John S. Waldo Mr. and Mrs. Jon W. Zeder Mr. Andrew Susman Mr. and Mrs. Bernard B. Wall Mr. and Mrs. Myron S. Zeientz Dr. and Mrs. James N. Sussex Ms. Dianne Wall Dr. and Mrs. Peter Zies Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Swain Mr. and Mrs. Robert G. Wallace Mr. Sanford Ziff and Ms. Dolores Mr. and Mrs. Carter Swan Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Ward Maria Barwell Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Swaney Mr. Paul E. Warshaw Mr. and Mrs. Joe Ziller Mr. and Mrs. Mark D. Swanson Mr. and Mrs. Martin W. Mr. and Mrs. Craig A. Zimmett Mr. and Mrs. Robert Swedroe Wasserman Mr. and Mrs. Marvin Zuckerman Mr. and Mrs. Stephen G. Sweet Mr. and Mrs. Bill Watkins Mr. and Mrs. Phil Talbott Mr. and Mrs. James Watt
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List of Members 93 Individuals Dr. Rafael B. Abislaiman Ms. Rosemary A. Brady Mr. Charles D. Cunningham Mrs. Betty R. Adams Mrs. K.W. Breeze Mr. Donald W. Curl Mrs. Lamar M. Adams Ms. Charlotte Brewer Mrs. Charlotte Curry Christensen Mrs. Marlene E. Adams Ms. Karen Q. Broder Ms. Jacquie Anne Curry Ms. Helen W. Adelman Mr. A.L. Brown, Jr. Dr. Dewitt C. Daughtry Ms. Bunny Adler Ms. Natalie Brown Ms. Ursula M. Davidson Mr. Manuel Albalate Mr. William E. Brown, Jr. Mr. Emmanuel Davis Mr. Hisham Ali Mr. Thomas M. Bryant Mr. Jim F. Davis Mrs. Eugenia D. Allen Ms. Edna Buchanan Judge Mattie B. Davis Mrs. Gloria Alvarez Mr. Emil Buhler, II Mr. Steven Davis Mr. Lino Alvarez Mr. Phillip A. Buhler Mr. and Mrs. Carleton J. Davison Mr. Carl D. Amsterdam Mrs. T.C. Buhler Mrs. Walter R. Davison Mrs. John Ancona Mr. Brinsley Burbidge Ms. Jane S. Day Mrs. Betty M. Anderson Ms. Sandy Burnett Mr. and Mrs. Joel B. Day Dr. Raymond T. Anderson Ms. Consuelo M. Burranca Ms. Sandy Dayhoff Ms. Reba L. Anderson Dr. E. Carter Burrus, Jr. Ms. Laurin Dayton Mr. David Andre Mrs: Robert A. Burton, Jr. Mr. J. Allison De Foor, II Mr. Theodore Andros Mr. Gregory W. Bush Ms. Lucille Di Crescenzo Ms. Betty Anholt Ms. Ann Bussel Ms. Jane E. Dickerson Ms. Hope A. Apollony Mr. Theo Byrd Ms. Yvonne M. Dietrich Ms. Ana Maria M. Arias Ms. Mairi Callam Mr. Marion E. Dinsmore Mr. Jorge Arocha Ms. Virginia Campbell Dr. Stephen Dobrow Mrs. Fay Aronson Mr. Antonio Carbajo Mrs. Rosemary Doerner Mr. Anthony D. Atwood Mr. Michael Carlebach Mr. J.F. Donnelly Mrs. David Ayala Mrs. George B. Caster Mrs. Leslie Dorn Mrs. John L. Bagg, Jr. Mr. Joseph Castiglione Mr. Richard P. Douthit Ms. Joan L. Bailey Ms. Linda Chapin Mr. Robert R. Drake Mr. and Mrs. C. Jackson Baldwin Mrs. Dixie H. Chastain Mrs. H.E. Drew Mrs. E. Hutchins Balfe Ms. Josephine C. Chesley Ms. liana Drucker Mr. Charles L. Balli Mrs. Ann Chesney Mrs. Faye Dugas Mrs. Bettie B. Barkdull Mr. Robert A. Chester Mr. Hampton Dunn Ms. Yvonne Barkman Mrs. Anita Christ Ms. Grace