Building code book

Covers ( .pdf )

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Index ( .pdf )

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Body of Document ( .pdf )

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GUIDE FOR USE OF CODEFIRSTs Check the Zoning Map of the City of Miami to determine the Districtin which your property is located. Then refer to that particular district inthe Zoning Code to determine permitted uses for the landSECOND: After determining the use for which the land is permitted, refer toChapter 16, which divides the city into three Fire Zones, namely: 1, 2 and 3.Supplementing this Chapter you will find four Fire Zone Maps. If your prop-erty is in Fire Zone 1, refer to Section 1602, if in Fire Zone 2, refer to 1603,which outlines special requirements for these zones.THIRD. Chapter 6 through 15 inclusive divide all types of buildings as totheir intended occupancy. Determine from these Chapters under which groupany building should be classified. After determination of the occupancy, referto Chapter 18 through 22 inclusive, for the type of construction to be used, such as, Frame, Ordinary Masonry, Fireproof, Heavy Timber, and Metal Clad.ILLUSTRATION: Assume that you are building a one family residenceof frame construction. Follow procedure outlined above to determinepermitted use, then refer to Chapter 14, for information as to certainrequirements for dwellings, and to Chapter 22 for detailed requirementson all types of frame construction.If the dwelling is to be constructed of concrete-units and stucco,determine Zoning requirements; refer to Fire Zones in Chapter 16; thenrefer to Chapter 14 for residence requirements and to Chapter 20 fordetailed requirements as to ordinary masonry building construction.FOURTIH To secure permit, refer to Section 201. If the building or structure is estimated to cost $5,000 or more on the basis of cubic content costs asshown by the table in Section 203, a Registered Architect or RegisteredStructural Engineer must prepare or approve your plans.FIFTH: In addition to the fees required by the Building Division, a fee isalso required by the Electrical Division, Plumbing Division, and in certaininstances from the Department of Public Health, as well as the City Engi-neer's office (street line and grade).SIXTH Upon completion of the building, or alteration, and remodeling, youmust secure a Certificate of Occupancy, and if the occupancy at any time ischanged, you must secure a corrected occupancy certificate. These provisionsare outlined in Sections 206 and 207.SPECIAL NOTESAll building construction must conform with the plans filed with the Build-ing Division and any violations are subject to correction at the order of theBuilding Inspector. Chapter Three defines the powers and duties of theBuilding Inspector and other Department Inspectors of the City of Miami forthe enforcement of these codes.There are adequate provisions within this code ftot the use of alternatematerials, designs or construction, and for these special cases refer to theBuilding Inspector.Inaccuracies in printing, errors and suggested changes, should be sub-mitted in writing to the Building Inspector, City of Miami, Florida.



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BUILDING CODEIndex by PagePage-A-ACCESSORY BUILDINGS AND SHEDS (Group J)--_...---62A.C.I. (AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE) MANUAL,Adoption of 311ADDITIONS, Fire Protection Facilities for-... --3ADMINISTRATION BUILDINGS (City, County or State):Group A 29Group B. 35Group C 38AIRCRAFT HANGARS (Group E)._47AISLES: (For Public Assemblage Buildings) 32ALTERNATE MATERIALS, Use of 15ALTERNATE TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION, Use of 15ALTERATIONS AND REPAIRS, Minor 3ALTERATIONS AND REPAIRS, Excess of 50% 2AMUSEMENT PARK STRUCTURES (Group J) 62ANCHORAGE REQUIREMENTS, Ordinary 172ANCHORAGE OF WEB REINFORCEMENT-------173APARTMENT HOUSES (Group H) 57APPEALS WHEN USE OF ALTERNATE MATERIALS ORDESIGN REFUSED BY BUILDING INSPECTOR---16ARCHITECTURAL PLANS REQUIRED -.-. 5ARMORIES:Group A 29Group A ----..-------------29Group B. 35Group C 38ASYLUMS (Group D)----------------------44AUDITORIUMS:Group A 29Group B ~-------------------.--... 35Group B 35Group C 38AWNINGS:Requirements for ------292Permit for 2-93Construction details 294Construction over sidewalks 296-3-BALCONY OVER PUBLIC PROPERTY-...-. ----281BARRICADES While Construction In Progress_ 280BASEMENT PIPE INLETS ..... 252BAYS AND BALCONIES __ 234BEAMS AND GIRDERS-... __ __--------190BEAM, CONCRETE, Lateral Support for_165BILLBOARDS AND GENERAL ADVERTISING SIGNS..-.... 284BLOCK, HOLLOW CONCRETE, Specifications--....--127BOARD OF APPEALS -.------299BOARD OF EXAMINERS AND APPEALS----... 16BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION--. 146BOILERS Power or Steam-....---------243BOILER ROOMS, Separation of:Group A -34Group B -37Group C .....-.---.---------------43Group C 43Group D ----------------46Group D ___ 46Group H ...........---..----------.............. .. 59BOND STRESS IN BEAMS-......---....... --...---....----. 171BONDS Solid Masonry Walls.-.---------------205BOOTHSS Motion Picture.....-. .------------.. 255BOX FATORIES (Group E)..... 47BOXES, THEATRE, Seating Capacity (Group A).. 32BRICK:Shale or Burned Clay...--.---------125Sand-Lime -126Concrete ........---.---------_---126BUILDINGS:Condemnation of 13Existing -----2Location on Property .--------------27Moving of .-..... 5Mvnof----------------------------Estimate of Cost (Table) ..--..------------....-305BUILDING INSPECTOR:Removal of Safety Devices Authorization--.-.-__...-. 3Powers and Duties of..--------------13BULKHEADS. Plate Glass Windows ---....------... 312BUS STATIONS (Group E)..---...--.. .. ..------------..... 47

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-o-PageCEILING HEIGHTS (Buildings in Group I)..-__.... --.62CEMENT, PORTLAND. Specifications-. ............... ............. 161CEMENT AND AGGREGATES. Storage of...............-............. 12CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE .. ......................... 12CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY .......... 12CHASES AND RECESSES_._ .. .206CHIMNEYS .. ... .236CHIMNEYS. Patent -.......... .... .......... ....... 240CHURCHES: Group A 29Group B ....... .. .. 35Group C 38 CLUBS:Group A ...... ......29Group B ...........5.. ..Group C -38COLD STORAGE BUILDINGS (Group G)_.6.... 54COLUMNS, Allowable Unit Stresses for .. .. .139COLUMNS AND WALLS, Reinforced-.. ............180COLUMNS, Composite .182COLUMNS. Combination 183COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS REGULATED: Type I Buildings -.96Type II Buildings 101Type III Buildings.. 106CONCRETE AGGREGATES, Specifications -............ -151CONCRETE:Curing 159Mix, Specifications .-... --155Mixing and Placing....................... -158Proportions and Consistency -.--_ 154Plain. Specifications .. .. -126Quality (Water-Cement Ratio) .. .. 152Reinforced 146Unit Stresses Allowable .... 155CONVENT (Group H) 657CORRIDORS AND PASSAGEWAYS ---.... 229COST OF BUILDING. Estimate of (Table) 805CREAMERIES (Group G) --. ---.54-D-DANCE HALLS:Group A -.... ...--29Group B 3---Group C 98DEAD LOAD. Definitions.. ....... .120DEFINITIONS -..--------.-..19DOOR PROTECTION, Type II Constructions......... 100DOORS ......-...... ........... ........--...... ....-... ... 231DORMITORIES (Group H)_._ -67DRAINS. GREASE. Required for Public Garage orService Stations 1..-..-----.-.DRAINS. GREASE. Required for Public Garage orService Stations -221DRY CLEANING PLANTS (Group E) ......... 47DUCTS. Warm Air..... .......... ..... ... ... .. .. 244DUMBWAITER. Construction and Maintenance................... 289-E-ELEVATORS:Construction and Maintenance...................... 289Freight and Passenger Combination Prohibited............ 291Operator Required to Have Certificate of Competency__. 290ENGINEERING SUPERVISION, Required--........----10EXCAVATIONS -. --.-----.......... 199EXCAVATIONS UNDER SIDEWALK ............ .282EXIT LIGHTS (Group G) ~ 33EXIT SIGNS AND LIGHTING ....-229FACTORIES AND WORKSHOPS:Using Materials Not Highly Inflamable--.... .51Using Incombustible and/or Non-explosive Materials. 54FEES. BUILDING PERMIT 304FENCES. FOUNDATION FOR..... 309FENCES OVER FIVE FEET HIGH (Group J)-.. 62FILM. MOTION PICTURE -257FIRE DISTRICT NO. 1..... .--. 65FIRE DISTRICT NO. 2 ... _.._................... .. .....-. 66

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PageFIRE DISTRICT NO. 3 Includes all territory not included inDISTRICT 1 OR 2.FIRE ZONE NO. 1 RESTRICTIONS. 87FIRE ZONE NO. 2 RESTRICTIONS-89FIRE ZONE NO. 3 RESTRICTIONS.----__ ___ 90FIRE EXTINGUISHING APPARATUS --.. 247FIRE DOORS, Shutters and Windows........ 270FIREPLACES 241FIRE RESISTIVE CONSTRUCTION (Type I) 92FIRE RETARDANT ROOFING __ 273FIRE RESISTIVE CONSTRUCTION DEFERRED...261FIRE RESISTIVE CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS -.... 262FIRE SEPARATION CHART.. 28FIRE STOPS --143Tpe IIILS-----------~--100FIRE WALLS (Solid Masonry) .. 214FIRE WALLS (Hollow Masonry) 215FLEXURAL, Formulas for 164FLOOR CONSTRUCTION (General) 220FLOOR CONSTRUCTION:Type I 94Type II ....... --------_ 100Type III ....... .... _.. .-" 104FLOOR CONSTRUCTION, Wood Frame_ -116FLOOR CONSTRUCTION, Fire Resistive 268FLOOR JOISTS, Maximum Span (Chart) 310FLOOR JOISTS, Maximum Span (Chart)....... .116FLOORS:Basement 124Concrete, Reinforced ... O .O. ........ 169Ribbed. Construction .................................... ......... 166Steel Joisted --. -220Mill Constructed T ....... URE.......... ...... 221Wood Joisted ..... .......... ......... 221Public Toilet............ ....... ....._ 221FOUNDATION WALLS AND FOOTINGS, Dimensions forPrivate Residence 109FOUNDATIONS MOST CURE 12 HOURS....... 309FOUNDATION WALL VENTS.... _111FOUNDATION WALL VENTS (Type II)............. 145FOUNDATIONS FOR WOOD FRAME BUILDING-... 110FOOTINGS, Sloped or Stepped--.... 184FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS ...__ 199FRAMING DETAILS:Vertical Members --140Horizontal Members 140Stud Walls and Partitons 142Roof Framing -143Trusses -_ 143FURNACES, Warm Air 241GARAGE APARTMENT (Group I) 60GARAGES, ATTACHED: Construction Requirements -61Ventilation Required -. -64Not to Open Into Living or Sleeping Quarters ..64To Residences 119Ventilation -----..................... ---------....... 16419GARAGE, Private (Group J)...-__. ___ ---.--62GARAGE, Private (More than 3 Cars). ... .64GARAGES, Public (Group E).... ....... 47GARAGES, Public (More than 10 Cars).. 65GARAGES, Public:Not Type V Construction-_ .-.. ___ 50Not Type III if over Two Stories ................... 50Limited Size for Type IV Constructions -............ 50Drains, Grease, Required-. .. ............... .51GAS RANGES, Domestic...--......."243GAS RANGES, Restaurants and Hotels..-244GAS SERVICE:Group A 34Group B ........... ............ .-------_ _--.37Group C____.-..... 43Group D 46GASOLINE SERVICE STATIONS (Group E) -... 47GAS VENTS 238GIRDERS AND BEAMS (Iron and Steel) 3--190GLASS, Plate Window 312GLASS VENEER 212GUARD RAILS for Windows 232GUNITE, Type V Buildings i ... -. 114

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GYMNASIUMS: PageGroup AGroup B -........... .... _._........... .*9* 3-Group B .""..." ---------..-. ......... .29Group C -38GYPSUM, Specifications -128--HOSPITALS (Over six patients) (Group D) 44HOSPITALS (Not more than six Patients) (Group I)........ 60HOT PLATES 243HOTELS (Group H) .................. ... 257ICE PLANTS (Group G).... 54INCINERATORS ... 54G up B 6----34INFLAMMABLE LIQUIDS, Definition of.. 47INFLAMMABLE LIQUIDS, Storage Prohibited:Group AGroup C 43Group D ---348INF L-AB E-----------46INFLAMMABLE LIQUIDS, Storage Permitted in 46Group E 47INFLAMMABLE LIQUIDS, Storage Permitted Under SpecialRestrictions:Group F 53Group H ............-......... 56INFLAMMABLE LIQUIDS Not to be Stored or Used in Group IBuildings in Excess of One Gallon. 61INFLECTION, Point of (Slabs) --..177INSPECTIONS BY BUILDING INSPECTOR-... 9INSPECTION, FINAL, Before Certificate of Occupancy isWritten .10INSPECTION OF CONCRETE WORK by Architect or Engineer Responsible for Design 150INSPECTIONS REQUIRED: --150Foundation, Framing, Stucco, Final.____ -0INSPECTOR, Registered, to be Bonded_._ 11IRON AND STEEL, Construction Details.. 1941IRON AND STEEL, Quality and Design -186-J-JAILS (Group D) ... 44LATTICE (Steel and Iron) .... __ .194LIBRARIES: 1Group A 29Group B ... 35Group C __ 38LIVE LOAD, Definition__ .120LIVE LOADS. Posted.... 124LIVE LOADS, Unit..... ......-. 121LOAD. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS -120LODGES:Group A --29Group B ......................--..... ............. 85Group C .... .........._ _-...-... ___.. --. 38LUMBER, Pressure Treated(Brush Coat Not Approved) .112LUMBER, Specifications for Wood Frame Building 112LUMBER. Structural:Allowable Unit Stresses (Table I) ... 136Allowable Unit Stresses (Table II) ---137Timber Columns and Compression Members, (Table II) 138LUMBER YARD .134LUMBER. Other -....--------135-'~~""------~ ---------135-X-MAINTENANCE OF BUILDINGSMARQUISE OVER PUBLIC PROPERTY281MASONRY BUILDINGS, Ordinary (Type III) 102MASONRY. Quality of Materials and Tests Require -125MASONRY VENEER (Type V Construction) 114MATTRESS FACTORIES (Group E) .47METAL REINFORCEMENT FOR CONCRETE. 151METER ROOMS REQUIRED:Buildings of Multiple Occupancy-------------27Group A ----....35

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PageGroup B 38Group C -------------------44Group C _44 G r o u p D ..._ _.. .-. ----5 1Group E 51Group F 56Group G ----------Group G 56Group G .. I--.---.----.. ________ 56-Group H 60Group I ---......-.----.-.----------------Group I 62MEZZANINE FLOORS 96MILLS. PLANING (Group E)--. 47MOMENT COEFFICIENTS:Beams and Slab, equal spans.--1687Beams and Slabs, unequal spans --168MOMENTS in Interior Panels __-175MOMENTS to be Used in Design of Flat Slabs-----175MONASTERIES (Group H) -157MORTARS, Specifications 130MOTION PICTURE BUILDINGS: 29Group A 35Group B --.--------38Group C ----------MOTION PICTURE MACHINE BOOTHS-----255MUSEUMS: 29Group A --35Group B .3.............------------38Group C ------------NURSERIES (Group D) ----44OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION 25OCCUPANCY, MIXED, Groups to be Separated by Fire Wall_25OCCUPANCY PERMITS for Changed Floor Loading-. -124OFFICE BUILDINGS (Group F) 51----2OIL BURNERS 244OLD PEOPLES HOMES (Group H) 5ORPHANAGES (Group D) 44--PAINTING PROTECTION of Structural Metal..-.---198PAINT AND PETROLEUM STORAGE (Group E) --47PAINT SHOPS (Group E) 47PANEL STRIPS AND PRINCIPAL DESIGN------174PANELS With Marginal Beams 178PARAPET WALLS, Height of......-215PARAPET WALLS Around Shafts Extending Through the Roof:Type I Construction-.---------------93Type II Construction_-----------------98Type III Construction....---...-.--.---104PARAPETS, Wood Frame Construction---.__143PARTITIONS:In Fire Resistive Buildings-. ------------92In Buildings of Heavy Timber Construction~----98In Ordinary Masonry Buildings ------104In Wood Frame Buildings._-.---....--... 115Framing Detail -------143Fire Resistive ----------------265Resistance Periods 266Bearing -------------------------216Non-Bearing 216PASSAGEWAY AND CORRIDORS -229PASSENGER STATIONS: 20Group A ----------352Group B .-.....-.. ------------3Group C ...-------------38PENTHOUSES: 95Type I .01.--------Type II -1PENTHOUSE Considered Additional Story.-6-------61PENTHOUSES, Permitted Uses of--.-235PENALTY FOR VIOLATIONS .-----------297PENALTIES AND VIOLATIONS-..--17PERMITS, Application for__. ..------4PERMIT. ISSUANCE OF, Not Approval for Violation of Code19PERMITS FOR SIGNS.---------285PERMIT, Expiration Date-.------------19PILES, WOOD .............------------200PINS AND PIN HOLES ...-....----...-.. .195

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PagePLANS, APPROVAL OF:By Plumbing Division; Electrical Division; Zoning Dept.;Health Dept. ... 4PLANING MILLS (Group E) ..---.-..--------47POLICE STATIONS, Municipal (Group F). --..--51POWER PLANTS (Group G) ........-........-.... 54PORCHES AND EXTERIOR BALCONIES (Type I) ... 95POSTER BOARDS 2---87PRISONS (Group D) ... .44PRIVY. FLYPROOF. REQUIRED ON CONSTRUCTION ..--.... 309PROJECTIONS FROM BUILDINGS:Type I 95Type II -101Type III 105PROJECTIONS OVER PUBLIC PROPERTY......--..281PROSCENIUM CURTAIN: 257Operating Equipment 259Tests 260New Designs -260PUBLIC PROPERTY, Permanent Occupancy of 281PUMPING PLANTS (Group G)-.----------54-3-RAILINGS (Stairs) ---226RAMPS, General Information 229..... 29RAMPS, Enclosure of:Group A 84Group B -37Group C 2-----43RAMPS INSTEAD OF STAIRS (Hospitals) .. ._ -45RAMPS FOR AUTOMOBILES--------.---49REFORMATORIES (Group D) ..---.. .44REINFORCEMENT, Limiting Percentages.. .-. -176REINFORCEMENT, WEB, Types of -... ... -170RESIDENCES (Group I) .60RESTAURANTS (Group F) 51RESTAURANTS (Group H) 57RIVETS AND BOLTS ---------193RIVETS, Spacing of -192ROOFING, Aluminum -13ROOF COVERING, Not Over 25% Minor Repair ..... 3ROOFING, NEW, Over Existing Roofs-.--3ROOFING OVER EXISTING WOOD SHINGLE ROOF PRO-HIBITED 3ROOF CONSTRUCTION (Type II)--.-.--100ROOF CONSTRUCTION. General .----..-222ROOF AND CEILING JOIST, Maximum Span (Chart).. 117ROOF AND JOIST, Maximum Span (Chart) ....... 811ROOF COVERING, Wood Frame Construction ....--119ROOF COVERINGS, General -273ROOF FRAMING -143ROOF FRAMING, Wood Frame Construction 118ROOFING. Fire Retardant 273ROOFINGS, Ordinary 276ROOF LOADS 122ROOFING, Method of Laying 274ROOFING, Steel ---.---------------.-. 313ROOF, Sheathing (Zone 1) ----------. 96ROOF, Temporary 277ROOMING HOUSE (Group H) 57-a-SANITARIUMS (Over 6 Patients) (Group D) 44SANITARIUMS (Not Over 6 Patients) (Group I) -60SCHOOLS:Group A 29Group B -.. 35Group C 38SET BACKS:Group A 29Group B ----36Group C 39 -Group D 45Group E -48Group F 52Group G 55Group H 58Group I ---60Group J 63SEATING CAPACITY To Be Posted -124SEATS. Spacing of -32J,

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PageSHAFTS, Enclosed:Group D 46Group E __._.-_ 49Group F ...... 53Type V 119SHEATHING REQUIRED, Wood Frame Building_. 112SHINGLES OR SHAKES I ( 113SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT inFloor and Roof Slabs .. -168SIGNS:Across Street -286Construction and Maintenance .. .__ 283Electric Roof signs 288Inspection of signs-286Permit for signs .285SILLS REQUIRED 111SKYLIGHTS .._ 233Skylights Type No. I -95SLABS, FLAT, Limitations o .. 173SLABS, FLAT. Openings In........... .179SMOKE PIPES AND THIMBLES_ 2..2 40SMOKESTACKS ........ 237SOLAR HEATERS --246SPAN LENGTH. Beams and Slabs....... 164SPRINKLER, AUTOMATIC, Requirements........._..248STADIUMS (Group J) 62STAGES AND PLATFORMS: Group A -..--.. ---.....-...__ 29Group B ........ .......__ 252Accessory Rooms -253Floors 254Exits 254Ventilators 252Switchboard ---. 254STAIRWAYS:Arrangement and Access_ 224Doors Not to Open Into .. 225Enclosures 218 & 227To One Apartment or Mezzanine .-.230In Group I, Not to be Enclosed .... 61Type I Construction 95Exits:Group A 29Group B .. .-+ 36Group C 41Group D -.-.-.45Group E .... ..---.... 49Group H .--.--.. ..59Type II Construction ....-. ._... .....__....... 100Lighting ....... ........ 226Landing .. .. .............. 226When Required ._.................. ....... .............. 228Outside .. .~~ 231Railing ........ 226STAND PIPE REQUIREMENTS -....249STAND, REVIEWING (Group J) ) 62STEAM HEATING PLANTS, Low Pressure ........... 248STEAM BOILERS ........... ............ ...................... .... 254STEEL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL ADOPTED.. ........ 199STEEL, COMPRESSION in Flexural Members ..--.. 168STEEL AND IRON, Quality and Design ....--....... 186STEEL AND IRON, Construction Details.......... ....... 194STIRRUPS (Concrete) ..._........... .._-. .. ..._. 170STONE, CAST Speciflcations.............. ............................ 129STORAGE AND SALES ROOMS for Combustible Goods(Group F) _........ .. ..__ 51STORAGE AND SALES ROOMS for Incombustible and Non-explosive Materials .51STORES Wholesale and Retail (Group F)................ 51STORM SHUTTERS 232STOVES (All types) ......243STREETS, Temporary Use of ... .279STRESSES. WORKING, Allowable ..-..... 130STRESS AT BASE OF COLUMNS, Transfer of .....--..... _... 185STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK:Type I-.-93Type II ................................... ............ .... 98Type III ....---........ .. _...... ....... ... .. .104STRUCTURAL MEMBERS. WOOD, Determination of Size......... 134STRUCTURAL MEMBERS, Fireproofing of:Type I .............. ...... ...-.... ........---..... .... 93

