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|a Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008 |h [electronic resource]. |
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|a [S.l.] : |b American Geophysical Union, |c 2011. |
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|a Geophysical Research Letters Volume 38. |
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|a Please contact the owning institution for licensing and permissions. It is the user's responsibility to ensure use does not violate any third party rights. |
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|a We review the sea‐level and energy budgets together from
1961, using recent and updated estimates of all terms. From
1972 to 2008, the observed sea‐level rise (1.8 ± 0.2 mm yr−1
from tide gauges alone and 2.1 ± 0.2 mm yr−1 from a
combination of tide gauges and altimeter observations) agrees
well with the sum of contributions (1.8 ± 0.4 mm yr−1) in
magnitude and with both having similar increases in the rate
of rise during the period. The largest contributions come from
ocean thermal expansion (0.8 mm yr−1) and the melting of
glaciers and ice caps (0.7 mm yr−1), with Greenland and
Antarctica contributing about 0.4 mm yr−1. The cryospheric
contributions increase through the period (particularly in
the 1990s) but the thermosteric contribution increases less
rapidly. We include an improved estimate of aquifer depletion
(0.3 mm yr−1), partially offsetting the retention of water
in dams and giving a total terrestrial storage contribution of
−0.1 mm yr−1. Ocean warming (90% of the total of the
Earth’s energy increase) continues through to the end of the
record, in agreement with continued greenhouse gas forcing.
The aerosol forcing, inferred as a residual in the atmospheric
energy balance, is estimated as −0.8 ± 0.4 W m−2 for the
1980s and early 1990s. It increases in the late 1990s, as is
required for consistency with little surface warming over the
last decade. This increase is likely at least partially related to
substantial increases in aerosol emissions from developing
nations and moderate volcanic activity. |
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|a Electronic reproduction. |c Florida International University, |d 2015. |f (dpSobek) |n Mode of access: World Wide Web. |n System requirements: Internet connectivity; Web browser software. |
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|a Energy budget (Geophysics). |
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|a van den Broeke, Michiel R.. |
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|t Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008 |
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|a dpSobek |c Sea Level Rise |
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|u http://dpanther.fiu.edu/dpService/dpPurlService/purl/FI15062016/00001 |y Click here for full text |
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|3 Host material |u http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2011GL048794/abstract |y Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008 |
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|a http://dpanther.fiu.edu/sobek/content/FI/15/06/20/16/00001/FI15062016thm.jpg |