Y. Durbin Ms. Betty Barnette Ms. Grace Chung Mr. John E. Duvall Mr. J.T. Barrett Mrs. Walter J. Chwalik Mr. Alexander E. Earnest Ms. Stacy Bart Ms. Kathy Cibula Ms. Sarah Eaton Ms. Jacqueline Beatty Ms. Dana L. Clay Ms. Norma Ederer Ms. Mary G. Beazel Ms. Madeline M. Clay Mr. Jim Edward Mr. John M. Beck, Sr. Ms. Malinda Cleary Ms. Susan Efrom Mr. Michael Bellizi Dr. Armando F. Cobelo Mrs. Harriett Ehrhard Ms. Barbara K. Bennett Mrs. Nancy Cohen El Portal Womans Club Ms. Louise F. Bennett Mr. Marcus Colina Mr. John D. Ellis Ms. Sarah L. Bennett Ms. Martha Anne Collins Ms. Ruth B. Elsasser Mr. Edwin Benson Ms. Theresa Collins Mrs. Richard P. Emerson Mr. Barry Berg Dr. Irene Colsky Ms. Patricia G. Ernst Mr. Lilliam V. Bez Ms. Maria Teresa F. Concheso Ms. Jacquelyn Esco Ms. Jacquelyn Biggane Ms. Mabel Conde Mr. Hall Estrada Ms. Diane E. Bill Mr. Larry B. Cone Mr. Russell Etling Mrs. John T. Bills Ms. Rose Connett-Richards Brother Eugene Mrs. John Birch Mr. Steven R. Cook Mr. Don Evans Mrs. Thomas H. Birchmire Mrs. Winifred S. Cook Mr. Irving R. Eyster Mr. Warren R. Bittner Ms. Allison Coon Mrs. Mary Ann Faber Mrs. Sylvia S. Blount Mr. Charles T. Cooper Mr. J. W. Fell Mrs. Margaret S. Blue Mr. James Costello Mr. James D. Fenstermacher Ms. Mary S. Blyth Ms. Carol Coverdale Ms. Lourdes A. Fernandez Mr. Samuel J. Boldrick Ms. Norma J. Craig Ms. Mariann Fineberg Mr. Frederick W. Bond Ms. Sylvia C. Crowell Mrs. Nell Finenco Mr. Joe Bond, Jr. Ms. Margaret Cullen Mr. Ray Fisher Mr. John W. Borsa, Jr. Mr. Andrew T. Cullison Mr. Joseph Fishwick Ms. Jean Bradfisch Ms. K. M. Culpepper Mr. Frank S. Fitzgerald-Bush Mrs. Martha Lou Bradley Mr. George Cummings, III Dr. J.M Fitzgibbon
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94 TEQUESTA Mr. Leopoldo Florez Ms. Patricia Hayes Mr. Dennis G. King Ms. Dorothy L. Flower Mrs. Isadore Hecht Mrs. Rose Kirschner Mr. Robert L. Floyd Mrs. Ruth Heckerling Mr. John Klein Mrs. Edward T. Foote Ms. Alice Hector Mr. Eliot Kleinberg Miss Elizabeth Foote Ms. Agneta C. Heldt Dr. Joe Knetsch Mr. Richard E. Ford Ms. Anne E. Helliwell Mr. Jeffrey D. Knight Mrs. Leona Foster Mr. Roy Vann Helms Ms. Margaret B. Knight Ms. Peggy L. Frankel Test Mrs. Gayle Henderson Mr. and Mrs. Homer W. Knowles Mr. Linden Freeman Mr. and Mrs. John E. Hennessy Ms. Frances G. Koestline Miss Arlene Freier Ms. Gladys M. Hennings Mrs. Patricia M. Kolski Miss Renee Z. Fritsch Mrs. Virginia Herring Mr. Theodore E. Koper, Jr. Ms. Marjorie L. Galatis Ms. Holly Herta Mrs. James Kridel Mr. Tom Gallaher Ms. Linda C. Hertz Mr. Robert V. Kriebs Ms. Janet P. Gardiner Ms. Marilyn P. Hett Mr. David A. Kroner Ms. Caron Gargano Ms. Jeanne D. Higgins Mr. Donald M. Kuhn Ms. Pamela Garrison Mrs. Florence Hill C. McClure Mr. Bob Kulpa Ms. Marcia Gauger Mr. Herbert L. Hiller Mr. Dexter La Belle Ms. Tondria E. Gelman