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PageType II 99Type III --------STRUCO URAL PARTS, Protection of (Table) .... 263STUCCO, Frame 113STUCCO, Metal ---114STUDDING. Frame Building .110STUD WALL, Framing Details 143-T-T-BEAMS, Requirement for 165TANKS, Installation on Roofs.-_..._-...--235TENTS Temporary Structures -__ 63TENSION in Footings Shear and Diagonal ..__...__ 171TERMITE, Isolation (Wood Frame) ........ 112TERMITE PROVISIONS 15TERMITE PROVISIONS .144TEST, FIELD, of Concrete -154TEST, LOAD, When Required by Building Inspector-. 150TESTS MASONRYTESTS, CONCRETE ------------. 126TEST, WATER-CEMENT RATIO 1 1Group A 29Group B 35Group C 38TILE, HOLLOW CLAY, Specifications.... 129TOILET. PUBLIC, Floors of--221TOILETS, Required:Group A ---.33Group B -------. ------.... 36Group C -------42Group D 46--GroupE 49Group F 4________ ____ 9Group G -_56Group H .-....___..---569Group J 64TOWERS (Group 3) _--_------64TOWERS AND SPIRES 262TOWERS, SMOKEPROOF -------223TOWERS. SMOKEPROOF 230TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION:Type I Fire-Resistive 92Type II Heavy Timber-_____ ___ 97Type III Ordinary Masonry----... 102Type IV Metal Frame______ 106Type V Wood Frame ----------108-V-UNDERTAKING PARLORS (Group F) 51UNIT LIVE LOADS 11UNIT STRESSES ALLOWABLE (Lumber) 134UNIT STRESSES ALLOWABLE (Steel and Iron) -187USE CHANGE A roved by Bullding Inspector 2 TUSE, CHANt GE IN, Building Must Conform With Code forUSE CHANGE IN, Exceptions to -------25U-TYPE BLOCK Not Permitted in Reinforced Concrete Column 311U-TYPE BEAM BLOCK, Minimum Span and ReinforcingRequired 311----------311-V-VAULTS UNDER SIDEWALK 282VENTS, FOUNDATION, Required in Wood Frame Building__ 111VENTS. FOUNDATION WALT1VENTILATION AND SANITATION: 145Group AGroup B 6 3Group C3Group C -------36 f-Group D 42Group E 46----Group F ------49Group G 53Group H -56Group I 69Group J 1 64VIOLATIONS AND PENALTIESL 4a.-



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OUTLINE OF CONTENTSBY PARTS, CHAPTERS AND SECTIONSPART 1-ADMINISTRATIVEPageCHAPTER 1. Title and 8cope.... ---------.--Sec. 101. Title" 102. Purpose" 103. Scope104. Application to Existing Buildings(a) Major Alterations and Repairs(b) Changed Use(c) Additions(d) Minor Alterations and Repairs(e) New Roofing" 106. Maintenance CHAPTER 2. General Provisions ......--..-........-..-.---4Sec. 301. Applicatibn for Permit" 02. Building Permits" 203. Fees204. Inspection and Registered InspectorsSpecial Engineering Supervision" 205. Certificate of Compliance" 206. Certificate of Occupancy" 207. Change of OccupancyCHAPTER 2. Enforcement _.. ............_.----13Sec. 801. Powers and Duties of BuildingInspectorBoard of AppealsTermite Provisions" 302. Alternate Materials and Types of Constru-tion" 308. Appeals" 04. Board of Examiners and Appeals" 306. Violations and PenaltiesPART II-DEFINITIONSCHAPTER 4. Definitions -.___....---.. ................ -19Sec. 401. DefinitionsPART III--REQUIREMENTS BASED ON OCCUPANCYCHAPTER 6. Classification of all Buildings by Use orOccupancy and General Requirements for allOccupancies 25Sec. 601. Occupancy Classified" 50. Change in Use" 603. Mixed Occupancy" 504. Location on Property' 605. Meter RoomTable of Fire Separation and Group Classi-ficationCHAPTER 6. Requirements for Group A Buildings .......... 29Se. 601. Group A Occupancies Defined602. Construction, Height and Area Allowable" 608. Location on Property604. Stairs and Exits" 605. Light. Ventilation and SanitationToilets and Floors" 606. Enclosure of Vertical Openings607. Fire Extinguishing Apparatus" 608. Special Hazard609. Exceptions and Deviations" 610. Mixed Occupancies611. Meter Room

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PageCHAPTER 7. Requirements for Group B Buildings.--.........35Sec. 701. Group B Occupancies Defined702. Construction Height and Area Allowable703. Location on Property704. Stairs and Exits705. Light. Ventilation and SanitationToilets and Floors706. Enclosure of Vertical Openings707. Fire Extinguishing Apparatus708. Special Hazards709. Exceptions and Deviations710. Mixed Occupancies711. Meter RoomCHAPTER 8. Requirements for Group C Buildings......-.... 38Sec. 801. Group C Occupancies Defined802. Construction, Height and Area Allowable803. Location on Property804. Stairs and Exits805. Light. Ventilation and Sanitation Toilets and Floors806. .Enclosure of Vertical Openings807. Fire Extinguishing Apparatus808. Special Hazards809. Exceptions and Deviations810. Mixed Occupancies811. Meter RoomCHAPTER 9. Requirements for Group D Buildings.................. 44Sec. 901. Group D Occupancies Defined902. Construction. Height and Area Allowable" 903. Location on Property904. Stairs and Exits" 905. Light. Ventilation and Sanitation Toilets and Floors* 906. Enclosure of Vertical Openings907. Fire Extinguishing Apparatus908. Special Hazards909. Exceptions and Deviations910. Mixed Occupancies911. Meter RoomCHAPTER 10. Requirements for Group E Buildings.............. 47Sec. 1001. Group E Occupancies Defined1002. Construction, Height and Area AllowableAircraft Hangers1003. Location on Property1004. Stairs and Exits" 1005. Light. Ventilation and SanitationToilets and Floors" 1006. Enclosure of Vertical Openings1007. Fire Extinguishing Apparatus" 1008. Special Hazards1009. Exceptions and DeviationsPublic Garages and Service Station GreaseDrains" 1010. Mixed Occupancies1011. Meter RoomCHAIPTER 11. Requirements for Group F Buildings.. ........ 51Sec. 1101. Group F Occupancies Defined1102. Construction. Height and Area Allowable1103. Location on Property1104 .Stairs and Exits1105. Light. Ventilation and SanitationToilets and Floors1106. Enclosure of Vertical Openings-1107. Fire Extinguishing Apparatus"1108. Special Hazards" 1109. Exceptions and Deviations1110. Mixed Occupancies" 1111. Meter RoomCHAPTER 12. Requirements for Group G Buildings................. 54Sec. 1201. Group G Occupancies Defined1202. Construction. Height and Area Allowable" 1203. Location on Property1204. Stairs and Exits

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Page" 1205. Light, Ventilation and SanitationToilets and Floors" 1206. Enclosure of Vertical Openings1207. Fire Extinguishing Apparatus1208. Special Hazards1209. Exceptions and Deviations1210. Mixed Occupancies1211. Meter RoomCHAPTER 13. Requirements for Group H Buildings ..... .... 57Sec. 1301. Group H Occupancies Defined" .1302. Construction, Height and Area Allowable1303. Location on Property1304. Stairs and Exits" 1305. Light, Ventilation and SanitationToilets and Floors" 1306. Enclosure of Vertical Openings1307. Fire Extinguishing Apparatus" 1308. Special Hazards1309. Exceptions and Deviations" 1310. Mixed Occupancies1311. Meter RoomCHAPTER 14. Requirements for Group I Buildings..........-60Sec. 1401. Group I Occupancies Defined1402. Construction, Height and Area Allowable" 1403. Location on Property1404. Stairs and Exits1405. Light. Ventilation and Sanitation1406. Enclosure of Vertical Openings1406. Fire Extinguishing Apparatus1408. Special Hazards1409. Exceptions and Deviations1410. Mixed Occupancies" 1411. Attached Garages1412. Ceiling Heights' 1413. Meter RoomCHAPTER 15. Requirements for Group J Buildings---..-...62Sec. 1501. Group J Buildings Defined1502. Construction, Height and Area Allowable" 1503. Location on Property1504. Stairs. Ramps, Exits, Aisles and Seats" 1505. Light, Ventilation and SanitationToilets and Floors" 1506. Enclosure of Vertical Openings1507. Fire Extinguishing Apparatus" 1508. Special Hazards1509. Exceptions and Deviations" 1510. Mixed OccupanciesPART IV-REQUIREMENTS BASED ON LOCATIONIN FIRE ZONESCHAPTER 16. Restrictions in Fire Zones ......... ............... .. 65Sec. 1601. Fire Zones Defined1602. Restrictions in Fire Zone No. 1 1603. Restrictions in Fire Zone No. 21604. Restrictions in Fire Zone No. 3PART V-REQUIREMENTS BASED ON TYPES OFCONSTRUCTIONCHAPTER 17. Classification of all Buildings By Types ofConstruction .......................... 91Sec. 1701. General1702. Classification by Types of ConstructionCHAPTER 18. Type I Buildings (Fire Resistive).. ---92Sec. 1801. Definition1802. Height Allowable" 1803. Area Allowable1804. Foundations" 1805. Exterior and Inner Court Walls

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" 1806. Partitions1807. Enclosure of Vertical Openings" 1808. Structural Framework1808. Fireproofing of Structural Members" 1810. Floor Construction1811. Roof Construction" 1812. Stairs1813. Doors and Windows" 1814. Projections from the Building1815. Penthouses and Skylights" 1816. Combustible Materials RegulatedCHAPTER 19. Type II Buildings (Heavy Timbers Con-struction) 97 Sec. 1901. Definition1902. Height Allowable" 1903. Area Allowable1904. Foundations" 1905. Exterior and Inner Court Walls1906. Partitions" 1907. Enclosure of Vertical Openings1908. Structural Framework" 1909. Fireproofing of Structural Members1910. Floor Construction" 1911. Roof Construction1912. Stair Construction" 1913. Doors and Windows1914. Projections from the Building" 1915. Penthouses and Skylights1918. Combustible Materials RegulatedCHAPTER 20. Type III Buildings (Ordinary Masonry)102Sec. 2001. Definition" 2002. Height Allowable" 2003. Area Allowable" 004. Foundations" 8005. Exterior and Inner Court Walls2008. Partitions" 2007. Enclosure of Vertical Openings2008. Structural Framework" 2009. Fireproofing Structural Members2010. Floor Construction2011. Roof Construction" 2012. Stair Construction" 2013. Doors and Windows2014. Projections from the Buildings" 2015. Penthouses and Skylights2016. Combustible Materials RegulatedCHAPTER 21. Type IV Buildings (Metal Frame) -106Sec. 2101. Definition2102. Height Allowable2103. Area Allowable" 2104. Foundations" 105. Exterior Walls" 2106. Partitions2107. Enclosure of Vertical Openings" 2108. Structural Framework2109. Fireproofing Structural Members" 2110. Floor Construction" 111. Roof Construction" 2112. Stair Construction2113. Doors and Windows" 2114. Projections from the Building2115. Penthouses and Skylights" 2116. Combustible Materials RegulatedCHAPTER 22. Type V Buildings (Wood Frame) 108Sec. 2201. DefinitionS 202. Height Allowable2103. Area Allowable2204. Foundations29-~--=--

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Page" 2205. Exterior Walls and Wall CoveringsFoundation VentsSillsIsolation(a) Weather Boarding(b) Shingles or Shakes(c) Stucco(d) Masonry Veneer(e) Galvanized Iron" 2206. Interior Partitions2207. Floor Construction" 2208. Roof and Ceiling Construction2209. Roof Covering" 2210. Enclosure of Vertical Openings2211. General" 2212. Attached GaragesGarage Ventilation" 2213. Metal Guards for WindowsPART VI-ENGINEERING REGULATIONS, QUALITYAND DESIGN OF THE MATERIALS OF CON-STRUCTIONCHAPTER 23. Live and Dead Loads .................................. 120Sec. 2301. Definitions2302. General" 2303. Special Load Considerations2304. Unit Live Loads" 2306. Roof Loads2306. Reduction of Live Loads" 2307. Wind Pressure2308. Live Loads and Seating Capacity Posted" 2309. Occupancy Permits for Changed Floor Load-ing" 2310. Retaining Walls and Basement FloorsCHAPTER 34. Masonry (Quality and Design) 125Sec. 2401. Quality of Materials and Tests Required2403. Burned Clay of Shale Brick" 40. Sand-Lime Brick" 2404. Concrete Brick2406. Plain Concrete" 2406. Hollow Concrete Block or Tile" 2407. GypsumS 408. Hollow Clay Tile2409. Mortars2410. Allowable Working Stresses" 2411. General RequirementsCHAPTER 25. Wood (Quality and Design)... ............................... 133See. 250. General" 502. Determination of Required Sizes" 03. Allowable Unit Stresses2604. Allowable Unit Stresses for Columns2605. Framing Details: Vertical Members" 60. Framing Details; Horizontal Members" 2507. Framing Details: Stud Walls and Partitions" 2508. Roof Framing" 609. Framing Details: Trusses" 2609. Framing Details; Trusses" 511. Termite ProvisionsCHAPTER 26. Reinforced Concrete (Quality and Design).. 146Sec. 3601. ScopeS 602. Permits and Drawings" 603. Special System of Reinforced Concrete" 604. Definitions26065. Materials and Tests2" 606. Load Tests" 2607. Inspection2608. Portland Cement2609. Concrete AggregatesS610. Water2611. Metal Reinforcements2613. Storage of Materials" 613. Concrete Quality

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Page" 2614. Water Cement Ratio for Average Materials2615. Water Cement Ratio by Test of Materials" 2616. Field Tests of Concrete2617. Concrete Proportions and Consistency" 2618. Allowable Unit Stresses in Concrete2619. Allowable Unit Stresses in Reinforcement2620. Removal of Water from Excavation2621. Cleaning Forms2622. Reserved2623. Inspection2624. Mixing2625. Transporting2626. Reserved2627. Placing2628. Curing2629. Depositing in Cold Weather2630. Forms and Details of Construction2631. Removal of Forms2632. Cleaning and Bending Reinforcement2633. I'lacing Reinforcement" 2634. Splices and Offsets in Reinforcement2635. Protective Covering of Concrete2636. Construction Joints2637. Assumptions2638. Symbols and Notations2639. Design Loads2640. Wind Loads2641. Formula for Flexure2642. Span Length2643. Depth of Beam or Slab2644. Point of Inflection2645. Distance Between Lateral Support2646. Requirement for T Beams2647. Ribbed Floor Construction2648. Moment Coefficients for Freely Supportedor Slightly Restrained Continuous Beams orSlabs of Approximately Equal Span; Uni-form Load 2649. Moment Coefficients for Fully RestrainedContinuous Beams or Slabs of Approximate-ly Equal Span; Uniform LoadS2650. Moment Coefficients for Continuous Beamsor Slabs of Equal Span or with Non UniformLoads 2651. Compression Steel in Flexible Members2652. Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement2653. Floors Reinforced in Two Directions2654. Shear and Diagonal Tension2655. Types of Web Reinforcement2656. Stirrups2657. Spacing of Stirrups2658. Bent Up Bars2659. Combined Web Reinforcement2660. Shearing Stress in Flat Slabs2661. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Footings2662. Computation of Bond Stress in Beams2663. Ordinary Anchorage Requirements2664. Special Anchorage Requirements2665. Anchorage of Web ReinforcementsS2666. Limitations2667. Panel Strips and Principal Design SectionsS2668. Moments in Interior Panels2669. Moments in Interior Panels (Special Case)2670. Thickness of Slabs and Dropped Panels2671. Limiting Percentages of Reinforcement2672. Point of Inflection2673. Arrangement of Reinforcement at ColumnHeads Two and Four Way System2674. Arrangements of Reinforcement, Two WaySystem2675. Arrangement of Reinforcement, Four WaySystem2676. Reserved2677Wall and Other Irregular Panels2678. Panels with Marginal Beams2679. Openings in Flat Slabs2680. Limiting Dimensions2681. Unsupported Length of Columns

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Page 2642. Design of Spiral Columns2683. Design of Columns with Lateral Ties 2684. Bending Moments in Columns2685. Composite Columns2686. Combination Columns2687. Long Columns2688. Loads 2689. Sloped or Stepped Footings2690. Bending in Footings2691. Shearing and Bond Stresses" 2692. Transfer of Stress at Base of Column" 2693. Pedestals Without ReinforcementCHAPTER 27. Steel and Iron (Quality and Design)-....._._ 186Sec. 2701. Quality and Design2702. Allowable Unit Stresses" 2703. Eccentric Loads2704. Beams and Girders" 2705. Thickness of Materials2706. Compression Splices" 2707. Net Sections2708. Connections" 2709. Rivets and Bolts2710. Welded Connections" 2711. Constructions Details2712. Lattice" 2713. Pins and Pin Holes2714. Steel Joists" 2715. Expansion2716. Workmanship2717. Painting-Protection of Structural MetalAgainst Corrosion2718. ErectionPART VII-DETAILED REGULATIONSCHAPTER 28. Excavations, Footing and Foundations ............ 199Sec. 2801. Excavations2802. Footings and Foundations2803. PilesCHAPTER 29. Walls and Partitions ............................. .... ...... 203Sec. 2901. General Provisions: Solid Masonry Walls2902. Working Stresses2903. Thickness of Exterior Walls other thanSkeleton Construction" 2904. Bonds2905. Piers" 2906. Chases and Recesses2907. General Provisions: Hollow Walls" 2908. Working Stresses2909. Thickness and Height of Walls other thanSkeleton Construction" 2910. Bond2911. Beam Supports" 2912. Piers2913. Chases and Recesses" 2914. General Provisions: Reinforced ConcreteWalls" 2915. Working Stresses-in Skeleton Construction" 2916. Thickness of Walls other than in SkeletonConstruction" 2917. Piers2918. Chases and Recesses" 2919. Quality of Material (Stone Walls)2920. Working Stresses" 2921. Lateral Support and Thickness2922. Bond" 2923. Chases and Recesses2924. Quality of Material (Veneered Walls)" 2925. Working Stresses2926. Attachmennt of VeneeringGlass VeneerBacking for Glass VeneerSetting of Glass Veneer" 2927. Height of Veneered Walls2928. Quality of Material (Faced Valls)

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Page" 2929. Working Stresses2930. Thickness" 2931. Bond2932. Fire Walls: Solid Masonry2933. Hollow Fire Walls2934. Fi'lre Division Walls" 2935. Parapet Walls2936. Bearing Partitions2937. Non-bearing Partitions2938. Foundation Walls2939. Panel and Enclosure Walls" 2940. Anchoring of Walls2941. Use of Existing WallsCHAPTER 30. Enclosure of Vertical Openings .................... 218Sec. 3001. Enclosures; When Required3002. Stairway, amp and Elevator Enclosures3003. Other Vertical OpeningsCHAPTER 31. Floor Construction ..................20Sec. 3101. General3102. Concrete Floors" 3103. Steel Jolsted Floors3104. Mill Constructed Floors" 3105. Wood Joisted Floors3106. Public Toilet Floors" 3107. Public Garages and Service StationGrease DrainsCHAPTER 32. Roof Construction and Covering.... 2Sec. 3201. General3202. Construction" 3203. Design" 3204. Roof Coverings" 3205. Access to Roof Space3206. Roof DrainangeWeep HolesCHAPTER 33. Stairs, Ramps and Smokeproof Towers... 223Sec. 3301. General Requirements3302. General Design3303. Arrangements and Access3304. Doors3305. Railings3306. Lighting" 3307. Detailed Requirements-Landings3308. Stairway Enclosures" 3309. Stairways Required3310. Ramps3311. Horizontal Exits3312. Signs and Lighting3313. Passageways and Corridors3314. Exceptions3315. Smokeproof Tower3316. Outside StairwaysCHAPTER 34. Doors. Windows and Skylights ...... 231Sec. 3401. Doors and WindowsGuard Rails" 3402. SkylightsCHAPTER 35. Bays and Balconies .. 234Sec. 2501. ConstructionCHAPTER 36. Penthouses and Roof Structures. .335Sec. 3601. Penthouses and Roof Structures3602. Towers and SpiresCHAPTER 37. Chimneys and Heating Apparatus...-...-.... 236Sec. 3701. Chimneys' 3702. Smokestacks3" 703. Gas Vents3704. Patent Chimneys3706. Smokepipes and Thimbles" 3706. Fireplaces" 3707. Warm Air Furnaces3708. Low Pressure Steam Heating Plants

