| LDR |
|
03719nam^^22003733a^4500 |
| 001 |
|
FI15042521_00001 |
| 005 |
|
20171107092851.0 |
| 006 |
|
m^^^^^o^^d^^^^^^^^ |
| 007 |
|
cr^^n^---ma^mp |
| 008 |
|
150507n^^^^^^^^xx^||||^o^^^^^|||^u^eng^d |
| 245 |
00 |
|a Temporal and Spatial Variability of Great Lakes Ice Cover, 1973-2010 |h [electronic resource] |y English. |
| 260 |
|
|a [S.l.] : |b American Meteorological Society, |c 2012-02-15. |
| 490 |
|
|a Journal of Climate Volume 25 |y English. |
| 506 |
|
|a Please contact the owning institution for licensing and permissions. It is the user's responsibility to ensure use does not violate any third party rights. |
| 520 |
3 |
|a In this study, temporal and spatial variability of ice cover in the Great Lakes are investigated using historical
satellite measurements from 1973 to 2010. The seasonal cycle of ice cover was constructed for all the lakes,
including Lake St. Clair. A unique feature found in the seasonal cycle is that the standard deviations (i.e.,
variability) of ice cover are larger than the climatological means for each lake. This indicates that Great Lakes
ice cover experiences large variability in response to predominant natural climate forcing and has poor
predictability. Spectral analysis shows that lake ice has both quasi-decadal and interannual periodicities of;8
and;4 yr. There was a significant downward trend in ice coverage from 1973 to the present for all of the lakes,
with Lake Ontario having the largest, and Lakes Erie and St. Clair having the smallest. The translated total
loss in lake ice over the entire 38-yr record varies from 37% in Lake St. Clair (least) to 88% in Lake Ontario
(most). The total loss for overall Great Lakes ice coverage is 71%, while Lake Superior places second with
a 79% loss. An empirical orthogonal function analysis indicates that a major response of ice cover to atmospheric
forcing is in phase in all six lakes, accounting for 80.8% of the total variance. The second mode
shows an out-of-phase spatial variability between the upper and lower lakes, accounting for 10.7% of the total
variance. The regression of the first EOF-mode time series to sea level pressure, surface air temperature, and
surface wind shows that lake ice mainly responds to the combined Arctic Oscillation and El Nin˜ o–Southern
Oscillation patterns. |
| 533 |
|
|a Electronic reproduction. |c Florida International University, |d 2015. |f (dpSobek) |n Mode of access: World Wide Web. |n System requirements: Internet connectivity; Web browser software. |
| 650 |
|
|a climate change. |
| 650 |
|
|a ice sheets. |
| 650 |
|
|a ice on rivers, lakes, etc. |
| 651 |
|
|a Great Lakes Region (North America). |
| 700 |
|
|a Jia Wang |u NOAA/Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor Michigan. |
| 700 |
|
|a Xuezhi Bai |u Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystem Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. |
| 700 |
|
|a Haoguo Hu |u Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystem Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. |
| 700 |
|
|a Anne Clites |u NOAA/ Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, Michigan. |
| 700 |
|
|a Marie Colton |u NOAA/Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor Michigan. |
| 700 |
|
|a Brent Lofgren |u NOAA/Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, Michigan. |
| 773 |
0 |
|t Temporal and Spatial Variability of Great Lakes Ice Cover, 1973–2010 |
| 830 |
0 |
|a dpSobek. |
| 830 |
0 |
|a Sea Level Rise. |
| 852 |
|
|a dpSobek |c Sea Level Rise |
| 856 |
40 |
|u http://dpanther.fiu.edu/dpService/dpPurlService/purl/FI15042521/00001 |y Click here for full text |
| 856 |
42 |
|3 FULL TEXT- Temporal and Spatial Variability of Great Lakes Ice Cover, 1973–2010 |u http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2011JCLI4066.1 |y Temporal and Spatial Variability of Great Lakes Ice Cover, 1973–2010 |
| 992 |
04 |
|a http://dpanther.fiu.edu/sobek/content/FI/15/04/25/21/00001/FI15042521_thm.jpg |
| 997 |
|
|a Sea Level Rise |
The record above was auto-generated from the METS file.