Mr. Richard Hoberman Ms. Leah La Plante Mrs. Terence Gerace Ms. Nedra A. Hodge Ms. Caroline LaBauve Dr. Paul U. Gerber, Jr. Mrs. Doris S. Hodges Ms. Michelle Ladin Mr. Miguel Germain Ms. Susan Hofstein Ms. Donna A. Lancaster Ms. Vera Gilford Mrs. Ronald Hofstetter Mr. Richard David Lancaster Mr. Robert N. Ginsburg Ms. Ritta K. Hogan Mr. Paul W. Larsen Mr. William H. Gleason Mr. Charles W. Holland, Jr. Ms. Linda Lawrence Mrs. Anna C. Goldenberg Ms. Patricia Hooper Dr. H.L. Lawson Mr. Douglas Goldman Ms. Teresa Horta Mr. Dan D. Laxson, Sr. Mr. R.L. Gonzalez Mrs. Eddie Hoskins Mrs. Theodora Lazarus Mr. William Gonzalez Mr. Roland M. Howell Mrs. Lewis Leary Ms. Betty Ann Good Mrs. Anna L. Huber Mr. Robert A. Leathers Ms. Beth Gopman Mrs. Helen B. Hudnall Ms. Christine Lee Mr. Harold H. Gordon Mr. Kenneth Hughs Ms. Jo Lee Ms. Betsye B. Gorman Mrs. Jopie Huijing Ms. Linda Lee Mrs. Carol-Jane Gottfried Mr. Joseph Hunkey Mr. Roswell E. Lee Mr. David Green Mr. William A. Hunter Miss Sara Leesha Dr. Henry Green Mrs. Fran Hutchings Thorpe Mrs. David M. Lehman Ms. Lloma G. Green Mr. Tom Hutton Mr. Salvador Leon, Jr. Mr. Gordon Gregory Mr. William A. Ingraham, Jr. Mr. Joseph S. Leonard Ms. Lynn Grentner Mrs. Ruth Jacobs Ms. Nancy L. Leslie Dr. Zade B. Gross Mr. T. Sinclair Jacobs Mr. Joseph Levin Ms. Ellen Grossman Dr. Helen Jacobstein Mr. Robert L. Levis Ms. Marlene Grover Ms. Mary C. James Ms. Sara B. Leviten Mrs. Margaret R. Grutzbach Dr. Eric Jarvis Mr. Scott Lewis Mr. Harry Guenther Ms. Sandra A. Jensen Ms. Theresa L. Lianzi Mr. and Mrs. Terry Guilbeau Ms. Theodora Jensen Mrs. Harriet S. Liles Mr. Stephen F. Hackley Dr. William T. Jerome, III Ms. Janet A. Lineback Ms. Nancy F. Haddock Ms. Dorothy B. Johnson Mrs. John Linehan Ms. Alba Hale Mrs. Wallen A. Johnson Mr. Grant Livingston Ms. Kay K. Hale Mr. Clyde Jones Mrs. Mary Loomba Mr. Frank D. Hall Mrs. Henrietta Jones Mr. James S. Lord Ms. Judi Hamelburg Ms. Sharon Jones Mr. David Lotz Mr. and Mrs. Kent D. Hamill Mr. Dennis G. Kainen, Esq. Ms. Mildred A. Love Mrs. John K. Hanafourde Ms. Roberta Kaiser Mr. Howard Lubel Ms. Juliet Hananian Ms. Barbara M. Kanzer Mrs. Jaywood Lukens Mrs. Ruby S. Hancock Ms. Ann R. Kashmer Ms. Joyce M. Lund Ms. Ingrid Hansen Mrs. Ruth B. Kassewitz Mrs. Stephen C. Lutton Mr. Frederick H. Harrington Mr. Guy Kathe Ms. Kathryn R. Lynn Ms. Nancy K. Harrington Mrs. Barbara Katzen Ms. Ruth Macau Dr. Robert J. Harrison Ms. Susan Kawalerski Mr. James K. MacAvoy Mrs. Mary A. Hart Mr. Scott G. Keith Mr. Don MacCullough Miss Wanda Harwell Ms. Pat Kelly Ms. Milbrey W. Mackle Mrs. Muriel Hathorn Ms. Carolyn M. Kern Ms. Valerie MacLaren Mr. Leland M. Hawes, Jr. Mr. Arthur King, Sr. The Rev. Richard D. Maholm