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" 3709. Boilers3710. Stoves" 3711. Gas Ranges, Domestic Water Heaters andHot Plates" 3712. Gas Ranges for Restaurants and Hotels3713. Oil Burners" 3714. Other Sources of Heat3715. Warm Air Ducts and Appurtenances" 3716. Incinerators" 3717. Solar HeatersCHAPTER 38. Fire Extinguishing Apparatus 247Sec. 3801. Automatic Sprinklers; Where Required3802. Automatic Sprinkler Requirements3803. Standpipes; Where Required3804. Standpipe; Requirements" 3805. Standpipes; Requirements During Con-struction" 3806. Standpipes; Number Required3807. Basement Pipe InletsCHAPTER 39. Stage 252Sec. 3901. Stage Ventilators" 3902. Gridirons" 3903. Rooms Accessory to Stage3904. Proscenium Walls" 8905. Stage Floors3906. Platforms" 3907. Stage Exits3908. MiscellaneousCHAPTER 40. Motion Picture Machine Booths -355Sec. 4001. Motion Picture Machine BoothsCHAPTER 41. Proscenium Curtains 357Sec. 4101. General" 4102. Materials" 4103. Design and Construction" 4104. Operating Equipment" 4105. Tests4106. New DesignsPART VIII-FIRE RESISTIVE STANDARDS FOR FIREPROTECTIONCHAPTER 42. General 61Sec. 4201. Fire-Resistive Construction Defined" 4202. Fire-Resistive Materials" 4203. Fire-Resistive ConstructionCHAPTER 43. Fire-Resistive Standards ..... 262Sec. 4301. Protection of Structural Parts4202. Fire-Resistive Walls and Partitions" 4803. Fire-Resistive Floor Construction4304. Fire Doors, Shutters and Windows" 4305. Roof CoveringsPART IX--REGULATIONS FOR USE OR OCCU-PANCY OF STREETS AND PROJECTIONS OVERPUBLIC PROPERTYCHAPTER 44. Temporary Use of Streets During Con-structon .. -379Sec. 4401. Temporary Use of Streets During Con-structionPART XCHAPTER 45. Permanent Occupancy of Public Property._ 281Sec. 4501. Permanent Occupancy of Public Property

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PART XIPageCHAPTER 46. Department of Public Service(See A ppendix ) .... ....... ......................... 27Sec. 4601. Definitions. Powers and Supervision4602. Fees and Charges" 4603. Recording of Plats4604. Building Line and Floor Grade" 4605. Sidewalks, Driveways. etc.4606. Streets Removing Material. etc.4607. Streets and Improvements4608. Ordering Repairing of Streets. Sidewalks.etc.4609. Trash and Waste Material4610. Removing Street Signs4611. Poles, Wires, Underground Zone. etc.4612. Sewers and Watercourses4613. Rock and Sand Pit4614. ViolationsPART XIICHAPTER 47. SIGNS, BILL BOARDS. POSTER BOARDSConstruction and Maintenance .... .........283Sec. 4701. Construction4702. Definitions4703. Permits and Licenses4704. Inspection4705. General Conditions4706. Signs Across Streets, etc." 4707. Construction of Poster Boards4708. Projection Signs" 4709. Roof Signs4710. Electric Roof Signs" 4711. Imprint of Maker's NamePART XIIICHAPTER 48. ELEVATORS, ESCALATORS, DUMBWAIT-ERSConstruction and Maintenance ....................... ... .. .......... 289Sec. 4801. General4802. Definitions" 4803. Plans4804. Carrying Capacity" 4805. Operator4806. Certificate of Competency4807. Doors and their Control4808. Counter Weights4809. Cars4810. Guide Rails4811. Freight and Passenger Combination Pro-hibited4812. Grating at Top of Shaft4813. Openings and Clearance; Top and Bottomof Shaft4814. Machinery Enclosure4815. Buffer" 4816. Live Load4817. Exit4818. Night Service4819. Safety Device4820. InspectionPART XIVCHAPTER 49. AWNING, AWNING SHUTTER. ROLLERCURTAINSCanopies and Tents ..............-.............. ............................ ..... 292Sec. 4901. General"4902. Definitions" 4903. Permits4904. Uses" 4905. Construction4908. Over Sidewalks

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PART XVPageCHAPTER 50. LEGISLATIVE ........ .................................. 297Sec. 5001. Repeal5002. References" 5003. Validity5004. Penalties" 5005. Emergency Measure5006. Date EffectiveI'



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ORDINANCE NO. 1554(Passud and Adopted August 4, 198)AN ORDINANCE REGULATING THE ERECTION, CONSTRUCTION,REMOVAL, ENLARGEMENT, ALTERATION, REPAIRING, MOV.ING, DEMOLITION, CONVERSION, OCCUPANCY, EQUIPMENT, USE, HEIGHT, AREA AND MAINTENANCE OF BUILDING AND/OR STRUCTURES, INCLUDING SIGNS, BILLBOARDS, POSTERBOARDS, AWNINGS, AWNING-SHUTTERS, STATIONARY AWN.INGS, AND CANOPIES IN THE CITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA: PRO-VIDING FOR THE ISSUANCE OF PERMITS AND COLLECTIONOF FEES THEREFOR; DECLARING AND ESTABLISHING FIREZONES OR DISTRICTS; PROVIDING FOR THE REMOVAL ORMAKING SAFE OF CONDEMNED BUILDINGS OR STRUCTURESAND FOR THE ABATEMENT OR REMOVAL OF NUISANCESAND FURTHER PROVIDING FOR LIENS FOR EXPENSES IN.CURRED AND FOR THE RECOVERY OF SUCH EXPENDITURES;PROVIDING FOR THE TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT OC-CUPANCY OF PUBLIC PROPERTY FOR CERTAIN USES UNDERSPECIFIED CONDITIONS AND REGULATIONS; CREATING ABOARD OF REVIEW AND APPEAL AND PROVIDING FOR ITSAPPOINTMENT, QUALIFICATION, DUTIES AND POWERS;ADOPTING AND APPROVING CERTAIN SPECIFICATIONS, REG-ULATIONS AND STANDARDS OF TESTS AND INSPECTIONS BYSPECIFIC REFERENCE; PROVIDING FOR THE ENFORCEMENTOF CERTAIN OTHER ORDINANCES OR PARTS OF ORDINANCESOF THE CITY OF MIAMI BY SPECIFIC REFERENCE; REPEALING SPECIFICALLY ORDINANCES NUMBERS 299, 313, 327 AND342, CITY COUNCIL SERIES OF THE CITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA;AND REPEALING SPECIFICALLY ORDINANCES NUMBERS 121,187, 271, 421, 617, 618, 685, 690, 879, 940, 984, 986, 1003, 1011,1144, 1159, 1175, 1833 and 1342, CITY COMMISSION SERIES OFTHE CITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA; AND REPEALING ALL OTHERORDINANCES OR PARTS OF ORDINANCES IN CONFLICT HERE.WITH; PROVIDING FOR PENALTIES FOR THE VIOLATIONTHEREOF; PROVIDING THAT IN THE EVENT ANY SECTION,SUB-SECTION SENTENCE, CLAUSE OR PHRASE OF THIS ORDI-NANCE SHALL BE DECLARED OR ADJUDGED INVALID OR UN.CONSTITUTIONAL, SUCH ADJUDICATION OR INVALIDITYSHALL IN NO MANNER AFFECT THE OTHER SECTIONS, SUB-SECTIONS, SENTENCES, CLAUSES OR PHRASES OF THIS OR.DINANCE; DECLARING THIS ORDINANCE TO BE AN EMERG-ENCY MEASURE, AND DISPENSING WITH THE READING OFSAME ON TWO SEPARATE DAYS BY A FOUR-FIFTHS VOTE OFTHE CITY COMMISSION.BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA:1

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PART IADMINISTRATIVECHAPTER 1TITLE AND SCOPESec. 101. TITLE. This Ordinance shall be known as the "Build-ing Code" may be cited as such and will be referred to in this Ordi-nance as "this Code."Sec. 102. PURPOSES. The purpose of this Code is to providecertain minimum standards, provisions and requirements for safe andstable design, methods of construction and uses of materials in build-ings and/or structures hereafter erected, constructed, enlarged, altered,repaired, moved, converted to other uses or demolished and to regulate the equipment, maintenance, use and occupancy of all buildings and/or structures.The provisions of this Code shall be deemed to supplement anyand all Ordinances, of the City of Miami, Florida, related to buildings.Sec. 103. SCOPE. New buildings and/or structures hereaftererected in the City of Miami, Florida, shall conform to all requirementsof this Code; and all requirements in this Code, unless specifically provided, shall apply to new buildings.Additions, alterations, repairs and changes to the use or occupancyin all buildings shall comply with the requirements for new buildingsexcept as otherwise provided in Section 104 of this Code.Sec. 104. APPLICATION TO EXISTING BUILDINGS. The fol-lowing specified requirements shall apply to existing buildings which forany reason whatsoever do not conform to the requirements of this Codefor new buildings:(a) MAJOR ALTERATIONS AND REPAIRS. If alterations and/or repairs in excess of fifty (50) per cent of the value of an existingbuilding are made to such existing building within any period of twelvemonths, the entire building shall be made to conform with the require-ments given herein for new buildings; provided, however, that any exist-ing building which for any reason whatsoever, requires repairs, at any one time, in excess of fifty (50) per cent of the value thereof, not de-ducting from such value any loss caused by fire or any other reason,shall be made to conform to the requirements of this Code or shall beentirely demolished. (See Section 1602 (c) for buildings located in FireZone No. 1.) (See Section 2511 for Termite Control Requirements.)(b) CHANGED USE. If the existing use or occupancy of anexisting building is changed to a use or occupancy which would not bepermitted in a similar building hereafter erected, the entire buildingshall be made to conform with the requirements given herein for newbuildings; provided, however, that if the use or occupancy of only aportion or portions of an existing building is changed and such portionor portions are segregated as specified in Section 503 of this Code then

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only such portion or portions of the building need be made to complywith said requirements; and provided further, that the Building Inspec-tor is hereby given authority to approve any change in the use or oc-cupancy of any existing building within any one Group of Occupancy asspecified in Part III, even though such building is not made to fullyconform to the requirements of this Code, when it is obvious that sucha change in the use or occupancy of the existing building will not extendor increase any existing non-conformity or hazard of the building.(c) ADDITIONS. Any existing building not covered by the pre-ceding paragraphs (a) and (b) which has its floor area or its numberof stories increased or its use or occupancy changed in any way fromits former or existing use or occupancy shall be provided with stairways, emergency exits and fire protection facilities as specified in this Codefor buildings hereafter erected for similar uses or occupancies.(d) MINOR ALTERATIONS AND REPAIRS. Every alteration or repair to any structural part or portion of an existing building shallwhen deemed necessary in the opinion of the Building Inspector be made to conform to the requirements of this Code for new buildings. Minoralterations, repairs and changes not covered by the preceding paragraphs(a), (b) and (c) may be made with the same materials of which thebuilding is constructed; provided, that not more than twenty-five (25)per cent of the roof covering of any building shall be replaced in anyperiod of twelve (12) months unless the entire roof covering is madeto conform with the requirements of this Code for new buildings; pro-vided, however, that no roofing shall be applied over an existing woodshingle roof.(e) New roofing meeting the requirements of this Code may beplaced over existing roofings when the existing roofings and roof fram-ing is such as to permit the new roofing to be properly supported andsecurely fastened, provided, however, that no roofing shall be appliedover an existing wood shingle roof.Sec. 105. MAINTENANCE. The requirements contained in thisCode, covering the maintenance of buildings, shall apply to all buildingsand/or structures now existing or hereafter erected. All buildings and/or structures and all parts thereof shall be maintained in a safe con-dition, and all devices or safeguards which are required by this Code atthe erection, alteration or repair of any building shall be maintained in good working order.This section shall not be construed as permitting the removal ornon.maintenance of any existing devices or safeguards unless authorized in writing by the Building Inspector.3

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CHAPTER 2GENERAL PROVISIONSc. 201. APPLICATION FOR PERMIT. No person shall erector construc roceed with the erection or construction of any buildingor structure, nor a narge, move, improve, alter, convert, extend ordemolish any building or str e or any group of buildings and/or %structures under one or joint ownership ther on one or more lots ortract of land, or cause the same to be done, the cost of the -work exceeds Twenty-five ($25.00) Dollars," without firs aining abuilding permit therefor from the Building Inspector.Any person desiring a building permit as required by this Code Ord. # 3746shall file with the Building Inspector an application therefor in writing Page 321on a blank form to be furnished for that purpose.Every such application for a permit shall describe the land uponwhich the proposed building or work is to be done, either by lot, blockand/or tract, or similar general description that will readily identifyand definitely locate the proposed building or work.Every such application shall show the use or occupancy of all parts Ord. # 3827of the building and such other reasonable information as may be rePage 324quired by the Building Inspector.Copies of plans and specifications and a lot plan showing the loca-tion of the proposed building and of every existing building thereon,shall accompany every application for a permit, and shall be filed induplicate with the Building Inspector; provided, however, that the Build-ing Inspector may authorize the issuance of a permit without plans orspecifications for small or unimportant work.Plans shall be drawn to scale upon substantial paper or cloth andthe essential parts shall be drawn to a scale of not less than one-eighth(1i) inch to one foot.Plans and specifications shall be of sufficient clarity to indicate thenature and character of the work proposed and to show that this Codeand the Building Laws of the City of Miami, will be complied with andshall comply with Sections 2309 and 2503 of this Code.(a) Computations, strain sheets, stress diagrams and otherdata necessary to show the correctness of the plans, shall accom-pany the plans and specifications when required by the BuildingInspector.(b) A plan and specification, as required by the PlumbingCode covering all plumbing work, including water supply, depth andgrade and all connections to the sanitary or storm sewers or septictank, shall be submitted to the Division of Plumbing Inspection andsuch plans shall be approved and stamped by that Division.(c) Plans shall show the total floor area, the square feet ofthe building under consideration, the point at which service con-nection is required, the size of service and sub-feeder wires, the4

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location of service switches and center of distribution, the arrangement of circuits and the number of outlets connected theretoas required by the Electrical Ordinance of the City of Miami andsuch plans shall be approved and stamped by that Division.(d) Plans shall be submitted to the Zoning Department forapproval as to conformity with the Zoning Ordinance of the Cityof Miami and such plans shall be approved and stamped by thatDivision.(e) Where food or drinks are manufactured, prepared, soldor handled, plans will be submitted to the Health Department ofthe City of Miami for approval as to conformity with the HealthOrdinances of the City of Miami and such plans shall be approvedand stamped by that Department.(f) In addition to the above requirements, the Building Inspector may require approval by the Fire Department for fire regu-lations and approval by the Department of Public Service for streetlines and grade wherever necessary and such approval shall bestamped on the plans by those Departments.Flyproof Privy-page 309Any specifications in which general expressions are used to the effectthat "work shall be done in accordance with the Building Code" or "tothe satisfaction of the Building Inspector" shall be deemed imperfectand incomplete and every reference to this Code shall be to the Sectionor sub-section applicable to the material to be used or to the method ofconstruction proposed.For buildings and/or structures, alterations, repairs, improvements,replacements and additions costing Five Thousand ($5,000) Dollars orover the plans and specifications shall be prepared and approved andbear the seal of an Architect or Structural Engineer, either of whommust be duly registered in the State of Florida, together with the nameand address of such Architect or Structural Engineer, and accompaniedby a written certificate of the Architect or Structural Engineer, certify-ing that such plans and specifications conform in every respect with theprovisions of this Code. (See requirements Section 2505 for workingstresses for lumber.) Each sheet of every plan filed with the BuildingInspector shall bear the seal of the Architect or Structural Engineer asrequired in this Section. Nothing in this Chapter shall be construed to allow or permit the successive use of plans and specifications prepared for one location, in other location or locations unless they be revised by the Architect or Structural Engineer to comply with the provisions ofthis Code.MOVING OF BUILDINGS. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to move any building or buildings within the Cityof Miami, Florida, or to move any building or buildings outside the City limits of Miami into the City limits of Miami without having first ob-tained a written permit from the City Manager of the City of Miami so to do, which permit shall be granted by the City Manager upon therecommendations of the Building Inspector and Director of Public Serv.I 5

PAGE 6

ice upon application therefor, upon said applicant showing to the satis-faction of the Building Inspector and Director of Public Service that themoving of said building or buildings would not be a nuisance or impairthe value of the property in the vicinity where same is to be moved, oragainst the public safety, convenience and welfare, and further that theapplicant shall provide and submit to the Building Inspector detailedplans and specifications of the improvements, cost, estimate; and a performance bond, said bond in an amount sufficient to guarantee comple-tion and making of the proposed improvements in accordance with the plans and specifications submitted, and within the time limit agreed uponbetween the applicant and the Building Inspector.In no case shall any building or buildings be moved within the Citylimits of the City of Miami or from out of the limits of the City ofMiami into the limits of the City in any restricted area wherein andwhereby the same would violate any restrictions of the Zoning Ordinanceof the City of Miami or violate any subdivision restrictions.No building shall be removed from one lot to another or from partof a lot to another of the same within the corporate limits of the Cityof Miami, or into or out of the City limits of said City until the con-tractor or owner shall have made provision for a City Inspector to ac-company same at all times when said structure or house is being movedand is in the public streets, of the City of Miami, and it shall be theduty of the owner or contractor moving such building to have the CityInspector to accompany same at all times and the cost for such Inspectorshall be paid by the owner or contractor at the rate of Five ($5.00)Dollars for each eight hours or fraction thereof.No building shall be removed from one lot to another or from partof a lot to another of the same within the corporate limits of the City,or into or out of the City, until the owner or contractor shall file withthe Building Inspector of the City of Miami a written statement set-ting forth the lot from which the same is to be removed and the lotupon which it is to be located, together with a detailed statement of thestreets, alleys, passage-ways on and over which the building is to bemoved, together with a cash bond in the amount of Three Hundred($300.00) Dollars to be posted with the Director of Finance of the Cityof Miami, to make good any damage to streets, alleys or passage-ways,as well as to any private property whatsoever during the progress ofthe building while in the process of removal. When such statement and cash bond are filed and the other requirements of this section are com-plied with and met by the owner or contractor, then, in that event, theCity Manager, upon the recommendation of the Building Inspector andDirector of Public Service, may grant a permit to the owner or con-tractor to remove such building in accordance with the conditions ofthe statement, and no building shall be moved into, out of or throughthe corporate limits of the City of Miami, until the conditions of thisordinance have been complied with, and permit granted by the said CityManager.

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The owner or contractor for removal of any building hereundershall furnish indemnity or security as herein provided and required.Any house or structure left in the streets of the City of Miamiafter dark shall have displayed thereon a red light at each cornerand one in the middle, on both ends.Fees for moving buildings are stipulated in Section 203 of this Code.Moving of buildings in Fire Zone No. 1 shall also comply with therequirements of Section 1602 of this Code; and the moving of build-ings in Fire Zone No. 2 shall comply with the requirements of Section1603 of this Code.Sec. 202. BUILDING. The application, plans and specificationsfiled by an applicant for a permit shall be checked by the BuildingInspector and, if found to be in conformity with the requirements ofthis Code and all other laws or ordinances applicable thereto, the Build-ing Inspector shall, upon receipt of the required fee, issue a permittherefor.The Building Inspector shall have sufficient and reasonable time inwhich to properly check plans and specifications submitted, whichplans shall be checked by him in the order in which they are filed.When the Building Inspector issues the permit he shall endorse inwriting or stamp both sets of plans and specifications "Approved." Onesuch approved set of plans and specifications shall be retained by theBuilding Inspector as a public record, and one such approved set ofplans and specifications shall be returned to the applicant, which setshall be kept on such building or work. at all times during which thework authorized thereby is in progress and shall be open to inspection by public officials. Such approved plans and specifications shall notbe changed, modified or altered without authorization from the Build-ing Inspector, and all work shall be done in accordance with the ap-proved plans. Ord. # 3965 Sec. 203. FEES. Any person desiring a building permit a ,Page 334 in addition to filing an application therefor, pay to the City of iami,Florida, before such permit is issued, a fee as required in as sectionas follows:For each new building and/or addition up t nd including TwoHundred ($200.00) Dollars of estimated cost construction, a fee ofTwo Dollars and Fifty ($2.50) Cents sha charged.For new buildings and/or addit' above Two H-undred ($200.00)Dollars of estimated cost, a fee ive (55.00) Dollars is charged forthe first One Thousand (S1 .00) Dollars, plus One (81.00) Dollarper One Thousand ($1, 00) Dollars or fraction thereof up to andincluding Seventy-fiv housand ($75,000.00) Dollars plus Seventy-fiveR ($.75) Cents per ousand ($1,000.00) Dollars for all over Seventy-fiveThousand ( ,000.00) Dollars up to and including Two Hundred? Thousan $200,000.00) Dollars plus Fifty ($.50) Cents per Thousand($1, .00) Dollars for all over Two Hundred Thousand ($200,000.00)las.

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For alterations and/or remodelmng up to and including One Thou-d ($1,000.00) Dollars of estimated cost a fee of Two Dollars andFi ($2.50) Cents is charged plus One ($1.00) Dollar for each addi-tiona One Thousand ($1,000.00) Dollars or fraction thereof.F general repairs exceeding Twenty-five ($25.00) Dollars of esti-mated at of construction or improvements in any manner, a fee ofOne ($1. ) Dollar per Thousand ($1,000.00) Dollars or fraction thereofis charged.For the rection of elevators in any building or buildings withinthe City of Mr i the fee is hereby fixed as follows:To erect an elevator in a building three (3) stories in height, orless, a fee of One ($1.00) Dollar shall be charged. To erect an eleva-tor in a building t less than four (4) stories, nor more than eight(8) stories in heigh a fee of One Dollar and Fifty ($1.50) Centsshall be charged. To erect an elevator in a building nine (9) storieshigh, or over, a fee of wo ($2.00) Dollars shall be charged. For theenclosure, gate hatchway, 'nterlocks, etc., for each elevator a fee of One($1.00) Dollar shall be c ged.For each sign, bill-boar or poster-board up to and including FiveHundred ($500.00) Dollars in value, a fee of One ($1.00) Dollar shallbe charged, plus Fifty ($.50) nts for each additional Five Hundred($500.00) Dollars or fraction the of, in value.For each awning, roller curt .n or canopy over public propertya fee of One ($1.00) Dollar is char d.For circus or carnival tents a fee Two Dollars and Fifty ($2.50)Cents is charged for each tent.For moving buildings a fee of Five 5.00) Dollars is charged foreach building of five (5) rooms or less, a d Ten ($10.00) Dollars foreach building over five (5) rooms. Any ilding of more than OneThousand (1,000) square feet of first floor a shall take the higherclassification.The City of Miami, the County of Dade, th State of Florida, andthe United States of America, shall be exempt fro the paying of any fee for any building permit. Permit for any such rk shall be issuedby the Building Inspector, on the approved form, and marked "nocharge." However, nothing in this section shall e mpt the abovefrom procuring permit from the Building Department n the blanksprovided therefor.Application for building permits shall furnish an esti ate of thecubic contents of the building as a basis for determining the roper feeto be charged. The cubic contents shall be taken as the a of the .building in square feet multiplied by the height in feet, t 'g theheight from the grade level or cellar or basement floor to the a erageheight of the roof.The estimated cost of any building shall be determined by the c t jper cubic feet as given in the following table:8

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Group Type Cost per cu. ft. Group Type Cost per cu.A 1 35 I 401 35 F III 7B II 27 IV 10III 25 V 20I 25I 40 II 17II 30 G III 15C III 27 IV 10IV 10 V 20H III 401 50 HIV 30II 40 V 25 D III 37 I 60IV 20 II 50V 30 I III 30IV 25I 25 V 20II 17 I 2511 20E III 15 II 20IV 1 IV 5V 1V 5Where work for wh'h a permit is required by this Code is startedor proceeded with pri to obtaining said permit, the fees above speci-fied shall be double but the payment of such double fee shall notrelieve any persons rom fully complying with the requirements of thisCode in the exec tion of the work nor from any other penalties pre-scribed herein.The Buil ng Inspector shall keep a permanent, accurate accountof all fees lected and received under this Code and give the nameof the pe ns upon whose account the same were paid, the date andthe amo t thereof, together with the location of the building orSpremis to which they relate.Z ee Sections 4602 and 4604, in appendix for Line and GradePer it and Fees.)(See Chapter 46 in appendix for Street, Sidewalk, Curb and Gutter S ,ermits and Fee,.lSec. 204. INSPECTION AND REGISTERED INSPECTORS. TheBuilding Inspector shall inspect or cause to be inspected at variousintervals during erection, construction, enlarging, alteration, repairing,moving, demolition, conversion, occupancy and underpinning all build-ings and/or structures referred to in this Code and located in the Cityf_

PAGE 10

of Miami, Florida, and a final inspection shall be made of every build-ing and/or structure hereafter erected prior to the issuance of the Certificate of Occupancy as specified in Sec. 206.No building construction, alteration, repair or demolition requiringa building permit shall be commenced until the permit holder or hisagent shall have posted the building permit card in a conspicuous placeon the front of the premises and in such position as to permit the* Building Inspector to conveniently make the required entries thereonrespecting inspection of the work. This permit card shall be main-tained in such position by the permit holder until the Certificate ofOccupancy has been issued by the Building Inspector.The Building Inspector upon notification from the permit holderor his agent shall make the following inspections of buildings andshall either approve that portion of the construction as completed orshall notify the permit holder or his agent wherein the same fails tocomply with the law.FOUNDATION INSPECTION: To be made after the trenches are excavated and the necessary forms erected and when all materialsfor the foundations are delivered on the job.FRAME INSPECTION: To be made after the roof, all framingfireblocking and bracing is in place and all pipes, chimney and ventsare complete.STUCCO INSPECTION: To be made after all lathing and back-ing is in place and all plastering and stucco materials are delivered onthe job, but before any stucco is applied.FINAL INSPECTION: To be made after building is completedand is ready for occupancy.No work shall be done on any part of the building and/or struc-ture beyond the point indicated in each successive inspection withoutfirst obtaining the written approval of the Building Inspector. Suchwritten approval shall be given only after an inspection shall have beenmade of each successive step in the construction as indicated by eachof the above for inspection. (See Appendix.).No reinforcing or structural framework of any part of any build-ing or structure shall be covered or concealed in any manner what-soever without first obtaining the approval of the Building Inspector.In all buildings where plaster is used for fire protection purposesthe permit holder or his agent shall notify the Building Inspector afterall lathing and backing is in place and all plastering materials are delivered on the job and no plaster shall be applied until the approvalof the Building Inspector has been received.SPECIAL ENGINEERING SUPERVISION. Any person engagedin the erection or causing the erection of a building and/or structureof Type I buildings, shall employ a "Registered Inspector" properlyqualified as specified in this section or shall cause his employment by theArchitect, Structural Engineer or Designer of such structure; provided,10

PAGE 11

that the Building Inspector may authorize the proposed constructionwithout requiring a "Registered Inspector" when in his estimation suchspecial supervision is not necessary. The Building Inspector may desig-nate any building and/or structure as requiring a "Registered Inspec-tor" when deemed necessary or where there is a complicated design orwhere new material or methods of construction are intended to be used.The "Registered Inspector" shall be approved by, registered with,deputized by and assigned to a particular building or structure by theBuilding Inspector. Such "Registered Inspector" shall be thoroughlyqualified by knowledge and experience in the design and constructionof the structure to which he is assigned by the Building Inspector andhe shall be thoroughly familiar with the requirements of this Codeapplying to that building or structure and of their practical application.The Building Inspector may authorize one such "Registered Inspector"to supervise the construction of a limited number of buildings and/orstructures provided that his service extend over all the important details of framing, erection and assembly and that he is able to render fullengineering inspection service on each building and/or structure underhis supervision and control.Before commencing his duties the "Registered Inspector" shall obtaina Certificate of Registration from the Building Inspector for which heshall pay the sum of one dollar ($1.00), and he shall deposit with theBuilding Inspector a surety bond in the sum of five thousand dollars($5,000.00) conditioned upon the faithful and efficient performance ofhis duties, said bond to be made payable to the City of Miami, Florida, and to be furnished for the term of one year. The "Registered Inspec-tor" shall remain constantly upon the work during the process of con-struction and his duties shall terminate only when a Certificate ofCompliance is issued by the Building Inspector in approval and acceptance of the work on which he may be engaged as 'specified in Sec-tion 205.Each such "Registered Inspector" shall carefully inspect all mate-rials entering into the construction of the structure and be responsiblefor obtaining full information regarding the strength of materials andwhere new untried materials are intended for any use involving struc-tural safety. He shall report in writing, upon the special form furnishedby the Building Department, the true details regarding the progress ofthe work, the conditions of same, deviation, defects, delays, generalcharacter of materials, working situations, weather conditions and alland any influencing factors that affect in any manner the structuralsafety and strength of the building. He shall be held directly respon-sible for the enforcement of this Code wherever same is applicable tothe structure upon which he is engaged. He shall notify the BuildingInspector of any attempt to cover, conceal, patch or repair any defectin materials or workmanship before such materials have been examinedby the Building Inspector or his duly authorized representative. Heshall be held directly responsible for the infraction of any ruling of11

PAGE 12

the Building Inspector and shall have the authority to compel theremoval of defective materials or to suspend or stop work pending therulings of the Building Inspector. He shall not be engaged in anyother labor on the project upon which he is employed.Sec. 205. CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE. The duties of the"Registered Inspector" shall terminate only when a Certificate of Com-pliance has been issued by the Building Inspector. Such Certificate ofCompliance shall bear a statement signed by the "Registered Inspector"stating that the work upon the building or structure to which he hadbeen assigned has been completed in a satisfactory manner and thatthe regulations of this Code affecting the structural features of suchbuilding or structure have been fully complied with. If there havebeen any infractions of this Ordinance they shall be noted in thisstatement. The Building Inspector shall approve such Certificate ofCompliance filed by the "Registered Inspector" if after the inspection, the structural features of such building or structure are found to bein accordance with the provisions of this Code. Each Certificate ofCompliance shall bear the legal description of the property upon whichsuch building or structure is located and an identifying description ofthe building. A duplicate of each Certificate of Compliance shall bekept on file permanently in the office of the Building Inspector.Sec. 206. CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY. No building shall be occupied in any part thereof unless or until a Certificate of Oc.-pancy has been issued by the Building Inspector. The Building Inspec-tor shall, after an application therefor has been filed by the owner orhis agent, issue a Certificate of Occupancy for such building, if after inspection it is found that such building complied with the provisions of this Code and all other requirements of law or ordinance applicable thereto. Such Certificate of Occupancy shall show the use to whichthe structure may be put and the maximum allowable floor loads foreach floor thereof. A temporary Certificate of Occupancy may beissued by the Building Inspector for the temporary use of a portionof a building prior to the completion and occupancy of the entirebuilding.Sec. 207. CHANGE OF OCCUPANCY. The use or occupancy ofany building shall not be changed until a Certificate of Occupancypermitting the new use or occupancy is issued by the Building Inspec-tor when the new occupancy is such as to require alterations or repairsof the building, as specified in this Code. No such Certificate ofOccupancy shall be issued unless the building shall comply with the requirements of this Code as specified in Section 104.12

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CHAPTER 3ENFORCEMENTSec. 301. POWERS AND DUTIES OF BUILDING INSPECTOR.The Building Inspector is hereby authorized and directed to enforce allof the provisions of this Code and for such purpose he shall have thepower of a Police Officer; provided, however, that where inspection,approval or tests are specifically mentioned to be made by other Departments or Inspectors of the City of Miami, that such Department Chief or duly authorized Inspector shall have the power to enforce suchspecific duty and for such purpose the duly authorized Inspector shallhave the power of a Police Officer.The Building Inspector or his authorized representative and otherduly authorized Inspectors, as specified above, may enter any buildingor premises, for the purpose of inspection or to prevent violation ofthis Code, upon presentation of the proper credentials.Ord. # 3963 Whenever any building work is being done contrary to the provi-Page 326 sions of this Code, or is being done in an unsafe or dangerous manner the Building Inspector shall order the work stopped by notice in writ-ing served on any persons engaged in the doing or causing such workto be done, and any such person shall forthwith stop such work until authorized by the Building Inspector to recommence and proceed withthe work.Whenever any building or portion thereof is being used or occupiedcontrary to the provisions of this Code, the Building Inspector shallorder such use or occupancy to be discontinued and such person shallvacate such building or portion thereof within ten (10) days afterreceipt of such notice, or make the building or portion thereof complywith the requirement of this Code; provided, however, that in the eventof an emergency and for the removel or making safe of condemnedBuildings and/or Structures and for the abatement or removal ofnuisances, the following shall apply:Any building and/or structure or portion thereof, including build-ings and/or structures in process of erection, if found to be dangerousto persons or property, or unsafe for the purpose for which it is beingused, or if damaged by fire, windstorm or from other causes, or indanger from fire, windstorm or other hazards, due to defects in con-struction, or dangerous for the use, because of insufficient means ofegress in case of fire, or which violates the provisions of this Code, dueto removal, decay, deterioration or the falling off of anything, appliance, device or requirement originally required by this Code, or which hasbecome damaged by the elements or fire to an extent of fifty (50) percent of its value, may be condemned by the Building Inspector. TheBuilding Inspector may order portions of the structural frame of a build-ing or structure to be exposed for inspection when in his opinion theyare in an unsafe condition. In any of the aforesaid cases the BuildingInspector shall serve notice in writing on the owner or person in chargeof such building or premises, or tenant, setting forth what must be done 13

PAGE 14

to make such buildings safe, and the time specified for the completionof the work required to be done by the terms of such notice. Theperson receiving such notice shall commence within forty-eight (48)hours thereafter to make the changes, repairs or alterations set out insuch notice and diligently proceed with such work or demolish thebuilding. No such building shall be occupied or used for any purposeafter the Building Inspector serves notice of its unsafe or dangerouscondition until the instructions of the Building Inspector have beencomplied with.If, at the expiration of the time as set forth in the first notice, theinstructions, as stated have not been complied with, a second noticeshall be served personally upon the owner, his agent, or the person inpossession, charge or control of such building or structure or partthereof, stating therein such precautionary measures as may be neces-sary or advisable to place such building and/or structure or partthereof in a safe condition. Proper service of either such notices shallbe personal service upon the owner of record, if he shall be within theCity of Miami; if he is not in the City of Miami, such service may behad upon any person accustomed to collect rents, on the property inquestion who may be in the City of Miami, and in the absence of suchperson, upon.the tenant of the premises; in the event such premises arevacant, and the owner is not in the City of Miami, such services will be completed when the notice is sent by registered mail to the lastknown address of the said owner; whenever the owner, agent or tenantis a corporation, service may be upon the President, Vice-President, Secretary or Treasurer, or in the absence of any of these, the localrepresentative of such corporation.If, at the expiration of the time specified in such notice, the owner,agent or tenant has failed, neglected or refused to comply with said notice the Building Inspector shall cause to be made by two disinter-ested Master Builders an appraisal of the buildings and conditions. Should they fail to agree a third Master Builder shall be appointedand if the final decision agrees with that of the Building Inspector, theBuilding Inspector shall have the authority, and it shall be his dutyto forthwith make safe or tear down, or cause to be torn down suchbuildings, structures or parts thereof as the City may elect, and theexpense of removing such building or of making it safe, or abating, orremoving, such nuisance, shall be paid by the owner of such property.It shall be unlawful for any person, persons, firm or corporationto remove any notice of an unsafe or unsanitary condition posted bythe Building Inspector upon any building, structure or part thereof,or to move into or continue to occupy any such condemned building, structure or part thereof; and it shall be the duty of any person, persons, tenant or occupant of any building or structure or part thereofwhich has been so posted by the Building Inspector as being unsafeor unsanitary, to immediately vacate same in accordance with the timegiven in posted notice, unless extension of time is given in writing bythe Building Inspector.14

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When any building or other structure has been removed or hasbeen made safe by the City of Miami, or 'a nuisance has been abatedor removed by the City as provided in this Section, the expense thereby incurred shall be a charge against the owner or the lot or lots of landupon which said building or other structure was located, in case anuisance has been abated or removed by the City of Miami, as pro-vided in this Section, the expense thereby incurred shall be a chargeagainst the owner of the property which has been abated or removedas a nuisance, and shall be and become a lien thereon. The cost ofremoving any such building or other structure or the abatement or removal of any nuisance may be recovered by an appropriate action atlaw, or by enforcing the said lien in the same manner as improvementliens or assessments in favor of the City are enforced, or in any othermanner provided by law. (BOARD OF APPEALS-Page 299)TERMITE PROVISIONS. Whenever the Building Inspector hasknowledge of the existence of termite in any building or structure, heshall have the power, and it is his duty to notify, the tenant, the agent,or owner of such building or structure in writing to take the necessarymeasures for the extermination of termites from any such building orstructure within a reasonable length of time, not to exceed sixty (60)days. Any tenant, or agent, or owner failing to comply with such noticeshall be deemed guilty of violating the provisions of this ordinance andshall be subject to all the penalties provided herein. (See Section 2511.)Sec. 302. ALTERNATE MATERIALS AND TYPES OF CON-STRUCTION. The provisions of this Code are not intended to preventthe use of types of construction or materials offered as an alternate forthe types of construction or materials required by this Code, but suchalternate types of construction or materials to be given considerationshall be offered for approval as specified in this Chapter.Corresponding materials or types of construction referred to in the Code, the use of which is the same as is intended for the new materialor construction, and approved, shall be considered as standards ofquality and strength if no specifications are provided.Any person desiring to use types of construction or materials notspecifically mentioned in this Code shall file with the Building Inspec-tor authentic proof in support of claims that may be made regardingthe sufficiency of such types of construction and materials and requestapproval and permission for their use.The provisions of this Code relative to engineering design coveredin Chapters 23 to 27 inclusive shall not prevent a Structural Engineer,registered in the State of Florida, from using design methods recognizedas good practice by the engineering profession, provided such engineer secures the approval of the Building Inspector for his procedure andfurther provided that unit stresses used are within the unit stressesspecified in Chapters 23 to 27 inclusive.The Building Inspector may approve such alternate types of con-struction or materials and/or may recommend as amendment or methodsof design to this Code in order to make permissible the use of same.15

PAGE 16

If the evidence and proof are not sufficient, in the opinion of theBuilding Inspector to justify the approval or recommendation for anamendment, the applicant may. refer the entire matter to the Board ofExaminers and Appeals, as specified in Section 303.Sec. 303. APPEALS. Any person whose application for a build-ing permit for the use of an alternate material or type of constructionor method of design has been refused by the Building Inspector, or whomay consider that the provisions of this Code do not cover the pointraised or that any particular provision would cause a manifest injuryto be done may appeal to the Board of Examiners and Appeals byserving the written notice on the Building Inspector in which it shallbe stated that the applicant desiring to use the alternate materials ortypes of construction, shall guarantee payment of all expenses for necessary tests made or ordered by the Board of Examiners and Appeals.Such notice shall be at once transmitted to the Board, which Boardshall arrange for a hearing on the particular point raised.Such written notices shall be accompanied with the sum of Ten($10.00) Dollars, payable to the City of Miami, Florida. If the appealbe denied such fee shall be retained by the City of Miami, otherwisethe fee shall be returned to the applicant.Sec. 304. BOARD OF EXAMINERS AND APPEALS. In order to determine the suitability of alternate materials and construction andto provide for reasonable interpretations of the provisions of this Code,there shall be and is hereby created a Board of Examiners and Appeals,consisting of three (3) members, who are qualified by experience andtraining to pass on matters pertaining to building construction. One member shall be a licensed and practicing Architect, one a competentBuilder of Structures on land and one a licensed and practicing Struc-tural Engineer, each of whom shall have had at least ten (10) years'experience as an Architect, Builder or Structural Engineer. The Build-ing Inspector shall be an ex-officio member and shall act as Secretaryto the Board, but shall not vote upon any question before the Board.In the absence of the Building Inspector, he shall deputize one of hisassistant Building Inspectors to act in his stead. The Board of Exam-iners and Appeals shall be appointed by the City Manager and shallhold office for one year. The Board shall adopt reasonable rules andregulations for conducting its investigations, and shall render all deci-sions and findings in writing to the Building Inspector, with a duplicatecopy to the appellant and MAY RECOMMEND to the City Com-mission such new legislation as is consistent therewith. The Board of Examiners and Appeals may interpret the provisions of the Code to cover a special case, if it appears that the provisionsof the Code do not definitely cover the point raised or that a manifestinjustice might be done, provided that every such decision shall be byunanimous vote of the Board of Examiners and Appeals. D6cisions asto the use of alternate materials and/or types of construction shallbe by majority vote, and if not permitted by this Code, shall become16

PAGE 17

effective only when authorized by an amendment to this Code by theCity Commission. Sec. 305. VIOLATIONS AND PENALTIES. It shall be unlawfulfor any person, firm, partnership, corporation, association or otherorganization, or any combination of any thereof to erect, construct,enlarge, alter, repair, move, remove, demolish, convert, equip, use oroccupy or maintain any building and/or structure or any portion ofany building and/or structure in the City of Miami, Florida, contraryto or in violation of any provisions of this Code, or to cause, permitor suffer the same to be done.When not in conflict with the provisions of this Ordinance, nothing contained in this section shall prohibit the enforcement of OrdinanceNo. 873 of the City of Miami, Florida, and its subsequent amendments,"Being an ordinance regulating and governing dry cleaning and drydyeing plants, in the City of Miami, Florida, requiring permits beforeengaging in said business, prescribing certain general requirements andregulations, such as locations, construction of buildings, ventilation,lighting, heating, power pumps, pipe manifold for handling solvents,washers, drying tumblers, extractors and separators and separator tanks,purifiers, and operating requirements and qualifications of persons incharge of dry cleaning and dry dyeing plants; and providing forpenalty for violation of said ordinance." Nothing contained in this section shall prohibit the enforcementof Ordinance No. 750 of the City of Miami, Florida, and its subsequentamendments, "Being an ordinance governing and regulating the con-struction, installation, repairs and alterations of awnings, canopies andother canvas protection in the City of Miami, Florida; providing fora license, together with a deposit of One Thousand ($1,000.00) Dollarsunder certain conditions and bonds thereof, and providing for a penaltyfor the violation of said ordinance."Nothing contained in this section shall prohibit the enforcementof Ordinance No. 1156, of the City of Miami, Florida, and its subse-quent amendments, "Being an ordinance to regulate and restrict theerection, reconstruction, alteration, location and use of buildings, struc-tures, land and water, for trade industry, residence or other purposes;to regulate and restrict the size of buildings and other structures here-after erected or altered, the size and dimensions of yards, courts andother open spaces surrounding buildings; to regulate and restrict build-ing lines and the percentage of lot that may be occupied, and the density of population, and, for said purposes, to divide the City of Miami, Florida, as shown on the official zoning map into districtsof such number, shape and area as may be best suited tocarry out these regulations and for each such district to impose regu-lations and restrictions designating the kinds or classes of trades, indus-tries, residences or other purposes for which buildings or other struc-tures or premises may be permitted to be erected, altered or used; toprovide for preservation of subdivisions; restrictions of included sub-17i'

PAGE 18

divisions; to provide for the regulation of uses; repealing all lawsin conflict; and to prescribe penalties for the violation of the provi-sions of this ordinance." Nothing contained in this section shall prohibit the enforcement of Ordinance No. 952, of the City of Miami, Florida, and its subsequent amendments, "Being an ordinance defining, regulating and governingcontractors, of construction, including all branches, not included in other ordinances, within the City Limits of Miami, Florida; requiringexamination of all such contractors; prescribing the time when suchexaminations shall be conducted; specifying and fixing the fee forexamination; specifying and fixing the amount of the occupational license fees for such contractors; creating a Board of Examiners forcontractors; defining the duties and powers of the Board; and provid-ing penalties for the violation of this ordinance."Nothing contained in this section shall prohibit the enforcementof Ordinance No. 1305, of the City of Miami, Florida, and its subsequentamendments, "Being an ordinance regulating and governing electricalconstruction and the sale, installation and maintenance of electrical wiring and apparatus within the Limits of the City of Miami, Florida,specifying fees for permits, examinations, inspection and licenses,creating and designating a Board of Examiners for Master Electricians,journeymen, electricians and maintenance electricians, defining theduties and powers of this Board and the Chief of the electrical inspec-tors and his authorized assistants and providing penalties for the viola-tion of this ordinance." Nothing contained in this section shall prohibit the enforcementof Ordinance No. 795, of the City of Miami, Florida, and its subse-quent amendments, "Being an ordinance to protect the health and wel-fare of the people of the City of Miami, Florida, by establishing rulesand regulations for plumbing and sanitation, providing for the enforce-ment and administration thereof, and providing for the issuance ofplumbing permits and the collection of fees for same, and the regulat-ing of those persons engaged in or at the plumbing business, and torepeal sections No. 1 to No. 154 inclusive, of Ordinance No. 98 and sections No. 1 to No. 22 inclusive, of Ordinance No. 741."Nothing contained in this section shall prohibit the enforcementof Ordinance No. 1402, of the City of Miami, Florida, and its subse-quent amendments, "Being an ordinance regulating the construction,installation, operation, maintenance, repair, testing and inspection ofhouse piping, appliances and other equipment in connection with theuse of manufactured gas in the City of Miami; creating and investingcertain duties in a Board of Examiners of gas fitters; providing for theexamination, registration and regulation of gas fitters; providing forthe issuance of permits and the collection of fees; providing a penaltyfor the violation.of this ordinance; and repealing all laws and parts oflaws in conflict herewith; declaring this ordinance to be an emergency18