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List of Members 95 Ms. Nancy Maleske Mr. Theodore R. Nelson Mrs. Virginia S. Rahm Mrs. Dorothy Malinin Ms. Gay M. Nemeti Mr. Michael E. Raiden Ms. Pat Manfredi Mr. James P. Niles Ms. Pauline E. Ramos Dr. Celia C. Mangels Mrs. Helen Nimnicht Dr. Edward Rappaport Ms. Darlene M. Mann Mrs. Mary Jo Nimnicht Mrs. Ray S. Rasmussen Ms. Linda W. Mansperger Ms. Anita Nodarse Ms. Elizabeth R. Read Mr. Dana L. Marasky Mr. and Ian Norris Mr. Ricardo B. Recio Mrs. Edna P. Martin Mr. Herbert Northrup Ms. Susan P. Redding Ms. Lourdes Martinez Mr. B.P. Nuckols, Jr. Ms. Dorothy Reed Ms. Jane Mason Ms. Leslie Olle Ms. Eve Reed Mrs. Jeanmarie M. Massa Mr. Fred R. Olsson Ms. Martha L. Reiner Mr. Scott Masson Ms. Maita L. Oppenheimer Mrs. Brenda G. Reisman Mrs. Nancy S. Masterson Mr. Frank Orifici The Honorable Janet Reno Ms. June Maura Ms. Roberta C. Orlen Dr. Rene Revuelta Ms. Judi Maxwell Ms. Marie Oscar Sister Eileen F. Rice Ms. Janet R. McAliley Mr. Peter Osman Mr. R.H. Rice, Jr. Mr. Jim McAllister Ms. Dana Otterson Mrs. Ralph E. Rice Mr. Chuck McCartney Ms. Estelle C. Overstreet Ms. R. Richheimer Ms. Carmen McGarry Mr. James D. Overstreet, Jr. Ms. Juana Rippes Ms. Judy McGraw Mrs. John W. Owens Mr. Clyde Roach Mrs. Alice M. McKenna Ms. Nilofer Ozizmir Ms. Ruth Roberts Mr. John F. McLean Ms. Anna Pacheco Ms. Carmen Robinson Mr. John Fred McMath Mr. D.C. Page Ms. Ellyn Robinson Mrs. Virginia D. McNaughton Mrs. Denise Paparella Mr. John A. Rodgers, III Donald McNeill, Ph.D Ms. Maria Papazian Mr. Domingo Rodriguez Ms. Betty S. McSweeney Ms. Matilde P. Paredes-Manzanero Mrs. Rachel Roller Mr. Oscar Mederos Mr. Dabney G. Park, Jr. Ms. Carmen Esther Roman Mrs. Charlotte M. Meggs Biedron Mr. Austin S. Parker Mr. Luis L. Rosas-Guyon Mr. Jesus Mendez Ms. Barbara J. Parker Mr. and Mrs. H.J. Ross Mrs. Isabel A. Merritt Mr. Crawford H. Parker Ms. Anne Ruben Mr. Frank C. Meyers Ms. Jeanne M. Parks Mrs. Eliza P. Ruden Ms. Joan Mickelson Lukach Mrs. Merle F. Parks Mr. Brian Ruderman Mr. Samuel Mickler Ms. Mary B. Parsons Mr. Denis A. Russ Mr. William R. Middelthon, Jr. Ms. Denise Pasternak Ms. Darlene Russell Mr. Timothy R. Mielke Mr. Edward L. Peabody Mrs. Shirley Russell-Hinnant Ms. Mary A. Millard Ms. Madeline S. Pearson Ms. Carin Sala Ms. Evalyn H. Milledge Capt. Dario Pedrajo Ms. Evelyn Salerno Ms. Gertrude R. Miller Mr. Vernon Peeples Mr. Carlos M. Salomon Mr. Charles W. Milner, III Ms. Gloria Pell Mr. Alvin M. Samet Ms. Katherine Mitchell Dr. Margaret M. Pelton Mr. Alan Sanchez Mr. Thomas A. Mitchell Mr. David Perlman Mrs. Zannie W. Sanders Mr. Carlos J. Miyares Mrs. Henry J. Perner Mrs. Ellen M. Sanford Mr. Raymond A. Mohl, Jr. Mrs. Libby 0. Perper Mr. Arnold Santos Ms. Diana R. Molinari Ms. Emily A. Perry Ms. Anne Sargent Perry Mr. Michael Moncarz Ms. Julia G. Perry Ms. Claire Savitt Mr. J. Floyd Monk Mrs. Carmen Petsoules Ms. Connie A. Sax Mr. Patrick F. Moore Mr. and