PAGE 19

ordinance; providing that if any section be declared unconstitutionalit shall not affect the remaihing sections; providing that this ordinance shall become effective in thirty days."The issuance or granting of a permit or approval of plans and/orspecifications shall not be deemed or construed to be a permit for, oran approval of any violation of any of the provisions of this Code. Nopermit presuming to give the authority to violate or cancel the provi-sions of this Code shall be valid, except insofar as the work or usewhich it authorizes is lawful.The issuance of a permit upon plans and specifications shall not prevent the Building Inspector from thereafter requiring the correctionof errors in said plans and specifications, or from preventing buildingoperations being carried on thereunder when in violation of this Codeor any other ordinances of the City of Miami, Florida.Every permit issued by the Building Inspector under the provisionsof this Code shall expire by limitation and become null and void, if thebuilding or work authorized by such permit is not commenced withinsix (6) months from the day of such permit, or if the building orwork authorized by such permit is suspended or abandoned at any timeafter the work is commenced for a period of six (6) months. Beforesuch work can be recommenced a new permit shall be first -obtainedso to do, and the fee therefor shall be one-half the amount requiredfor a new permit.PART IICHAPTER 4DEFINITIONSSec. 401. DEFINITIONS. For the purpose of this Code, certainterms, phrases and words and their derivatives shall be construed asset out in this section. Words used in the singular include the plural and the plural the singular. Words used in the masculine gender in-clude the feminine, and the feminine the masculine. Wherever a section,chapter or part is referred to in this Code by number it shall be un-derstood to refer to a section, chapter or part of this Code."ALLEY." Is any public space, public park or thoroughfare lessthan sixteen (16) feet but not less than ten (10) feet in width whichhas been deeded to the public for public use."ALTERATION." Alter or alteration means any change, addition or modification in construction or occupancy."APARTMENT HOUSE." Is any building, or portion thereof,which is designed, built, rented, leased, let or hired out to be occupied,or which is occupied as the home or residence of three or more familiesliving independently of each other and doing their own cooking in thesaid building, and shall include flats and apartments. "APARTMENT." Is a room or suite of rooms which is occupiedor which is intended or designed to be occupied by one family for liv-ing and sleeping purposes.I

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"APPROVED." As to materials and types of constructions, refers to approval by the Building Inspector as the result of investigation andtests conducted by him, or by reason of accepted principles or tests bynational authorities, technical or scientific organizations."AREA." (See "Floor Ared')."ATTIC." or "ATTIC STORY." Is any story situated wholly orpartly in the roof, so designated, arranged or built as to be used forI business, storage or habitation."BALCONY." Is that portion of the seating space of an assemblyroom which is raised four (4) feet or more above the level of the mainfloor."BASEMENT." Is that portion of a building between floor and ceiling, which is partly below and partly above grade (as defined in thisSection), but so located that the vertical distance from grade to thefloor below is less than the vertical distance from grade to ceiling. (See"Story.")"BAY WINDOW." Is a rectangular, curved or polygonal window,supported on a foundation extending beyond the main wall of the building."BUILDING." Is any structure built for the support, shelter andenclosure of persons, animals, chattels or movable property of any kind;and when separated by an "Absolute Fire Separation" each portion ofsuch building so separated shall be deemed a separate building."BUILDING INSPECTOR." The chief Building Inspector or anyregularly authorized deputy."CAST STONE." Shall be understood to mean a building stonemanufactured from cement concrete, pre-cast and used as trim, veneerand/or facing on or in buildings and other structures."CELLAR." Is that portion of a building between floor and ceilingwhich is wholly or partly below grade (as defined in this Section) andso located that the vertical distance from grade to the floor below is equal to or greater than the vertical distance from grade to ceiling.(See "Story.")"COURT." Is an open, unoccupied space, bounded on two or moresides by the walls of the building. An inner court is a court 'entirelywithin the exterior walls of a building. All other courts are outercourts."DEAD LOAD." In a building includes the weight of the walls,permanent partitions, framing, floors, roofs and all other permanent,stationary construction forming a part of the building."DWELLING." Is any building or any portion thereof, which isnot an "Apartment House" or a "Hotel" as defined in this Code, whichcontains one or more "Apartments" or "Guest Rooms," used, intendedor designed to be used, built, rented, leased, let or hired out to be oc-cupied or which are occupied for living purposes by not more than two'4 (2) separate families.20i

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"EXISTING BUILDING." Is a building already erected or onefor which a legal permit has been issued prior to the adoption of this Code."FACED WALL" Is a wall in which the masonry facing and back-ing are so bonded as to exert a common action under load."FAMILY." Is one person living alone, or a group of two or morepersons living together, whether related to each other by birth or not."FLOOR AREA." Is the area included within exterior walls orwithin exterior walls and fire walls of a building exclusive of vent shaftsand courts."FRONT OF LOT." Means the front boundary line of lot border-ing on the street, and in the case of a corner lot may be either frontage."FOOTING" or "FOUNDATION." Is the spreading course at thebase or bottom of a foundation wall, column or pier."GALLERY." Is that portion of the seating space of an assemblyroom having a seating capacity of more than ten (10) and located abovea balcony."GARAGE." Is a building or portion thereof in which a motorvehicle containing gasoline, distillate or other volatile, inflammable liquidin its tank, is stored, repaired or kept."GARAGE APARTMENT." Is a dwelling with living quarters onthe second floor above a "Private Garage.""GARAGE PRIVATE." Is a building or a portion of a buildingin which motor vehicles used by the tenants of the building or buildingson the premises are stored or kept. (See Section 1509.)"GRADE." When used in connection with lumber, means thedivisions of sawn lumber into quality classes with respect to its physi-cal and mechanical properties as defined in published lumber manu-facturers' standard grading rules. "GRADE." (1) For buildings adjoining one street only, the ele-vation of the sidewalk at the center of that wall adjoining the street.(2) For buildings adjoining more than one street, the average ofthe elevations of the sidewalk at centers of all walls adjoining streets.(3) For buildings having no walls adjoining the street, the aver-age level of the ground (finished surface) adjacent to the exterior wallsof the building. All walls approximately parallel to and not more thanfive (5) feet from a street line are to be considered as adjoining astreet."GUEST" means any person hiring and occupying a room for livingand sleeping purposes."GUEST ROOM" means a room in a building occupied, or in-tended and designed to be occupied, let or hired out to a "Guest"."HEIGHT OF BUILDING" is the vertical distance from the "Grade"to the highest point of the coping of a flat roof or to the deck lineof a mansard roof or to the average height of the highest gable of apitch or hip roof.21

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"HOTEL." Every building or other structure kept, used, main-tained, advertised as or held out to the public to be a place wheresleeping accommodations are supplied for pay to transients or perma-nent guests or tenants, in which ten or more rooms are furnished forthe accommodation of such guests, and having one or more diningrooms or cafes where meals or lunches are served to such transient orpermanent guests, such sleeping accommodations and dining rooms orcafes being conducted in the same buildings or buildings in connec-tion therewith."LINTEL" is the beam or girder placed over an opening in a wall,and which supports the wall construction above."LIVE LOADS" are all imposed, fixed or transient loads other than"Dead Loads"."MASONRY" is that form of construction composed of stone,brick, concrete, gypsum, hollow clay tile, concrete blocks or tile, orother similar building units, or materials or combination of these mate-rials, laid up unit by unit and set in mortar. For the purpose of thisCode plain monolithic concrete shall be considered as masonry. (SeeSection 2405.)"SOLID MASONRY" means masonry built without hollowspaces."MEZZANINE or MEZZANINE FLOOR" is an intermediate floorplaced in any story or room. When the total area of any such "Mezza-nine Floor" exceeds thirty-three and one-third (331-3) per cent of thetotal floor area in that room or story in which said "Mezzanine Floor"occurs, it shall be considered as constituting an additional "Story." Theclear height above or below a "Mezzanine Floor" construction shall benot less than seven (7) feet."OOCUPANCY" as used in this Code pertains to and is the pur-pose for which a building is used or intended to be used. Change ofoccupancy is not intended to include change of tenants or proprietors."ORIEL WINDOW" is a window that projects from the main lineof an enclosing wall of a building, and is carried on brackets orcorbels."PERSON" means a natural person, his heirs, executors, adminis-trators or assigns and also includes a firm, partnership or corporation,its or their successors or assigns, or the agent of any of the aforesaid."REPAIR" means the reconstruction or renewal of any part of anexisting building for the purpose of its maintenance. The word "Re-pair" or "Repairs" shall not apply to any change of construction."ROOMS." Every compartment in a hotel, apartment house, orrooming house, including parlors, dining rooms, sleeping porches,kitchens, offices, sample rooms, living rooms, sleeping rooms, but notincluding halls, bath rooms, toilet rooms, closets, pantries, or storerooms.SS

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And in an apartment having no designated dining room, any diningspace wherever located shall be elassed as a dining room."ROOMING HOUSE." Every house, boat, vehicle, or other struc-ture, or any place or location kept, used, maintained, advertised or heldout to the public to be a place where living quarters, sleeping or house-keeping accommodations are suppliedfor pay to transient or perma-nent guests or tenants, whether in one or adjoining buildings."SEATING CAPACITY." The seating capacity of a theatre, audi-torium, or any room or place of public assembly in which seats are notfixed shall be determined on a basis of seven (7) square feet of floor,balcony and/or gallery area per person, and in the case of fixed seatssuch as pews or benches the seating capacity shall be based on oneperson to each eighteen (18) inches of pew or bench length."EXCEPTIONS": (1) The capacity of dance floor or theplaying areas of gymnasiums when such areas or floors are not tobe used for general assembly purposes shall be determined on thebasis of fifteen (15) square feet of floor area per person.(2) The capacity of school class rooms, individual rooms inpublic libraries and museums, when two thousand (2,000) squarefeet or less in floor area, shall be determined on the basis of twenty(20) square feet of floor area per person."SHAFT" means a vertical opening through a building for elevators,dumb waiters, light, ventilation or similar purposes."SHALL," as used in this Code, is mandatory."STAGE" is a raised platform in an assembly room which is cutoff from the audience section by a proscenium wall and where the wingspace is over three (3) feet beyond the proscenium opening on one orboth sides and/or where there is more than three (3) feet of openspace above the proscenium opening."STORY" means that portion of a building included between theupper surface of any floor and the under surface of the floor next above,except that the topmost story shall be that portion of a building in-cluded between the upper surface of the topmost floor and the ceilingor roof above. If the finished floor level directly above a basementor cellar is more than six (6) feet above grade such basement or cellarshall be considered a story."STREET" is any thoroughfare or public park not less than sixteen(16) feet in width which has been dedicated or deeded to the publicfor public use."STRUCTURE" is that which is built or constructed, an edificeor building of any kind, or any piece of work artificially built up orcomposed of parts joined together in some definite manner."THEATRE" is a building or part thereof which contains anassembly hall, having a stage which may be equipped with curtainand/or permanent stage scenery or mechanical equipment adaptableto the showing of plays, operas, moving pictures, performances, spec-tacles and similar forms of entertainment.23

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"TOURIST CAMP." Three or more Cabin Rooming House unitslocated or set up within a distance of fifty (50) feet of each other and maintained by any person, firm or corporation, for use most gen-erally by transients. "VALUE" of a building shall be the estimated cost to replace thebuilding in kind. "VENEER" is the outer facing of brick, stone, concrete or tileattached to an enclosing wall for the purpose of providing ornamentation, protection or insulation but not counted as adding strength to thewall."WALLS.""BEARING WALL" is a wall which supports any loadother than its own weight."CURTAIN WALL" is a non-bearing wall between columnsor piers which is not supported by girders or beams."ENCLOSURE WALL" is an exterior, non-bearing wall in skeleton construction, anchored to columns, piers, or floors,but not necessarily built between columns or piers."FIRE DIVISION WALL" is a wall of masonry or re-inforced concrete which sub-divides a building to restrict thespread of fire, but is not necessarily continuous through allstories nor extended through the roof. (See Chapter 29.)"FIRE WALL" is a wall of masonry or reinforced con-crete which sub-divides a building to prevent the spread of fireby starting at the foundation and extending continuouslythrough all stories to and above the roof. (See Chapter 29.)"INTERIOR WALL" is a wall entirely surrounded bythe exterior walls of the building."NON-BEARING WALL" is a wall which supports no loadother than its own weight."PANEL WALL" is a non-bearing wall in skeleton con-struction built between columns or piers and wholly supported at each story."PARAPET WALL" is that part of any wall entirely abovethe roof line."PARTY WALL" is a wall used or adapted for jointservice between two buildings."RETAINING WALL" is any wall used to resist the lateraldisplacement of any material. "YARD" is an open, unoccupied space, other than a court, unob-structed from the ground to the sky, except where specifically providedby this Code, and the lot on which a building is situated.24

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PART IIIREQUIREMENTS BASED ON OCCUPANCYCHAPTER 5Classification of All Buildings By Use or Occupancyand General Requirements for All OccupanciesSec. 501. OCCUPANCY CLASSIFIED. Every building, whethereaisting or hereafter erected, shall, for the purpose of this Code beelassified by the Building Inspector according to its use or the charac-ter of its occupancy, as a building of Group A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H,I or J, as defined in Chapters 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15,respectively. (See Chart in Section 503.)Any occupancy not mentioned specifically or about which there isany question shall be classified by the Building Inspector and includedin the Group which its use most nearly resembles, based on the exist-ing or proposed life and fire hazard. The Types of Construction referred to in Chapters 6 to 15 inclu-sive are:Type I-Fire-Resistive Construction.Type II-Heavy Timber Construction.Type III-Ordinary Masonry Construction.Type IV-Metal Frame Construction.Type V-Wood Frame Construction,and are defined in Chapters 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22, respectively.Sec. 502. CHANGE IN USE. No change shall be made in thecharacter of occupancy or use of any building which would place thebuilding in a different Group of occupancy, unless such building is madeto comply with the requirements of this Code for that Group.EXCEPTIONS:The character of the occupancy of existing buildings may, sub-ject to the approval of the Building Inspector, be changed andoccupied for purposes in other Groups without conforming to allrequirements of the Code for those Groups, provided the new orproposed use is less hazardous, based on life, windstorm or fire risk,than the existing use.No change in the character of occupancy of a building shallbe made without a Certificate of Occupancy, as required in Section207 of this Code.Buildings in existence at the time of the passage of this Codemay have their existing use or occupancy continued, if such use oroccupancy was legal at the time of the passage of this Code, provided such continued use is not dangerous to life.Sec. 503. MIXED OCCUPANCY. (a) When the occupancy ofa building is such that different portions of the building are placed indifferent occupancy Groups, a "Fire Separation" as specified in thisSection shall be provided so that each Group is entirely segregated.25

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Such "Fire Separation" shall provide either a complete vertical or hori-zontal separation, or a combination of both. Each portion of a buildingso segregated shall be considered, for the purpose of this Code, to bea separate building and as such shall conform to the specific require-ments applying to that use or occupancy; provided, however, that"Fire Separations" shall not affect or alter the requirement for firewalls when and where required because of area as specified in Part 3,except when such "Fire Separation" provides the necessary completevertical separation as specified in Section 2932.(b) "Fire Separations" may be vertical and/or horizontal, de-pending upon the locations of the portions of the building to be segre-gated and shall consist of a system of walls, partitions and/or floorsof materials and construction so arranged as to provide, during the period specified, a complete, secure and continuous fire-break betweenthe buildings or portions thereof as required. "Fire Separations" are, forthe purpose of this Code, classified as "Absolute," "Special" and "Ordi-nary" and shall be not less than as specified in the following para-graphs.(1) An "Absolute Fire Separation" shall provide an effectiveresistance to the passage of fire for not less than four hours asspecified in Chapters 42 and 43. No openings shall be allowedthrough an "Absolute Fire Separation."(2) A "Special Fire Separation" shall provide an effective re-sistance to the passage of fire for not less than three hours as speci-fied in Chapters 42 and 43, except that all openings in walls form-ing such separation shall be protected on each side thereof by self-closing, one-hour fire-resistive doors as specified in Section 4304 (a).Such doors shall be kept normally closed. The total width of allopenings in any vertical "Special Fire Separation" shall not exceedin any one story twenty-five (25) per cent of the length of the wallin that story and no single opening shall have an area greater thanone hundred twenty (120) square feet. Enclosure walls of vertical or horizontal enclosures passing through a "Special Fire Separation" shall be of not less than twohour fire-resistive construction as specified in Section 4302.(3) An "Ordinary Fire Separation" shall provide an effectiveresistance to the passage of fire for not less than one hour as speci.fled in Chapters 42 and 43. Openings in "Ordinary Fire Separa-tions" shall be protected by self-closing metal-clad doors, as pro-vided in Section 4304 and such doors shall be kept normally closed.(c) "Fire Separations" shall be provided between the variousGroups and Divisions of occupancies as specified in the tabulationwhich follows, except that in no case need the separation be more fire-resistive than the exterior walls of the building in which the separationoccurs; provided, however, that where any fire separation is requiredthe minimum shall be a one-hour "Fire Separation."26

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Sec. 504. LOCATION ON PROPERTY. The location of allbuildings and the protection of certain openings shall conform to therequirements of the Occupancy Group in which such building is classi-fied in this Code according to the use or character of the occupancy;provided, that exterior walls which form an angle of seventy-five (75)degrees or more with the adjacent property line may have openingstherein which are protected by not less than one-hour fire-resistive con-strction as specified in Section 4304.The specific requirements given in Sections 603, 703, 803, 903,1003, 1103, 1203, 1303, 1403 and 1503, regulating the construction ofexterior walls and the protection of openings therein with respect toadjacent property lines, shall apply to buildings erected on the sameproperty, but with reference to an imaginary property line located be-tween such buildings and parallel to the face of either buildings.Sec. 505. METER ROOM. All buildings of mutiple occupancyconnected by electrical service from the public service line or generat-ing plant shall have an independent central room of not less than threefeet by five feet (3'x5') and seven-foot (7') ceiling height with a venti-lating door accessible to all occupancies of the building; for the hous-ing of the main switch, disconnecting equipment and its controlled devices and meters for serving the occupants. The construction of thisroom shall conform to the same types of material and construction asthe main building.T3

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"FIRE SEPARATISO" IESUIED FIR MIXED ICCUPAICYOCUPANY GROUPS AND DIVISIONS OF OCCUPANCOCU) A IB LICIDI EI F 0 I I II JDIVISION* 1 2 311 321111 211 2 311 2 3[1 2 3111 11 11 238 A 1-Malor theatres (stage depth back of I I I I I I IA 1pro~emum all tmore than 5 feet) .. BIN MINIS SA A AIS A AIASS SIS IA NM12-Moving Picture theatres (seating 1000 I IS I A AI I I or more).................. ......I I B IMIS SA AAIS A AIA S IS SI IA S3--Places of public assemblage (other than I I I I I I Itheatres or moving picture theatres) I I I Ihaving a seating capacity of 3.5001 I Ior more n any one room........ M Nl SA AISAAIA S I ASB 1-Theatres and moving picture theatres I I II I I I i (stage depth hack of proocenlum wall I I I I I I I2-Same s Group A. Division 3. but harI Iin any one room ................. MIS SIA AA SAAIASBIN HI IA M8 C 1-Same as Group A. Division 3, but haI I I I I I I i g a seating capacity in any one I Iroom of less than 500........... I I NIIIIA SAIIIIIIII II I IA I9 ID 1-Jails, prisons, rt{ormatories, asylums. I I I I I2-Hospitals, sanitariums, orphanages, nurs-eries and similar buildings (accomI 01modating more than 6 patients) .... I IA S A] S S|A i0 00 010 1S N M10 Ei 1-Public garages, paint or petroleum prodI I I I Iucts storage, dry cleaning ....... SSAISSSSSOS SISI IS OS2--Planing mills, box factories, woodI A A Iworking and mattress factories .... S M IA AI I S3-Storage of hay and highly Inflammable I I i i or explosive materials. ........... 1 S SS S IA A|S IS SS111 F| 1-Wholesale and retail stores, offie buildIings, restaurants, undertaking parlors. printing plants, municipal police and I I I I II fire stations ................... I I IN I B M OSIN I N O( 2-Factories and workshops using materials I I I I I a 3-tora and sales rooms for combustible N MI O O I S goods ...................... I II I I Nl M S IS D I l O12 I I 1-Ice plants, power plants, pumping plants. I I I B MI I cold storage, creameries.2-Factories and workshops using ncomI I Ibustible or non-explosive materials..I I I3-Storage and alesm rooms of ineombustiI Ible or non-explosive goods.........3 H 1-Hotel.s, apartment houses, dormitories. I I I I I I I I IS rooming houses and restaurants..... I I I I I2-Convents, monasteries, old people's I I I I I I I I Ihomes (accommodating 10 or more).I I II I I I I B MS4 I 1-Dwellings, garage apartments, etc.... I I I I I I IN lot SJ 1-Private garages....................-N -2-Accessory building and structures suchas sheds, fences over 6 feet high, I Iwater tanks, towers ..............3-Stadiums, reviewing stands, amusementpark structures...................--Legend: A-Absolute Separation. S-Special Separation. --Ordinary Separation...N-No Separation lequired.Note: *Refer to Chapters 6 to 15, inclusive, for complete listing of occupancies and definitions.tProvided that any two garages, two paint or petroleum products storage spaces, two drycleaning plants, may occur In the same building without any separation being required. IProvided that an "Ordinary Separation" shall be permitted between public garage anddwellings.;Provided that in Type I buildings no separation-shall be required.IProvided that three-fourths 1%) of an inch metal lath and plaster on the garage sideand a self-closing, tight-fitting one and three-eighths (1-3/8) inch solid slab wooddoor shall be permitted where the private garage space will accommodate not morethan four (4) automobiles.28