Mrs. Julius E. Pierce Mrs. Chaffee Scarborough Mr. Roland Moore Mrs. Margie K. Pierce Mr. William J. Scarborough Mrs. Edwin S. Morris Mrs. Virginia R. Pietro Ms. Eleanor Schockett Mrs. Florence Morris Mrs. Audrey Pilafian Ms. Mary L. Scholtz Mr. George Morris Mr. Gordon Pimm Mr. Niles Schuh Mrs. Almalee C. Moure Mr. Nicholas J. Pisaris Mrs. Geraldine Schwartz Mrs. E.B. Moylan, Jr. Mr. David M. Plane Mr. Kurt Schweizer Mrs. Helen Muir Ms. Ana Celia Portela Mr. Patrick S. Scott Mr. Manuel I. Muniz Ms. Beatriz Portela Mrs. Natalie J. Segal Mr. Alejandro Munoz Ms. Nina Postlethwaite Ms. Phyllis L. Segor Miss Mary R. Murray Ms. Eva-Lynn M. Powell Dr. Herman Selinsky Ms. Lillian G. Myers Ms. Jean Pugh Ms. Margaret Sellers Kern Mrs. Shirley L. Nagy Mrs. Hugh F. Purvis Mr. Robert L. Semes Ms. Suzanne Nasca Mrs. Helen Quinton Mr. Manuel Serkin Ms. Carmen Navarro Mr. Alan B. Raff Mr. Stuart Serkin Mr. Jonathan Nelson Ms. Patti Ragan Ms. Ellen G. Sessions
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96 TEQUESTA Ms. Kathryn E. Shafer Mr. Michael A. Tranchida Ms. Ellen F. Wooten Mr. Cyrus J. Sharer Ms. Maria A. Trejo Mr. Horace Wunderle Mrs. Charlotte Sheffield Mr. Joe Trudeau Mrs. Sharon L. Wynne Ms. Christina G. Shoffner Mrs. Jaymes V. Turnbull Ms. Joan Yarborough Mr. William F. Shortinghouse Mr. David Turner Mr. Robert Yates Ms. Marilyn Shrater Ms. Molly Turner Mr. and Mrs. William Yates Mr. Merwin Sigale Mrs. William Tuttle Ms. Jean T. Yehle Mrs. Doris S. Silver Ms. Arlene Twomey Mr. Roger L. Yost Mrs. Sam I. Silver Mrs. Jean B. Underwood Mr. Montgomery L. Young Ms. Suzann Silver Mr. Nicholas Patrick Valeriani Mr. Harold J. Zabsky Mrs. Eleanor Simpson Mrs. Eileen Valla Mr. John S. Zapf Ms. Holly Simpson Mr. Pablo Valladares Ms. Christina Zawisza Ms. Audrey E. Singleton Mr. Charles M. van der Laan Ms. Elena A. Zayas Dr. Arthur Sitrin Ms. Eleanor Van Eaton Ms. Carol L. Zeiner Ms. Marjorie L. Skipp Mr. and Mrs. Manuel O. Vazquez Mrs. Marcia Kerstein Zerivitz Mrs. Evelyn Smiley Mr. Robert E. Venditti Ms. Frances R. Zierer Mr. Emanuel J. Smith Mrs. Jody Verrengia Mr. Harrison H. Smith Ms. Audrey Vickers Mrs. Jean Z. Smith Mr. John W. Viele Ms. June C. Smith Mr. Juan M. Villamil Ms. Rebecca A. Smith Ms. Jo Von Funk Ms. Gail Solarana Mrs. Nancy Voss Ms. Graciela Solares Mr. Gerard F. Wade Mrs. Lillian B. Soldinger Ms. Jane Walaitis Mr. Brent Spector Mr. Michael Wallace Mr. William J. Spratt, Jr. Mr. David Walters Miss Judi Stark Mrs. Nancy Washburn Ms. Laura P. Stearns Miss Elva J. Waters Mrs. William C. Steel Mrs. Elizabeth Watson Mr. Larry Stessin Ms. Hattie E. Watson Dr. Elizabeth Stevens Ms. Nancy K. Webster Mr. Robert S. Stewart Ms. Susan Weiss Mr. Wade Stiles Ms. Barbara F. Wenzel Ms. Joan A. Stoddard Mrs. Marcella U. Werblow Mrs. Muriel E. Stone Ms. Beverley L. West Ms. Miriam L. Stoodt