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CHAPTER 6REQUIREMENTS FOR GROUP A BUILDINGSSec. 601. GROUP A OCCUPANCIES DEFINED. Each Group Aoccupancy shall be considered as a separate building and the Groupshall include:Division 1: All theatres, motion picture theatres, auditoriums,schools, churches, lodges, clubs, museums, dance halls, armories, libra-ries, gymnasiums, passenger stations, administration buildings of city, county or state and similar buildings having a permanent stage andseating capacity of one thousand (1,000) or more.Division 2: The same as Division 1 except, not having a permanent stage and having a seating capacity of thirty-five hundred (3,500)or more.Sec. 602. CONSTRUCTION, HEIGHT AND AREA ALLOW-ABLE. (a) General. Buildings or parts of buildings classed in GroupA because of use or occupancy shall be of Type 1 Construction andshall not be limited as to location in Fire Zone, seating capacity, heightor floor area.(b) Special Construction. Stages and platforms as defined in Sec-tion 401 shall be of Type 1 construction, except as specified in Section3904.The slope of the main floor of the auditorium shall not exceed one(1) in five (5). Ramps steeper than one (1) in eight (8) shall havenet-slip floor surfaces.Sec. 603. LOCATION ON PROPERTY. All Group A buildingsshall front directly upon at least one public street not less than twenty(20) feet in width in which front shall be located the main entranceand exit of such building. The main floor of every Group A occupancyshall be located at or near the ground floor level.All exterior walls or parts of walls, except on street fronts, ofGroup A buildings which are less than five (5) feet from adjacent property lines shall have no openings therein. All openings in exteriorwalls, except on street fronts, which are less than ten (10) feet fromadjacent property lines shall be protected by doors or windows of one-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Section 4304. See Section504 for regulating adjacent buildings on the same property.Sec. 604. STAIRS AND EXITS. (a) Main Entrance andExits. I every Group A building there shall be no less than one (1) 29

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exit on each of three sides of the auditorium. Each of these exitsshall be not less than five feet (5'-0") in width and shall open directlyupon a street or into an open exit court which shall be directly con-nected to a street as specified in paragraph (b) of this Section.One such exit on a street front which shall serve as the mainentrance shall be proportioned on the basis of two (2) feet of widthfor each one hundred (100) persons or major fraction thereof to andincluding one thousand (1,000) persons, with an additional one (1)foot per hundred persons for each additional one hundred (100) per-sons or major fraction thereof to and including two thousand (2,000)persons and an additional six (6) inches for each additional one hun-dred (100) persons or major fraction thereof, all based upon the totalseating capacity of the building served by such entrance and/or exit.At the main entrance of each Group A building there shall be afoyer having an area of one (1) square foot to each seat in such building having access to such foyer. The required width of the foyer at any point shall be the combined width of the aisles, passageways andstairways at that point but need not exceed the required width of the entrance. The foyer shall be at the same level as the back of theauditorium and all changes in elevation between the foyer and the publicstreet adjacent thereto shall be by ramps with a slope of not more thanone (1) in ten (10).The foyer if not abutting directly upon a public street shall com-municate thereto by a straight and unobstructed corridor or passagewayequal in width to that required for the main entrance which shall beused only as an exit or entrance; provided, however, that not to exceedten (10) per cent of such required width may be used for the placingof a ticket booth. (b) Exit Courts. Along each side and long enough to accom-modate all side exits of the auditorium not fronting directly upon astreet (not including that side bounded by the stage) shall be an opencourt, or a passageway of Type I construction, not less than five (5)feet in width when the total seating capacity is one thousand (1,000)or less, and such width shall be increased by one (1) foot for eachadditional five hundred (500) persons or major fraction thereof. Theseare required widths and shall not be reduced in any way.The courts shall extend full width to a street or shall be connectedto the street by a passageway of the same required width, with a heightof not less than seven (7) feet and such passageway shall not exceeda length of fifty (50) feet. The court or passageway shall meet thestreet level and all changes in elevation shall be by ramps with a slopeof not more than one (1) in eight (8).All doors opening into such open courts or passageways of Type Iconstruction shall be arranged so as not to decrease the clear widthof the court when open.(c) Main Floor Auditorium Exits. There shall be provided at therear of the Auditorium leading into the foyer, exits which shall not be30

PAGE 31

less in width than the full width of the aisle or aisles leading thereto.Additional exits, located on each side of and not less than one-half thelength of the auditorium from the foyer, shall be provided on the main floor of each Group A building. These exits shall be proportioned onthe basis of not less than twenty-two (22) inches of combined width toeach one hundred fifty (150) seats or major fraction thereof on themain floor of the auditorium, and this exit width shall be equallydivided to each side of the auditorium. All such exits shall opendirectly upon a street or exit court or may be connected thereto bycorridors having a width not less than the exit opening into same.There shall be no openings in such corridors other than the exit open-ings, and the exit doors shall be hung so as not to decrease the requiredwidth. Egress from the main floor of the auditorium to the streetshall be by means of ramps having a slope of not more than one (1) ineight (8), except as specified in part (a) of this Section.Where fixed seats are not provided the exits shall be proportionedon the seating capacity as defined in Section 401 and shall be evenly distributed and so arranged that the distance between adjacent exitsshall not exceed one hundred (100) feet measured along the wall.(d) Balcony and Gallery Exits. For balconies or galleries hav-ing a seating capacity of over fifty (50), exits shall be provided fromeach side of each balcony or gallery, leading directly to a street orexit court. These exits shall have a combined width of not less than twenty-two (22) inches for every seventy-five (75) seats or major frac-tion thereof in such balcony or gallery and such exits shall be equallydivided to each side. No exit shall be less than three feet and sixinches (3'-6') in width and shall be served by stairs or ramps com-pletely enclosed and constructed as specified in Chapter 33. Balconiesor galleries having a seating capacity of fifty (50) or less shall be pro-vided with not less than two means of egress, at least one of whichshall lead directly to a street or court. These exits shall be not lessthan three feet six inches (3'-6") in width. All such exits shall belocated as far apart as is practicable and all combined exits shall con-tinue the full combined width to the street. No stair exit shall be continued to or communicate with a basement.Exits leading to the foyer shall have a combined width of not lessthan twenty-two (22) inches for each one hundred fifty (150) seatsor major fraction thereof in such balcony or gallery. No such exit shallbe less than three feet six inches (3'-6") in width.Where fixed seats are not provided the exits shall be proportionedon the seating capacity as defined in Section 401.Hand rails shall be provided for stairs as specified in Section 3305.Stairs emptying into exit courts shall meet the court floor at notless than the stair width from the near side of any main floor exitopening into such exit court.(e) Stage Exits. For sie and location of stage exits see Sec-tion 3910.at

PAGE 32

(f) Aisles. Aisles on the main floor shall be located so that there are not more than six (6) seats between any seat and an aisle. Everyaisle shall be not less than three (3) feet wide if having seats on onlyonb side and not less than three feet six inches (3'-6") wide if havingseats on both sides. Such minimum width shall be measured at theend farthest from the foyer and shall be increased by one and one-half (1/) inches for each five (5) feet in length toward the foyer.* There shall be no steps or obstructions of any kind in any aisles, andaisles may have a slope of not more than one (1) in five (5). Rampssteeper than one (1) in eight (8) shall have non-slip floor surfaces.Aisles in balconies or galleries shall be located so that there arenot more than six (6) seats between any seat and an aisle. Aisles inbalconies and galleries shall have the same minimum width as foraisles on the first floor and shall have the same ratio of increase inwidth with the exception that the increase shall be in the direction ofexit travel. There shall be provided in all balconies or galleries havingmore than twenty (20) rows of seats across aisle not less than four (4)feet wide from the back of one chair to the edge of the seat whendown in the next row. Such cross aisle shall lead directly to an en-trance or to an emergency exit.Risers shall be not more than seven and one-half (71A) inches andshall be the full width of the aisle and no tread shall be less than ten(10) inches. When the slope of the aisle is not more than one (1) infive (5) it shall be ramped. All aisles shall lead directly to exits.The floor between rows of seats shall be on the same level as theaisles where they intersect.(g) Seats. Seats shall be spaced not less than thirty-three (33)inches back to back.All seats in buildings of Divisions 1 of Group A on the main floorand in balconies and galleries shall be fastened securely to the floorand shall be not less than eighteen (18) inches in minimum width.(h) Boxes. Boxes may be served by stairs not less than three(3) feet in width with a rise and a tread as required for main stairexits. Boxes accommodating more than twenty-five (25) persons shallbe considered as balconies. Seats in boxes need not be fastened to thefloor.(i) Doors and Gates. All exit and entrance doors or gates shallswing in the direction of exit travel and if provided with latches suchlatches shall be of self-releasing type, such as panic bolts or similardevices, which will permit the door to open when pressed against. Alldoors shall be installed so as not to decrease the required width ofany opening, passageway or corridor in any manner whatsoever. Nosingle door shall be more than three feet and six inches (3'-6") inwidth and every exit door on the exterior of such building shall be ofnot less than one-hour fire resistance as specified in Section 4304 exceptat the main entrance and exit. Doors opening from within the build-82

PAGE 33

ing into a stair or ramp enclosure may be metal-clad doors as specifiedin Section 4304.(j) Exit Lights. All exits shall be marked with illuminated signsbearing the word "EXIT" in letters at least five (5) inches high. Eachsign shall be provided witn two (2) separate electric light globes eachon separate circuits, one circuit being separate from any other circuitin the building. All exit signs shall be illuminated during any timethe building is occupied.(k) Smokeproof Tower. Where there is more than one balconyor gallery, all balconies or galleries above the first shall be served bynot less than one smokeproof tower located on each side of such bal-cony or gallery and constructed as specified in Chapter 33.(1) General. No persons or obstructions of any kind, either per-manent or movable shall be placed in any aisle, exit, foyer, passageway,foyer or corridor, and all dimensions given shall refer to the clear width.This shall be construed as prohibiting radiators, chairs, stools, stands,slot machines, easels and similar objects from being placed in any exit,foyer, aisle, passageway or corridor. No furniture or fixtures of anykind shall be placed in the foyer in such a manner as to diminish itsrequired width.No bars shall be placed upon any window or any other opening inany Group A building except on the windows of a private office. All doors shall have a clear height of not less than six feet andeight inches (6'-8").Sec. 605. LIGHT, VENTILATION AND SANITATION. All por-tions of Group A buildings customarily used by human beings, and alldressing rooms, shall be provided with light and ventilation by meansof windows and/or skylights with an area not less than one-eighth(a) of the total floor area, or shall be provided with artificial lightand a mechanically operated ventilating system. The mechanicallyoperated ventilating system shall supply at least thirty (30) cubic feetof pure air per minute for each occupant thereof in all portions of thebuilding, and such system shall be kept continuously in operation dur-ing such time as the building is occupied. If the velocity of the airat the register exceeds ten (10) feet per second the register must beplaced more than eight (8) feet above the floor directly beneath.Lights in all parts of the building customarily used by humanbeings shall be on a separate circuit from that of the stage and shallbe controlled from the box office. Lights in corridors, exit courts andexit passageways shall be protected by a wire cage.All registers or vents supplying air back stage shall be equippedwith automatic closing devices with fusible links.TOILETS AND FLOORS. All buildings occupied and/or wheremore than four (4) persons are employed shall be provided with atleast one toilet. All buildings and such subdivision thereof oceupied33

PAGE 34

and/or where both sexes are employed shall be provided with accessto at least two toilets, either located in such building or convenientlylocated in a building adjacent thereto. The above minimum require-ments for uses by persons of the Caucasian race, and where personsother than this race are employed, separate toilets shall be provided."For Floor Construction See Chapter 31."Sec. 606. ENCLOSURE OF VERTICAL OPENINGS. Main stairramp exits from the first or lower balcony or gallery need not be en-closed but all other stair exits shall be enclosed as specified in Chapter 30. There shall be no openings into stair or ramp enclosures except necessary entrance and exit doors. All emergency. stair or ramp en-closures shall lead directly to a public street or alley or exit court.All elevator shafts, vent shafts and other vertical openings shall beenclosed as specified under Types of Construction. Openings through stage floors shall be equipped with tight fittingtrap doors of wood not less than two (2) inches thick.Sec. 607. FIRE EXTINGUISHING APPARATUS. Group A build-ings shall be equipped with automatic sprinklers as provided in Chap-ter 38.Standpipes shall be provided as specified in Chapter 38.Stages shall be equipped with automatic ventilators as provided inSection 3901.Sec. 608. SPECIAL HAZARDS. Chimneys and heating apparatus shall conform to the requirements of Chapter 37.Motion picture machine booths shall conform to the requirementsof Chapter 40.No inflammable liquids shall be placed, stored or used in GroupA buildings.Any gas service to the stage portion of the building shall be sepa-rated from any other service to the building and each gas service shall be provided with a shut-off valve at a convenient and conspicuous placeoutside the building and adequately marked.Every boiler room or room containing a heating plant which burns liquid or solid fuel shall be separated from the rest of the building witha "Special Fire Separation" as specified in Section 503.Every boiler room or room containing a heating plant which burnsgas as fuel shall be separated from the rest of the building with notless than an "Ordinary Fire Separation" as specified in Section 503.Sec. 609. EXCEPTIONS AND DEVIATIONS. Gymnasiums andsimilar buildings may have running tracks constructed of wood orunprotected steel or iron.Note: Existing buildings not complying with the requirements ofthis chapter may be classed as Group A buildings and so used if therequirements of Sections 602, 604, 607, 608 and 609 are fully compliedwith and not less than a "Special Fire Separation" as specified in See-34

PAGE 35

tion 503 is provided as a separation between the Group A occupancyand all other adjacent occupancies.Sec. 610. MIXED OCCUPANCIES. Separation of Group A occu-pancies from all other occupancies shall be provided as specified in Section 503.Sec. 611. METER ROOM. All buildings of multiple occupancyconnected by electrical service from the public service line or generat-ing plant, shall have an independent central room of not less than threefeet by five feet (3'x5') and seven (7) foot ceiling height with aventilated door accessible to all occupancies of the building; for thehousing of the main switch, disconnectir.g equipments and its controlleddevices and meters for serving the occupants. The construction of thisroom shall conform to the same type of material and construction asthe main building.CHAPTER 7REQUIREMENTS FOR GROUP B BUILDINGSSec. 701. GROUP B OCCUPANCIES DEFINED. Each Group Boccupancy shall be considered as a separate building and the Group shall include:Division 1: All theatres, motion picture theatres, auditoriums,schools, churches, lodges, clubs, museums, dance halls, armories, libra-ries, gymnasiums, passenger stations, administration buildings of city,county or state and similar buildings having a permanent stage and aseating capacity of three hundred (300) or more but less than onethousand (1,000).Division 2: The same as Division 1, except, not having a perma-nent stage and having a seating capacity of seven hundred and fifty(750) or more but less than thirty-five hundred (3,500). Sec. 702. CONSTRUCTION, HEIGHT AND AREA ALLOW.ABLE. (a) General. Buildings or parts of buildings classed inGroup B because of use or the character of the occupancy shall con-form to the following specific requirements:Type of Height Maximum Total Floor AreaType of Height Seating CapaceFloor AreaConstruction Limit Seaty ing Capacny PermissiblePermissible (ft.) One RoomType I No limit 3500 No limit Type II 75 1000" No limitType III 55 750* 15,000*Seating capacity may be increased, except for Division I GroupB occupancies, not to exceed fifty (50) per cent when no balconies or35

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galleries are constructed as a part of such building and when the audi-torium floor is located at or near the ground floor level, in which caseall exits shall be at street level or shall meet street level by means oframps.NOTE: Allowable heights in this section shall not exceed theheight restrictions in Section 2307.(b) Special construction. Stages and platforms as defined inSection 401, shall be constructed as provided in Chapter 39.Platforms which are used in lieu of stages shall be included inthe floor area of the assembly room when determining the seatingcapacity, as defined in Section 401Sec. 703. LOCATION ON PROPERTY. All Group B buildings shall front directly upon at least one public street not less than twenty(20) feet in width, in which front shall be located the main entranceand exit of such building, or such building may be connected to thestreet by an entrance passageway as specified in Section 704. The main floor of each Group B occupancy shall be located at or near theground floor level, provided that occupancies in Division 2 of Group Bbuildings having a total seating capacity of not more than fifteen hun-dred (1500) may be located above the ground floor or in the firstbasement, and stairs may be used as a means of ingress and egress.All exterior walls or parts of walls, except on street fronts, of GroupB buildings which are less than five (5) feet from adjacent propertylines shall have no openings therein. All openings in exterior walls,except on street fronts, which are less than ten (10) feet from adjacentproperty lines shall be protected by doors or windows of one-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Section 4304. See Section 504 forregulating adjacent buildings on the same property. Sec. 704. STAIRS AND EXITS. Requirements for stairs andexits shall be the same as for Group A buildings, as specified in Section604, with the following exceptions:(1) A foyer shall not be required.(2) No balcony or gallery shall be allowed except in buildings ofType I construction.Sec. 705. LIGHT, VENTILATION AND SANITATION. All por-tions of Group B buildings customarily used by human beings, and alldressing rooms, shall be provided with light and ventilation, eithernatural or artificial, as specified in Section 605.TOILETS AND FLOORS. "All buildings occupied and/or wheremore than four (4) persons are employed shall be provided with at36

PAGE 37

least one toilet. All buildings and each subdivision thereof occupiedand/or where both sexes are employed shall be provided with accessto at least two toilets, either located in such building or convenientlylocated in a building adjacent thereto. The above minimum require-ments for uses by persons of the Caucasian race, and where personsother than this race are employed, separate toilets shall be provided.""For Floor Construction see Chapter 31."Sec. 706. ENCLOSURE OF VERTICAL OPENINGS. All verti-cal openings such as elevator shafts, stairs, ramps and vent shafts shallbe enclosed as specified in Chapter 30, provided, however, that stair orramp exits serving only a Group B occupancy on the second floor ofa building need not be enclosed. There shall be no openings into stair or ramp enclosures except necessary entrance and exit doors.Sec. 707. FIRE EXTINGUISHING APPARATUS. Automaticsprinklers, standpipes and basement pipe inlets shall be installed as andwhen specified in Chapter 38.Sec. 708. SPECIAL HAZARDS. Chimneys and heating ap-paratus shall conform to the requirements of Chapter 37.Motion picture machine booths shall conform to the requirementsof Chapter 40.No inflammable liquids shall be placed, stored or used in a GroupB Building.Any gas service to a Group B building shall be provided with anoutside shut-off conspicuously marked.Exterior openings in a boiler room or room containing central heat.ing equipment, if located below openings in another story or if lessthan ten (10) feet from other doors or windows of the same build-ing, shall be provided with one-hour fire-resistive protection as speci-fied in Section 4304.Every boiler room or room containing a heating plant which burnsliquid or solid fuel shall be separated from the rest of the building with a "Special Fire Separation" as specified in Section 503.Every boiler room or room containing a heating plant which burnsgas as fuel shall be separated from the rest of the building with notless than an "Ordinary Fire Separation" as specified in Section 503.Sec. 709. EXCEPTIONS AND DEVIATIONS. Gymnasiums andsimilar buildings may have running tracks constructed of wood or un-protected steel or iron.All partitions and floors in Group B buildings and all bearingpartitions and floors below a Group B occupancy, when such occupancyis placed or is to be placed above the first floor of a building or struc-ture, shall be of not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction asspecified in Chapter 43.Type IV and V Construction shall not be permitted for use ofGroup B occupancies.Sec. 710. MIXED OCCUPANCIES. Separation of Group B occu-37

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pancies from any other occupancies shall be provided as specified inSection 503.Sec. 711. METER ROOM. All buildings of multiple occupancyconnected by electrical service from the public service line or generat-ing plant, shall have an independent central room of not less than threeby five feet (3'x5') and seven (7) foot ceiling height with a venti-lating door accessible to all occupancies of the building; for the hous-ing of the main switch, disconnecting equipment and its controlleddevices and meters for serving the occupants. The construction of thisroom shall conform to the same types of material and construction asthe main building.CHAPTER 8REQUIREMENTS FOR GROUP C BUILDINGSSec. 801. GROUP C OCCUPANCIES DEFINED. Each GroupC occupancy shall be considered as a separate building and the Groupshall include:Division 1: All theatres, motion picture theatres, auditoriums,schools, churches, lodges, clubs, museums, dance halls, armories, libra-ries, gymnasiums, passenger stations, administration buildings of city,county or state and similar buildings having a permanent stage andeach having a seating capacity of less than three hundred (300).Division 2: The same as Division 1, except, not having a perma-nent stage but having a seating capacity of fifty (50) or more butless than seven hundred and fifty (750).Division 3: The same as Division 1, except, not having permanentstage but having a seating capacity of less than fifty (50).Sec. 802. CONSTRUCTION, HEIGHT AND AREA ALLOW-ABLE. (a) General. Buildings or parts of buildings classed inGroup C because of use or the character of the occupancy shall be ofTypes, 1, II, III, IV or V Construction and the maximum height andfloor areas shall not exceed those specified in the following table:38

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MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE FLOOR AREAS AS DETERMINED BYHEIGHT OF BUILDINGS, STREET FRONTAGE ANDTYPE OF CONSTRUCTIONMaximum Floor Areas (sq. ft.)Maximum Heightt for .IncreaseTypes of Corresponding Areas Building Fronting on forConstruc3 or Completetion Feet Stories 1 2 more Sprink-Street Streets Streets ling*Type I I NO RESTRICTONS II 75 ft. 7 stories 12,000 15,000 18,000Type II 55 ft. 5 stories 15,000 18,000 20,000 100%65 ft. 1 story 20,000 25,000 30,0001Sft. 5 stories 12,000 15,000 18,000 100%Type III 35 ft. 1 story 18,000 22,0001 26,000Type IV1 No restriction I 1 story I 15,0001 18,000 I 21,000 100%35 ft. 2 stories 6,000 7,000 8,000 100% Type Vt 30 ft. 1 story 8,500 9,500 10,500NOTE: Allowable heights in this section shall not exceed theheight restrictions in Sec. 2307.*NOTE: Increase shall not be permitted unless the area is en-tirely protected by in automatic sprinkler installation as specified inChap.er 38.(Notes iSee Sections 1602 and 1603 for restrictions in Fire Zones.)A side or a rear yard which is forty (40) feet or more in width tothe adjacent property line or to another building, and which is a clearaccess to a street, may be considered a street for the purpose of deter-mining the allowable area of a school building.In buildings having rooms with floor areas of over thirty thousand(30,000) square feet, tight draft stops shall be installed to prevent afree current of air under the roof. These draft stops in trussed roofsshall extend from the roof down to the bottom chord of the truss, andshall divide the under roof or attic area into sections not to exceedtwenty thousand (20,000) square feet in area.(b) Special Construction. All public and private school build-ings more than two stories in height shall be of Type I construction.Stages and platforms as defined in Section 401 shall be constructedas provided in Chapter 39.(c) Buildings of Type IV construction one or two stories inheight, having areas not exceeding 50% over those shown in the tablefor one-story buildings may be allowed for Group C occupancy pro-vided the following restrictions are adhered to in addition to those setup in Chapter 21.1. Exterior walls and court walls shall be not less than two-houe fire-restrictive construction.39