Mrs. A.J. Westbrook Ms. Cheryl Stopnick Ms. Bette Westfall Ms. Larue Storm Ms. Barbara E. Wheelock Mrs. Patricia Strait Ms. Anna White Ms. Patricia A. Suiter Ms. Dita White Ms. Carmen Sutton Ms. Brenda L. Whitney Ms. Donna C. Swartz Dr. Richard A. Whittington Mrs. Donna B. Sweeny Mr. Don Wiener Mr. George H. Sweet Mr. Larry Wiggins Ms. Blanche Szita Mr. William Wilbanks Mrs. Barbara W. Tansey Mr. Lucius L. Wilcox, Jr. Ms. Jane I. Taylor Ms. Jo Wilder Mrs. Jean C. Taylor Mr. Fred Williams Mr. John J. Taylor Mr. G.L. Williams Ms. Mary Anne Taylor Mrs. George Williams, Jr. Mr. David Teems Ms. Geraldine H. Williams Ms. Laura Thayer Mr. David L. Willing Ms. Margaret J. Thayer Mrs. Hillard W. Willis Mrs. Elizabeth D. Theobald Mr. Daniel F. Wilson Mr. Phillip A. Thomas Ms. Bessie Wilson DuBois Mr. Michael A. Thompson Mrs. Gaines R. Wilson Ms. Polly Thompson Dr. Peggy Wilson Mr. Craig E. Tigerman Dr. Oliver P. Winslow, Jr. Ms. Russica P. Tighe Mr. Gary Wirzbach Ms. Susy Torriente Ms. Marcilene K. Wittmer Mrs. Helen C. Towle Mr. Steve Wolf Mr. Robert Tralins Mr. Rick Wood
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List of Members 97 Tropical Pioneers (Tropees) Families Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Battle Ms. Keith Landon and Mr. Robbie Mr. and Mrs. Greg Powell Mr. Benjamin Bohlmann and Ms. Landon Mr. and Mrs. William Ramsey Ellen Kanner Mr. and Mrs. Jeremy P. Leathe Ms. Angela Rodrigues and Mr. Dan Mr. and Mrs. John Bolton Ms. Patricia Manosalvas Hodges Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Brigham Mr. and Mrs. Richard McAlpin, Esq. Dr. and Mrs. Eugenio M. Rothe Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Buckley Mr. and Mrs. Scott McClendon Dr. and Mrs. Gerard Sais Colbert,Bove,Aguirre,Juncadell Mr. and Mrs. David McDonald Mr. and Mrs. Javier F. Salman Mr. and Mrs. Eduardo Estebanez Mr. and Mrs. Michael Messer Mr. Will Sekoff and Ms. Laura Mr. and Mrs. Bill Ewing Mr. and Mrs. Randy Nestel Pincus Mr. Michael Finuccio and Ms. Mr. Nogueira and Ms. Beguiristain Mr. and Mrs. Scott Sherrod Patricia Rosello Mr. Jule F. Paulk Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Siegel Mr. and Mrs. Robert Flavell Mr. Jorge J. Perez and Mr. Jorge G. Mr. and Mrs. Donald Ungurait Dr. and Mrs. Luis H. Fonseca Perez Mr. and Mrs. Juan Werner Mr. and Mrs. Brett Gonshak Mr. Johnathan Perlman and Ms. Mr. and Mrs. Todd Williams Mr. and Mrs. Mark S. Goodman Lauren Sterling Mr. and Mrs. Alistair Wilson Mr. and Mrs. Tom Green Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey A. Pfleger Dr. Ronald K. Wright and Ms. Mr. Ronald Kauffman Mr. Martin Pickard and Ms. Judith A. Hunt Mr. Joseph Lancaster and Ms. Kathryn Bohlmann Mr. and Mrs. Stefan H. Zachar, III Jessica Pyle Mr. and Mrs. John D. Portal Tropical Pioneer (Tropees) Individuals Ms. Julie Ivette Abella Mr. and Mrs. Jack Falk, Jr. Ms. Lauren Lancaster Ms. Petey Adams Ms. Lisa M. Feghali Ms. Julie A. Lane Mr. Robert C. Alexander, II Ms. Dorothy Fennell Mr. Raul Lopez Ms. Liz Andrew Mr. Jose L. Ferre Ms. Lisa G. Lubach Ms. Ana P. Arguello Ms. Agnes R. Fortin Mr. and Ms. Luis Lubian Ms. Ivonne Aznarez Mr. Steve Frischer Mr. and Mrs. William Luebke Mr. Bill Bailey Mr. Frank Fuentes Ms. Deborah Magid Mr. Jeffrey S. Bass Mr. Craig T. Galle Dr. Mike Mahaffey Mr. Cesar Becerra Ms. Maria Garcia Ms. Yery Marrero Mr. Charles W. Braznell, III Ms. Susie Garcia Mr. Carlos J. Martinez Mr. Max Bretos Ms. Joyce Geiger Miss Hilda C. Masip Ms. Pilar Alexia Bretos-Laurant Mr. Noel Gil Ms. Blanca Elisa Matos Mr. Robert A. Brooks, Jr. Mr. John P. Gomes Ms. Sally McClain Mr. John P. Brumbaugh Mr. Arthur Gomez Ms. Janeau C. McKee Ms. Rose Bueres Mr. Alfredo J. Gonzalez, II Mr. Robert McNaughton Ms. Vicki Carbonell Mr. George C. Gonzalez Mr. Alex Miller Mr. Adam Carlin Mr. Patrick Grattan Ms. Rhonda Montoya, Esq. Mr. Mauro J. Castillo Ms. Colleen M. Greene Mr. Tom Mooney Ms. Susan E. Chwalik Mr. Bill E. Gregory Mr. Edwin Moure Mr. Roberto M. Cid Ms. Alison M. Gunn Ms. Mary Munroe Ms. Lauren C. Coll Ms. Martina S. Hahn and Mr. Stuart Mr. Tom B. Nelson Ms. Julie Courtright W. Baur Ms. Diana Neringbogel Mr. Elvis W. Cruz Mr. James M. Hawkins Ms. Phillis Oeters Mr. John D'Agostino Ms. Chris Hayden Ms. Morgan E. Park Mr. Mark E. Dacy Mr. Alex Hernandez Mr. Felipe Pazos Ms. Johanna Daubanton Ms. Caroline Herndon Mr. Scott A. Poulin Mr. Evert T. De Kok Mr. Bill Holly Mr. Reid W. Prevatt Ms. Jan Decker Mr. Jack Holly Ms. Mary Grace Richardson Ms. Laurie Delgado Mr. Bob Howell Ms. Suzanne Robinson Ms. Cynthia Demos Mr. Paul C. Huck, Jr. Mr. Tom L. Robison, Jr. Ms. Stephanie Demos Mr. Lawton Jackson Mr. David A. Rosenberg Mr. Al Diaz Ms. Francine Johnson Mr. Nathan Rosenberg Mr. Seth Edge Mr. Michael Kaminer, Esq. Mr. Robert Rosenberg Mr. Marvin Ellis Ms. Susan Kirschner Ms. Oriana Serrano Ms. Barbara J. Engelke Mr. Chris E. Knight Mr. Ronald Shimko Mr. Philip R. Engelmann Mr. Vic Knight Mr. Paul Skoric Ms. Cooley K. Fales Mr. David A. Koretzky, Esq. Mr. Robert G. Slater Mr. Emerson Fales Ms. Andrea Krensky Mr. Michael Slawson
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98 TEQUESTA Mr. Bradley Stark Ms. Barbara J. Throne Dr. Alberto E. Vadillo Mr. Troy Sterba Ms. Crisele Torres Mr. Kurt VonGonten Mr. Gary Stone Mr. Michael Trebilcock Mr. Craig Wheeling Ms. Julie G. Tatol, Esq. Mr. Tony I. Tremols Ms. Jill White Ms. Monica F. Taylor Ms. Wendy Tuttle Mr. Todd K. Zeiller Mr. Peter Thomson Ms. Jan Uecher Mr. Philip M. Zukowski Institutional Members ABC-CLIO, INC. Historical Preservation Pembroke Pines Allen County Public Library Historical Soct. of Martin Cnt Perrine Cutler Ridge American Antiquarian Society