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2. The structural framework shall be protected with one-hour fire-proofing.All ducts, pipe sleeves and vents shall be fireproof between ceilingand floor or roof where they cut through the ceiling space.3. The floors shall be of incombustible material and shall be ofnot less than one-hour fire-resistive construction, or may be of a steeldeck type or other incombustible materials protected from below withthe equivalent of metal lath and three-fourths (%) inches of Gypsumor Portland cement plaster. Wood, linoleum or other approved wearingsurfaces may be used provided they are laid on the floors with no con-cealed air spaces, and provided further, where wood sleepers are usedfor laying approved wearing surfaces, the space between the floor andthe underside of the wearing surfaces shall be filled with incombustiblematerial in such a manner that there will be no open spaces under thewearing surfaces, which will exceed 100 sq. ft. in area and such space space shall be filled solidly under all partitions so that there is nocommunication under the wearing surface between the adjoining rooms.4. Mezzanine floors shall be as required for other floors in thebuilding.Division 1, occupancy shall not be located above the second floorexcept in buildings of Type I or II construction.(d) The allowable floor area for one-story Type V buildings maybe increased 50% provided one-hour fire-resistive construction is usedthroughout. The allowable floor area for two-story Type V buildingsmay be increased 50%, provided the construction up to and includingthe first floor is of Type I construction.Division 2, shall not be located above the first floor except inbuildings of not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction through-out.(e) No balcony shall be allowed in a Type V building. (f) Stairs and corridors in Group C occupancies shall be of notless than one-hour fire-resistive construction.Sec. 803. LOCATION ON PROPERTY. AU Group C buildings shall front directly upon at least one public street not less than twenty(20) feet in width, in which front shall be located the main entranceand exit of such building, or such building may be connected to suchstreet by an entrance passageway as specified in Section 804.All exterior walls or parts of walls, except on street fronts of GroupC buildings which are less than three (3) feet from adjacent propertylines shall be of masonry or reinforced concrete. Walls which arethree (3) feet or more, but less than ten (10) feet from adjacent property lines except street fronts, shall be of not less than two-hourfire-resistive construction. All openings in exterior walls, except onstreet fronts, which are less than ten (10) feet to adjacent property lines, shall be protected by doors or windows of one-hour fire-resistiveconstruction as specified in Section 4304. When openings are placed40

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closer than three (3) feet to property lines other than street fronts,the sum of the widths of such openings shall constitute not more thantwenty-five (25) per cent of the total length of the walls affected. "See Section 504 for regulating adjacent buildings on the same property."Sec. 804. STAIRS AND EXITS. Requirements for stairs and exitsshall be the same as for Group A buildings as specified in Section 604with the following exceptions:(1) A foyer shall not be required.(2) Seats shall not be required to be fixed.(3) Divisions 2 and 3 when located above the first floor may beserved by stairs in place of ramps. (4) No balcony or gallery shall be allowed unless the balconyor gallery and all exits therefrom are of incombustible construction. (5) In Division 3 all required exits may be located on one sideof the room, provided that in no case shall any part of a room bemore than thirty-five (35) feet from an exit.(6) Except as required in Section 803, the provisions requiringfire-protected doors given in Section 604 (i) shall not apply.(7) For classroom portion of school buildings and similar small as-sembly rooms the aggregate width of exit stairs in any story shall be onthe basis of whole units of twenty-two (22) inches each. The requirednumber of units shall be determined by dividing the greatest numberof people on any one floor above the stairs in question by one hundred(100) and no stairs shall be decreased in width toward the building exit. Each floor shall have not less than two exit stairs. For otherrequirements see Chapter 33.The clear width of hallways in school buildings shall be measuredin whole twenty-two (22) inch units and shall have a width of onemore than the number of units obtained by dividing the total numberof people in all rooms opening into such hallway by one hundred (100),provided that such hallway shall have a minimum clear width of fourfeet six inches (4' -6") and the required clear width shall not bediminished by any furniture, fixtures or locker or room doors whensuch doors are fully opened. There shall be no dead end in exit hall-ways more than ten (10) feet beyond the stairway or exit. Where anauditorium exits into a hallway that serves as an egress from otherrooms of a school, the hallway between the auditorium and the exitto the exterior need only provide for the occupants of either theauditorium or the classrooms, whichever requires the greater width.The minimum width of exit doors at either end of a hallway to a yard41

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or passage shall be eighteen (18) inches less than the required widthof the hallway. Single class rooms and other similar small assembly rooms shallhave not less than two (2) exit doors three (3) feet wide or one (1)door five (5) feet wide and there shall be not less than two (2) meansof exit available from each door.(8) Any room in a school basement used by students shall haveat least one (1) exit leading directly to the outside of the building and this exit shall be not less in width than one-half (1/i) the totalrequired width of all room exits for the basement.(9) Exit lights need not be installed over classroom exits.(10) All stairs and ramps serving as entrances or exits for anyGroup C occupancy shall not be less than the width required for thedoors serving such stairs and shall be designed and constructed asspecified in Chapter 33; provided, that when such Group C occupancyis located on the second floor of a two-story building or when leadingto and serving such occupancy only, such stairs or ramps need not beenclosed when stairs lead directly to the outer air or are connectedthereto by direct passages with unpierced walls and ceilings.All emergency stairs and ramps shall lead directly to a publicstreet or alley or to a court or space not less than five (5) feet inclear width connected directly to a street or alley.Sec. 805. LIGHT, VENTILATION AND SANITATION. All por-tions of Group C buildings customarily used by human beings shallbe provided with light and ventilation, either natural or artificial, asspecified in Section 605.TOILETS AND FLOORS. All buildings occupied and/or wheremore than four (4) persons are employed shall be provided with atleast one toilet. All buildings and each subdivision thereof occupiedand/or where both sexes are employed shall be provided with accessto at least two toilets, either located in such building or convenientlylocated in a building adjacent thereto. The above minimum requirements for uses by persons of the Caucasian race, and where personsother than this race are employed, separate toilets shall be provided."For Floor construction see Chapter 31."Sec. 806. ENCLOSURE OF VERTICAL OPENINGS. All verticalopenings such as elevator shafts, stair wells and vent shafts whichpermit the passage of fire or smoke through more than one floor shallbe enclosed as specified in Chapter 30.Sec. 807. FIRE EXTINGUISHING APPARATUS. Automaticsprinklers, standpipes and basement pipe inlets shall be installed asand when specified in Chapter 38.Sec. 808. SPECIAL HAZARDS. Chimneys and heating apparatusshall conform to the requirements of Chapter 37.Motion picture machine booths shall conform to the requirementsof Chapter 40.42

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Where the basement and first floor of a Type V building is requiredto be of Type I construction, the first floor shall be unpierced for humanaccess. No usable space or basement shall be allowed in a two-story Type V building unless such space or basement is surrounded by fourhour fire-resistive construction.Exterior openings in a boiler room or room containing centralheating equipment, if located below the openings in another story orif less than ten (10) feet from other doors or windows of the samebuilding, shall be provided with one-hour fire-resistive protection asspecified in Section 4304.Every boiler room or rooms containing a heating plant which burnsliquid or solid fuel shall be separated from the rest of the buildingwith a "Special Fire Separation" as specified in Section 503. Everyboiler room or room containing a heating plant which burns gas asfuel shall be separated from the rest of the building with not less than an "Ordinary Fire Separation" as specified in Section 503.No inflammable liquids shall be placed, stored or used in any GroupC buildings except in small quantities as necessary in laboratories, andsuch liquids shall be kept in tight or sealed containers when not inactual use.Sec. 809. EXCEPTIONS AND DEVIATIONS. Gymnasiums andsimilar buildings may have running tracks constructed of wood orunprotected steel or iron.All walls, partitions and floors of Group C buildings when morethan one story in height and all walls, bearing partitions and floorsbelow a Group C occupancy when such occupancy is placed or is to be placed above the first floor of a building or structure shall be of notless than one-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Chapter 43. Roof trusses, roof girders and beams twenty-five (25) feet or moreabove the nearest floor or balcony need not be fireproofed.Rooms in school buildings having a seating capacity of more than three hundred (300) shall not be located above the first story abovegrade except in buildings of Type I construction.No school class room used for kindergarten, first or second gradepupils shall be located above the first story above grade in any buildingof less than Type I construction. An arcade connecting buildings and used exclusively as a passageway need nbt be considered as an adjacent building for the provisionsof this Chapter, provided the walls of the building adjoining the arcadeare finished with the same construction as required for the exteriorwalls of the building and with no communicating openings between the arcade and the building, except a door, and provided the arcade is ofnot less than one-hour fire-resistive construction or entirely of incomBustible materials.Sec. 810. MIXED OCCUPANCIES. Separation of Group C oceupaacies from any other occupancies shall be provided as specified inSection 503.43

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Sec. 811. METER AND APPLIANCE ROOM. All buildings ofmultiple occupancy connected by electrical service from the publicservice line or generating plant shall have an independent central roomof not less than three feet by five feet (3'x5') and seven (7) footceiling height with a ventilated door accessible to all occupancies ofthe building; for the housing of the main switch, disconnecting equip-ment and its controlled devices and meters for serving the occupants.The construction of this room shall conform to the same types ofmaterials and construction as the main building.CHAPTER 9.REQUIREMENTS 'FOR GROUP D BUILDINGS.Sec. 901. GROUP D OCCUPANCIES DEFINED. Each Group Doccupancy shall be considered as a separate building and the Groapshall include:Division 1: Jails, prisons, reformatories, houses of correction, asylumsfor the insane or feeble-minded and similar buildings.Division 2: Hospitals, Sanitariums, orphanages, nurseries and similarbuildings (accommodating more than six).See. 902. CONSTRUCTION HEIGHT AND AREA ALLOWABLE. (a) Buildings or parts of buildings classified in Group D becauseof use or the character of the occupancy shall be of Type I, II, II,IV or V construction, and the maximum height and floor areas shallnot exceed those specified in the following table.MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE FLOOR AREAS AS DETERMINED BYHEIGHT OF BUILDING, STREET FRONTAGE ANDTYPE OF CONSTRUCTIONMaximum Height for Maximum Floor Areas (sq. ft.)Maximum Height forTypes of Corresponding Areas Building Fronting on IncreaseConstruc_ foronstru3 or CompleteFeet Stories 1 2 more Sprink-S t street s Streets lin*Type I NO RESTRICTIONS55 ft. 5 stories 15,00 18002000 100Type II 65 ft 1 story 120,000 25,000 1 30,000 00Type III I ft 3 stories 10000 12,500 115,0001 UType III 35 ft 1 story I15 00 20,0001 25,000 Iype IV 35 ft 1 story 15,000 120,000 25000 100%Type V 20 ft. 1 story I 5,000 000001 7,000 100%Allowable heights in this section shall not exceed the height restritions in Section 2307. "See notes on following page."44

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Note.-lncrease shall not be permitted unless the Area is entirelyprotected by an automatic sprinkler installation as specified in Chap-ter 38.(Note.-See Sections 1602 and 1603 for restriction in Fire Zones.)In buildings having rooms with floor areas of over thirty thousand(30,000) square feet, tight draft stops shall be installed to prevent afree current of air under the roof. These draft stops in trussed roofsshall extend from the roof down to the bottom chord of the truss andshall divide the under-roof or attic area into sections not to exceedtwenty thousand (20,000) square feet in area.(b) Special Construction. All Division 1 buildings of Group Dshall be of Type I construction throughout; and all Division 2 buildings more than one story in height shall have all floors and partitionsof not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Chap-ter 43.See. 903. LOCATION ON PROPERTY. All exterior walls orparts of walls, except on street fronts, of Group D buildings which areless than five (5) feet from adjacent property lines shall have no openings therein and shall be of masonry or reinforced concrete. Allopenings in exterior walls, except on street fronts, which are less thanten (10) feet from adjacent property lines shall be protected by doorsor windows of one-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Sec-tion 4304. See Section 504 for regulating adjacent buildings on thesame property. All Group D buildings shall be located so that at leastone exterior wall, either faces upon or is open to a public street, bymeans of an unobstructed passageway on the ground floor level, of notless than ten (10) feet in clear width and eight (8) feet in clearheightSec. 904. STAIRS AND EXITS. Not less than two exits shall beprovided from each floor in every Group D building regardless of theheight or area of the building, and additional exits shall be provided asspecified in Chapter 33.In hospitals or sanitariums, ramps with a slope of not more thanone (1) in six (6) shall be installed instead of stairways or in addi-tion thereto to serve all portions of the building where bed-riddenpatients are or may be placed. These ramps shall land at the first orground floor level at points giving the meet direct access practicableto the outer air.Except in places of detention, exit doors shall not be fastenedagainst exit by any device except self-releasing latches, panic bolts or45

PAGE 46

similar devices which can readily be opened from the inside at alltimes without the use of keys or any special knowledge or effort."Smokeproof towers shall be provided as specified in Chapter 33."See. 905. LIGHT, VENTILATION AND SANITATION. All por-tions of Group D buildings customarily used by human beings shall beprovided with light and ventilation by means of windows and/or sky-lights with an area equal to one-eighth (1) of the total floor area, orshall be provided with artificial light and mechanically operated ven-tilating system. The mechanically driven ventilating system shall sup-ply at least thirty (30) cubic feet of pure air per minute for each occu-pant thereof in all portions of the building and such system shall bekept continuously in operation during such time as the building isoccupied.TOILETS AND FLOORS. All buildings occupied and/or wheremore than four (4) persons are employed shall be provided with atleast one toilet. All buildings and each subdivision thereof occupiedand/or where both sexes are employed shall be provided with accessto at least two toilets, either located in such building or conveniently located in a building adjacent thereto. The above minimum require-ments for uses by persons of the Caucasian race, and where personsother than this race are employed, separate toilets shall be provided."For Floor Construction See Chapter 31."Sec. 906. ENCLOSURES OF VERTICAL OPENINGS. All ele-vator shafts, vent shafts and other vertical openings shall be enclosedas specified under Types of Construction.Sec. 907. FIRE EXTINGUISHING APPARATUS. Automaticsprinklers, standpipes and basement pipe inlets shall be installed as andwhen specified in Chapter 38.Sec. 908. SPECIAL HAZARDS. Chimneys and heating apparatusshall conform to the requirements of Chapter 37.Motion picture machine booths shall conform to the requirementsof Chapter 40.No storage of volatile inflammable liquids shall be allowed inGroup D buildings and the handling of such liquids shall not be per-mitted in any Group D buildings in quantities of more than one gallonunless such handling complies with the suggested ordinance Regulatingthe Use, Handling, Storage and Sale of Inflammable Liquids and theProducts Thereof, adopted by the National Fire Protection Association,May, 1926, and its subsequent amendments.Sec. 908. Any gas service to a Group D building shall be providedwith an outside shut-off conspicuously marked.Every boiler room or room containing a heating plant which burns liquid or solid fuel shall be separated from the rest of the buildingwith a "Special Fire Separation" as specified in Section 503. Everyboiler room or room containing a heating plant which burns gas as46

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fuel shall be separated from the rest of the building by not less than"Ordinary Fire Separation" as specified in Section 503. Sec. 909. EXCEPTIONS AND DEVIATIONS. No requirementsof this Chapter shall be so construed as to prohibit the construction ofcell blocks in jails or prevent the use of any locks or safety devicesin buildings where it is necessary to forcibly restrain the inmates.Sec. 910. MIXED OCCUPANCIES. Separation of Group D occu-pancies from any other occupancies shall be provided as specified inSection 503.Sec. 911. METER ROOM. All buildings of multiple occupancyconnected by electrical service from the public service line or generating plant, shall have an independent central room of not less than. threefeet by five (3'x5') and seven (7) foot ceiling height with a ven-tilated door accessible to all occupancies of the building; for the hous-ing of the main switch, disconnecting equipment and its controlleddevices and meters for serving the occupants. The construction of thisroom shall conform to the same types of material and construction asthe main building.CHAPTER 10REQUIREMENTS FOR GROUP E BUILDINGSSec. 1001. GROUP E OCCUPANCIES DEFINED. Each Group Eoccupancy shall be considered as a separate building and the Groupshall include all industrial or commercial buildings in which the natureof the occupancy creates a serious fire or life hazard, such as:Division 1: Public garages, paint or petroleum storage, dry clean-ing plants, gasoline service stations, paint shops, bus stations, and air-craft hangars.Division 2: Planing mills, box factories, woodworking and mat-tress factories.Division 3: Storage of hazardous and highly inflammable or ex-plosive materials and/or liquids.NOTE: Inflammable liquids shall be deemed to be those with a flesh point below 190 degrees Fahrenheit as determined by the closedcup tester.Sec. 1002. CONSTRUCTION, HEIGHT AND AREA ALLOW.ABLE.GENERAL. Buildings or parts of buildines classed in Group E.because of use or the character of the occupancy, shall be of Type 1, 11,Ill, IV, or V construction and the maximum height and floor areasshall not exceed those specified in the following table.47

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MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE FLOOR AREAS AS DETERMINED BYHEIGHT OF BUILDING, STREET FRONTAGE ANDTYPE OF CONSTRUCTIONMaximum Height for Maximum Floor Areas (sq. It.)Maximum Height forTypes of Corresponding Areas Building Fronting on IncreaseConstrucfortion 1 2 3 or CompleteFeet Stories tt Str2 ts more Sprink-Type I NO RESTRICTIONS75 ft. 7 Stories 8,000 10,000 12,0001Type II 55 ft. 5 Stories 10,000 1 12,000 1 15,000 100%65 ft. 1 Story [18,000 22,000 126,000 1Type III 55 ft 5 Stories 1 8,000 10,000 12,00040 ft. 1 Story 12,000 15,000 18,000 100%Type IVt 45 ft. j 1 Story 110,000 112,000 15,000 100%Type Vt 30 ft. 1 Story I 8,0001 9,0001 10,0001 100%Allowable heights in this section shall not exceed the height restric-tions in Section 2307.(Notes: tSee Sections 1602 and 1603 for restrictions in Fire Zones.)NOTE: AIRCRAFT HANGARS. *Increase shall not be permittedunless the area is entirely protected by an automatic sprinkler installa-tion as specified in Chapter 38.All aircraft hangars to be allowed gross maximum area of thirtythousand (30,000) square feet for Type No. I construction and fifteenthousand (15,000) feet for Type No. II construction; this area shallbe increased 100% if equipped with sprinkling and/cr deluge systems.All aircraft hangars are restricted to Types No. I and Types No.II construction. (Construction of Airplane Hangars-See "Recommend-ed Requirements National Board Fire Underwriters for the Constructionand Protection of Airplane Hangars," edition efective September 1,1930, as amended November 15, 1931, and its subsequent amendments.)CONSTRUCTION, HEIGHT AND AREA ALLOWABLE. In build-ings having rooms with floor areas of over thirty thousand (30,000)square feet, tight draft stops shall be installed to prevent a free currentof air under the roof. These draft stops in trussed roofs shall extend from the roof down to the bottom chord of the truss, and shall dividethe under-roof or attic space into sections not to exceed twenty thou-sand (20,000) square feet in area.Sec. 1003. LOCATION ON PROPERTY. All exterior walls orparts of walls, except on street fronts, of Group E buildings which are less than five (5) feet from adjacent property lines shall have no open-ings therein and shall be of masonry or reinforced concrete. All open-lags in erterior walls, except on street fronts, which are less than ten48

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feet (10) from adjacent property lines shall be protected by doors or windows of one-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Section4304. See Section 504 for regulating adjacent buildings on the sameproperty.Sec. 1004. STAIRS AND EXITS. All Group E buildings shallhave not less than two means of egress from each story including base-ments or cellars unless such basements or cellars are used for heatingapparatus only, in which latter case only one exit shall be required.All stairs and exits shall comply with the requirements specifiedin Chapter 33.Smokeproof towers shall be installed as and when specified inChapter 33.Where ramps are used for the transfer of automobiles from one floor to another such ramps shall meet the ground floor level at a pointnot less than twenty (20) feet from the exit from such building. Sec. 1005. LIGHT, VENTILATION AND SANITATION. Allportions of Group E buildings customarily used by human beings shall be provided with light and ventilation by means of windows and/orskylights with an area equal to one-eighth (1) of the total floor area orshall be provided with artificial light and mechanically operated ven-tilating system. The mechanically driven ventilating system shall sup-ply at least thirty (30) cubic feet of pure air per minute for each occu-pant thereof in all portions of the building and such system shall bekept continuously in operation during such time as the building isoccupied.In all buildings used for the storage or handling of automobilesoperated under their own power and in all buildings where inflammableliquids are used exhaust ventilation shall be provided sufficient to pro-duce one complete change of air every fifteen minutes. Such exhaustventilation shall be taken from a point at or near the floor level.TOILETS AND FLOORS. All buildings occupied and/or wheremore than four (4) persons are employed shall be provided with atleast one toilet. All buildings and each subdivision thereof occupiedand/or where both sexes are employed shall be provided with accessto at least two toilets, either located in such building or conveniently located in a building adjacent thereto. The above minimum require-ments for uses by persons of the Caucasian race, and where personsother than this race are employed, separate toilets shall be provided."For Floor Commetrain. See Chapter 31."See. 1006. ENCLOSURE OF VERTICAL OPENINGS. All dela.49. .r m m m