Key West Maritime Historical Sarasota Cnty Historical Res. Audubon House/Key West Miami Dade Community College SIRS, Inc. Discoverer Barry University Library Main Library So. Fla. Water Mgt. District Brandeis University Library Martin County Public Library St. Lucie Cty. Library System Broward County Historical Comm. Miami Beach Public Library Stanford University City of Hialeah Miami Public Library (CG) State Library of Florida City of Lake Worth Miami Public Library (DT) Stetson University Collier County Public Library Miami Public Library (GRV) Tampa Public Library Cornell University Library Miami Public Library (ND) Tennessee State Lib/Archives Detroit Public Library Miami Public Library (SD) Univ. of Washington Libraries Duke University Miami Public Library (WD) Univ. of Miami Richter Library Enterprise of the Indies Monroe County Library Universitetsbiblioteket Florida Atlantic University Morikami Museum University of Central Florida Florida International University N. Palm Beach Public Library University of Florida Florida International University New York Public Library University of Iowa Florida Southern College Newberry Library University of Michigan Florida State University Olin Library University of Pennsylvania Harvard College Library Orange County Library System University of South Florida Henry E. Huntington Library Palm Springs Public Library West Palm Beach Public Library Membership Fellow ................................................. $500 (and up) Corporation/Foundation .................................. $500 Benefactor...................................................... $250 Please notify the Historical Sponsor ..................... ........... .............. $100 Association's Membership Donor........................................... $75 Coordinator, Hilda Masip, of Family............................. ......... .............. $45 any changes to the memberIndividual/Institutional....................................... $35 ship listing. Telephone: (305) Tropical Pioneers ............................................... $35 375-1492. Tropical Pioneers Families ............................... $50
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99 Tequesta Advisory Board Miguel Bretos, Ph.D. Bill Brown Cantor Brown, Jr., Ph.D. Gregory Bush, Ph.D. Robert Carr Juan Clark, Ph.D. Donald Curl, Ph.D. Rodney Dillon Dorothy Fields Howard Kleinberg Eugene Lyon, Ph.D. Raymond A. Mohl, Ph.D. Gary Mormino, Ph.D. Larry Rivers, Ph.D. Frank Sicius, Ph.D. Donald Spivey, Ph.D.
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Complete Your Library with Back Issues of Tequesta Issues of Tequesta going back to 1941 are available for most years for just $5 each. Call Hilda Masip to complete your collection: (305) 375-1492.
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