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tor shafts, vent shafts and other vertical openings shall be enclosed asspecified under Types of Construction.Doors which are part of an automobile ramp enclosure may he keptnormally open but shall be equipped with fusible links and so arrangedas to be self-closing when released.Sec. 1007. FIRE EXTINGUISHING APPARATUS. Automaticsprinklers, standpipes and basement pipe inlets shall be installed as andwhen specified in Chapter 38.Sec. 1008. SPECIAL HAZARDS. Chimneys and heating ap-paratus shall conform to the requirements of Chapter 37. In any roomin which volatile inflammable liquids are used or stored no devicegenerating a glow of flame capable of igniting gasoline vapor shall beinstalled or used within twenty-four (24) inches of the floor.The use, handling, storage and sale of gasoline, fuel oil and otherinflammable liquids shall not be permitted in any Group E buildingunless such use, handling, storage and sale complies with the "SuggestedFire Prevention Ordinance, Edition of 1930, recommended by the Na-tional Board of Fire Underwriters," and its subsequent amendments.Dry cleaning plants in which combustible solvents are used orstored shall be of Type I construction and shall not exceed one (1) story in height. All partitions shall he of four-hour fire-resistive construc-tion, except for the necessary openings for the vent ducts, piping andshafting. All openings in exterior walls, except wall vents, shall be protected with one-hour fire-resistive doors or windows. Wall ventshaving an area of not less than sixteen (16) square inches each shallbe placed in the exterior walls near the floor line, not less than six (6)feet apart horizontally. Each building shall be provided with a power-driven fan exhaust system of ventilation which shall be arranged andoperated so as to produce a complete change of air in each room everythree (3) minutes; and shall comply with the requirements of Ordi-nances No. 873, No. 1109 and No. 1156, and their subsequent amend-ments, of the City of Miami, Fla.Each machine in dry cleaning establishments which uses a volatileinflammable liquid shall have an adequate steam line directly connected to it, so arranged as to have the steam automatically released to theinside of such machine should an explosion occur in the machine.Sec. 1009. EXCEPTIONS AND DEVIATIONS. Public garagesshall not be of Type V construction, shall not be of Type III construction when more than two (2) stories in height, and shall be not oversix hundred (600) square feet in area or twenty-five (25) feet in heightwhen of Type IV construction.All public garage floors shall be of incombustible materials andif not placed directly on the ground shall conform to the requirementsfor floors of Type I construction, or the floors may be of Type II con-struction properly protected with incombustible materials against satura-tion by oil and grease.50

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Gasoline filling stations of Type V construction shall have incom-bustible exterior wall covering.Division 3 buildings of Group E more than five (5) stories inheight shall have all floors of not less than three-hour fire-resistive con-struction as specified in Section 4303.PUBLIC GARAGES AND SERVICE STATION GREASE DRAINS.Public Garages, Service Stations, Automobile Laundries and all otherplaces for the washing, polishing and greasing of automobiles, shall havethat portion of floor space provided with approved grease drains ortraps as required by the Plumbing Department of the City of Miami, Fla.Sec. 1010. MIXED OCCUPANCIES. Separation of Group E occu-pancies from all other occupancies shall be provided as specified inSection 503.Sec. 1011. METER ROOM. All buildings of multiple occupancyconnected by electrical service from the public service line or gener-ating plant, shall have an independent central room of not less thanthree feet by five feet (3'x5') and seven (7) foot ceiling height witha ventilated door accessible to all occupancies of the building; for thehousing of the main switch, disconnecting equipment and its controlleddevices and meters for serving the occupants. The construction of thisroom shall conform to the same types of material and construction asthe main building.CHAPTER 11REQUIREMENTS FOR GROUP F BUILDINGSSec. 1101. GROUP F OCCUPANCIES DEFINED. Each GroupF occupancy shall be considered as a separate building and the Groupshall include all moderately hazardous industrial and commercial occu-pancies, such as:Division 1: Wholesale and retail stores, office buildings, restau-rants, undertaking parlors, printing plants, municipal police and firestations. (Restaurants-See Chapter 13 for State Hotel Requirements.)Division 2: Factories and workshops using materials not highly in.flammable or combustible. Division 3: Storage and sales rooms for combustible goods.Sec. 1102. CONSTRUCTION HEIGHT AND AREA ALLOW-ABLE. Buildings or parts of buildings classed in Group F because ofuse or the character of the occupancy shall be of Types I, II, III,IV or V Construction and the maximum height and floor areas shallnot exceed those specified in the following table:51

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MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE FLOOR AREAS AS DETERMINED BYHEIGHT OF BUILDING, STREET FRONTAGE ANDTYPE OF CONSTRUCTIONMaximum Height for Maximum Floor Areas (sq. ft)Types of Corresponding Areas Building Fronting on IncreaseConstru3 or fortion Feet Stories Street S ts o mplete S Street Sp linType I NO RESTRICTONS75 ft. 7 Stories 12,0001 15,0001 18,000Type 5 ft 5 Stories 15,000 118,000 20,000 100%65 ft. 1 Story 120,000 125,000 30,000Type m I 55 ft I Stories I 12,000 115,000 1 8,000 0/40 ft. 1 Story I18,00022,500 25,000NoType IVt Restric1 Story 20,000 25,000 30,000 100%tionsType V 38 ft 3 Stories 5,000 6,000 700 100%S20 ft 1 Story 10,000 12,000 14,000Allowable heights in this section shall not exceed the heights re-strictions in section 2307.Note: *Increase shall not be permitted unless the area is entirelyprotected by an automatic sprinkler installation as specified in Chap-ter 38. (Note tSee Sections 1602 and 1603 for restrictions in FireZones.)In buildings having rooms with floor areas over thirty thousand(30,000) square feet, tight draft stops shall be installed to prevent afree current of air under the roof. These draft stops in trussed roofsshall extend from the roof down to the bottom chord of the truss anddivide the under-roof or attic space into sections not to exceed twentythousand (20,000) square feet in area.See. 1103. LOCATION ON PROPERTY. All exterior walls orparts of walls, except on street fronts, of Group F buildings which areless than four (4) feet from adjacent property lines shall be ofmasonry or reinforce( concrete. All openings in exterior walls, excepton street fronts, which are less than eight (8) feet from adjacent prop-erty lines shall be protected by doors or windows of one-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Section 4304. When openings areplaced closer than three (3) feet to property lines other than streetfronts, the sum of the widths of such openings shall constitute not morethan twenty-five (25) per cent of the total length of the walls affected.See Section 504 for regulating adjacent buildings on the sameproperty.52

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Sec. 1104. STAIRS AND EXITS. Stairs and exits shall be pro-vided as specified in Chapter 33.Smokeproof towers shall be provided as and when specified inChapter 33.Passageways and corridors shall be constructed as specified inChapter 3&See. 1105. LIGHT, VENTILATION AND SANITATION. Allportions of Group F buildings customarily used by human beings shallbe provided with light and ventilation by means of windows and/orskylights with an area not less than one-eighth (%) of the total floorarea or shall be provided with artificial light and a mechanically operated ventilating system. In no case shall less than four changes of airper hour he provided.TOILETS AND FLOORS. All buildings occupied and/or wheremore than four (4) persons are employed shall be provided with atleast one toilet. All buildings and each sub-division thereof occupiedand/or where both sexes are employed shall be provided with accessto at least two toilets, either located in such building or convenientlylocated in a building adjacent thereto. The above minimum require-ments for uses by persons of the Caucasian race, and where personsother than this race are employed, separate toilets shall be provided."For Floor Construction see Chapter 31."Sec. 1106. ENCLOSURE OF VERTICAL OPENINGS. All eleva-te shafts, vent shafts and other vertical openings shall be enclosed asspecified under Types of Construction.Sec. 1107. FIRE EXTINGUISHING APPARATUS. In any roomin which volatile inflammable liquids are used or stored no devicegenerating a glow or flame capable of igniting gasoline vapor shall beinstalled or used within twenty-four (24) inches of the floor.See. 1108. SPECIAL HAZARDS. Chimneys and heating ap-paratus shall conform to the requirements of Chapter 37.No storage of volatile inflammable liquids shall be allowed in GroupF buildings and the handling and use of gasoline, fuel oil and otherinflammable liquids shall not be permitted in any Group F buildingunless such use and handling complies with the Suggested Fire Preven.tion Ordinance, Edition of 1930, recommended by the National Board ofFire Underwriters and its subsequent amendments.Sec. 1109. EXCEPTIONS AND DEVIATIONS. Roof covering onType V buildings may be of galvanized iron or sheet metal, applied asspecified in Section 4305, sub-paragraph (a), Item 8.Division 3 buildings of Group F more than six (6) stories in53

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height shall have all floors of not less than three-hour fire-resistive con-struction as specified in Section 4303.Sec. 1110. MIXED OCCUPANCIES. Separation of Group F occu-pancies from all other occupancies shall be provided as specified inSec. 503.Sec. 1111. METER ROOM. All buildings of multiple occupancyconnected by electrical service from the public service line or generatingplant, shall have an independent central room of not less than threefeet by five feet (3'x5') and seven (7) foot ceiling height with ven-tilated door accessible to all occupancies of the building; for the housing of the main switch, disconnecting equipment and its controlleddevices and meters for serving the occupants. The construction of thisroom shall conform to the same types of material and construction asthe main building.CHAPTER 12REQUIREMENTS FOR GROUP G BUILDINGSSec. 1201. GROUP G OCCUPANCIES DEFINED. Each Group G occupancy shall be considered as a separate building and the Group shall include non-hazardous industrial and commercial occupancies whichcreate a low fire and life hazard, such as:Division 1: Ice plants, power plants, pumping plants, cold storage,creameries.Division 2: Factories and workshops using incombustible and/ornon-explosive materials.Division 3: Storage and sales rooms of incombustible and/or non-explosive materials.Sec. 1202. CONSTRUCTION, HEIGHT AND AREA ALLOW.-ABLE. Buildings or parts of buildings classed in Group G becauseof use or the character of the occupancy shall be of Types I, II, III,IV or V Construction and the maximum height and floor areas shallnot exceed those specified in the following table.54

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MAXMUM ALLOWABLE FLOOR AREA AS DETERMINED BYHEIGHT OF BUILDING, STREET FRONTAGE ANDTYPE OF CONSTRUCTIONMaximum Height for Maximum Floor Areas (sq. ft.)Types of Corresponding Areas Building Fronting On IncreaseConstrucfortion 1 2 3 or CompleteFeet Stories Street Street more Sprink-Streets ling*Type I NO RESTRICTONS75 ft. 7 Stories 15,000 18,000 20,000 Type II 55 ft. I 5 Stories 120,000125,000 1 30,000 100%65 ft. 1 Story UNRESTRICTEDType III 55 ft. 5 Stories 12,000 15,000 18,00040 ft. I 1 Story 20,000 25,000 I30,000 1No I IType IV Restric1 Story 25,000 30,000 35,000 100%tions ,Type 38 ft. 3 Stories 10,000 112,500 15,000Type V 20 ft. 1 Story 112,000 115,000 18,000 1Allowable heights in this section shall not exceed the height restric-tion. in Sec. 2307.NOTE: *Increase shall not be permitted unless the area is en-tirely protected by an automatic sprinkler installation as specified inChapter 38. (Note: tSee Sections 1602 and 1603 for restricti.ns inFire Zones.)In buildings having rooms with floor areas of over thirty thousand(30,000) square feet, tight draft stops shall be installed to prevent afree current of air under the roof. These draft stops in trussed roofsshall extend from the roof down to the bottom chord of the truss andshall divide the under-roof or attic area into sections not to exceedtwenty thousand (20,000) square feet in area.Sec. 1203. LOCATION ON PROPEIRT1. All exterior wal!orparts of walls, except on street fronts, of Croup G; buildings which :reless than three (3) feet from adjacent property lines shall be of notless than one-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Section 4302. When openings are placed closer than three (3) feet to prop-erty lines other than street fronts, the sum of the widths of such open-ings shall constitute not more than twenty-five (25) per cent of thetotal length of the walls affected. See Section 504 for regulating adja-cent buildings on the same property.

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Sec. 1204. STAIRS AND EXITS. Stairs and exits shall be provided as specified in Chapter 33.Smokeproof towers shall be provided, as and when required, inChapter 33. Passageways and Corridors shall be provided as required in Chaper 33.Sec. 1205. LIGHT, VENTILATION AND SANITATION. Allportions of Group G buildings customarily used by human beings shallhe provided with light and ventilation.TOILETS AND FLOORS. All buildings occupied and/or wheremore than four (4) persons are employed shall be provided with at least one toilet. All buildings and each subdivision thereof occupiedand/or where both sexes are employed shall be provided with accessto at least two toilets, either located in such building or convenientlylocated in a building adjacent thereto. The above minimum require-ments for uses by persons of the Caucasian race, and where personsether than this race are employed, separate toilets shall be provided."For Floor Construction see Chapter 31."Sc. 1206. ENCLOSURE OF VERTICAL OPENINGS. Except asspeiei ln Chapter 38, verteal openings are not required to beenleed.Sec. 1207. FIRE EXTINGUISHING APPARATUS. Automaticsprinklers, standpipes and basement pipe Inlets shall be installed asand when speclfied in Chapter 38.Sec. 1208. SPECIAL HAZARDS. Chimneys and heating apparatusshall conform to the requirements of Chapter 37. In any room inwhich volatile inflammable liquids are used or stored, no device gen-erating a glow or flame capable of igniting gasoline vapor shall beinstalled or used within twenty-four (24) inches of the floor.The storage, use and handling of gasoline, fuel oil and other in-flammable liquids shall not be permitted in any Group G building unlesssuch storage and handling complies with the Suggested Fire Prevention Ordinance, Edition of 1930. recommended by the National Board ofFire Underwriters, and its subsequent amenldments.Sec. 1209. EXCEPTIONS AND DEVIATIONS. Roof covering onType V buildings may be of galvanized iron or sheet metal appliedas specified in Section 4305 Sub-paragraph (A) item 8. Fireproofingof the under side of all roof framing of Group G buildings may beomitted in all types of Construction.Sec. 1210. MIXED OCCUPANCIES. Separation of Group Goccupancies from all other occupancies shall be provided as specifiedin Section 503. Sec. 1211. METER ROOM. All buildings of multiple occupancy56

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connected by electrical service from the public service line or generatingplant shall have an independent central room of not less than threeby five feet (3'x5') and seven (7') foot ceiling height with a ventilateddoor accessible to all occupancies of the building; for the housing ofthe main switch, disconnecting equipment and its controlled devicesand meters for serving the occupants. The construction of this roomshall conform to the same types of material and construction as themain building.CHAPTER 13REQUIREMENTS FOR GROUP H BUILDINGSSec. 1301. GROUP H OCCUPANCIES DEFINED. Each GroupH occupancy shall be considered as a separate building and the Groupshall include:Division 1: Hotels, apartment houses, dormitories, restaurants,rooming houses.Division 2: Convents, monasteries, old people's homes (accommo-dating ten or more persons).Sec. 1302. CONSTRUCTION HEIGHT AND AREA ALLOWABLE.Buildings or parts of buildings classed in Group H because of use orthe character of the occupancy shall be of Types I, II, III, IV or Vconstruction and the maximum height and floor areas shall not exceed those specified in the following table.All buildings coming under the jurisdiction of the Florida Hotel State Commission shall conform to the current Rules Governing Con-struction of Hotels, Apartment Houses, Rooming Houses and Restaurants,as adopted and promulgated by the Hotel Commission, in accordance with the laws of the State of Florida, with the exception that in anyinstance wherein such regulations are less restrictive than this Code,this Code shall apply.7

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MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE FLOOR AREAS AS DETERMINED BYHEIGHT OF BUILDING, STREET FRONTAGE ANDTYPES OF CONSTRUCTIONMaximum Height for IMaximum Floor Areas (Sq. Ft.)Types of Corresponding Areas Building Fronting on IncreaseConstrucfortion 2 3 or Completetion Feet Stories 1 i2 more ISprink-Feettreet Streets mre Sprink-Streets ling* Type I I NO RESTRICTIONS iType II 1 55 ft. 3 Stories 15,000 18.000 12 0,000 100%65 ft. 1 Story 120,0001 25,0001 30,000I 55 ft. 3 Stories 12,000 15,000 18,0001Type III 100%40 ft. I story 118,000i 20,000 122,500 iType IVt 45 ft. 1 Story 115,000 18,000 22,5001 100%Type Vtt 38 ft. 2and StoriesAttic 6,000 7,000 8,000 100%20 ft. 1 Story 8,000 9,000 1 10,000Allowable heights in this section shall not exceed the height restrictions in Section 2307.NOTE-*Increases shall not be permitted unless the area is entirelyprotected by an automatic sprinkler installation as specified in Chapter 38.tProhibited for one (1) exit type apartments and residential apart-ments. (See State Hotel Code.)(ISee Sections 1602-1603 for restrictions in Fire Zones.)Sec. 1303. LOCATION ON PROPERTY. All exterior walls orparts of walls, except on street fronts, of Group H buildings whichare less than three (3) feet from adjacent property line shall be ofnot less than one-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Section 4302. All openings in exterior walls except on street fronts, which areless than five (5) feet from adjacent property lines shall be protectedby doors or windows of one-hour fire-resistive construction as specifiedin Section 4304. When openings are placed closer than three (3) feetto property lines other than street fronts, the sum of the width of suchopenings shall constitute not more than twenty-five (25) per cent ofthe total length of the walls affected. See Section 504 for regulatingadjacent buildings on the same property. 55

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Sec. 1304. STAIRS AND EXITS. Stairs and exits shall be pro-vided as specified in Chapter 33.Smokeproof towers shall be provided as and when specified inChapter 33.All stairs and exits in Group H buildings shall open directly upona street or alley or upon a yard or court not less than four (4) feetin width directly connected to a street or alley by means of a passage-way not less in width than the stairway opening into such passage-way and not less than seven (7) feet in height.Passageways and corridors shall be provided as required in Chap-ter 33.Sec. 1305. LIGHT, VENTILATION AND SANITATION. Allrooms of Group H buildings used for eating, living and/or sleepingpurposes shall be provided with light and ventilation by means ofwindows with an area of not less than fifteen (15) per cent of thetotal floor area of such room or rooms.TOILETS AND FLOORS. Every building of Division 1 occupanciesin this Group shall be provided with toilet and toilet rooms as required bythe "Current Rules Governing Construction of Hotels, Apartment Houses, Rooming Houses and Restaurants" as promulgated by the Departmentof Hotel Commission of the State of Florida. Every building of Division2 occupancies in this Group shall be occupied and/or where more thanfour or more persons are employed shall be provided with at least one(1) toilet. All buildings and each subdivision thereof occupied and/orwhere both sexes are employed shall be provided with access to at leasttwo (2) toilets, either located in such building or conveniently locatedin a building adjacent thereto. The above minimum requirements foruses by persons of the Caucasian race and where persons other thanthis race are employed, separate toilets shall be provided.Toilets shall not open directly into a Restaurant, Kitchen or publicplace where food is served, except through a vestibule."For Floor Construction see Chapter 31."Sec. 1306. ENCLOSURE OF VERTICAL OPENINGS. All ele-vator shafts, -ent shafts, stairways and other vertical openings shall beenclosed as specified under Types of Construction. Sec. 1307. FIRE EXTINGUISHING APPARATUS. Automaticsprinklers, standpipes and basement pipe inlets shall be installed asand when specified in Chapter 38.Sec. 1306. SPECIAL HAZARDS. Chimneys and heating apparatusshall conform to the requirements of Chapter 37.Every boiler room or room containing a central heating plant using solid or liquid fuel shall be separated from the rest of the building bya "Special Fire Separation" as specified in Section 50.The storage and handling of gasoline, fuel oil and other inflm.-A,

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mable liquids shall not be permitted in any Group H building, unlesssuch storage and handling complies with the suggested ordinance regu-lating the Use, Handling, Storage and Sale of Inflammable Liquids andthe Products Thereof, adopted by the National Fire Protection Associa-tion May, 1926, and its subsequent amendments. All doors leading intorooms in which volatile inflammable liquids are used or kept shall beof one-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Section 4304 andshall be kept normally closed.Sec. 1309 Reserved.Sec. 1310. MIXED OCCUPANCIES. Separations between GroupH occupancies and all other occupancies shall be provided as specifiedin Section 503.Sec. 1311. METER ROOM. All buildings of multiple occupancyconnected by electrical service from the public service line or generatingplant shall have an independent central room of not less than threefeet by five feet (3'x5') and seven (7) foot ceiling heightwith aventilated door accessible to all occupancies of the building; for thehousing of the main switch, disconnecting equipment and its controlleddevices and meters for serving the occupants. The construction of thisroom shall conform to the same types of material and construction asthe main building.CHAPER 14REQUIREMENTS FOR GROUP I BUILDINGSSec. 1401. GROUP I OCCUPANCY DEFINED. Each Group Ioccupancy shall be considered as a separate building and the Groupshall include dwellings and garage apartments accommodating not morethan two (2) families, or hospitals and sanitariums accommodatingnot more than six (6) patients.Sec. 1402. CONSTRUCTION, HEIGHT AND AREA ALLOW-ABLE. Buildings or parts of buildings classed in Group I because ofuse or the character of the occupancy shall be of Types I, II, III, IV* or V*construction. The floor areas of Types I and II shall be unlimited, the loor area of Types HI and IV shall be limited to ten thousand (10,000)square feet, and the floor area of Type V shall be limited to seventy-fivehundred (7500) square feet.(*See Sections 1602 and 1603 for restrictions in Fire Zones.)Sec. 1403. LOCATION ON PROPERTY. All exterior walls orparts of walls (including windows or doors), except on street fronts,of Group I buildings which are less than three (3) feet from adjacentproperty lines shall be of not less than one-hour fire-resistive constructionas specified in Section 4302. When openings are placed closer thanthree (3) feet to property lines other than street fronts, the sum ofthe widths of such openings shall constitute not more than twenty-fiveso

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(25) per cent of the total length of the walls affected. (See Section504 for regulating adjacent buildings on the same property.)Sec. 1404. STAIRS AND EXITS. Stairs and exits shall be pro-vided as and when specified in Chapter 33.Sec. 1405. LIGHT, VENTILATION AND SANITATION. Allrooms of Group I buildings used for eating, living and/or sleepingpurposes shall be provided with light and ventilation by means ofwindows with an area not less than one-eighth (%) of the total floorarea of such room or rooms.Every bath and toilet room shall have at least one window of notless than three and one-half (3%) square feet in area, opening throughthe outer wall of the building, or shall be ventilated by a wall orceiling vent of not less than two (2) square feet net area.Sec. 1406. ENCLOSURE OF VERTICAL OPENINGS. Stairs inGroup I buildings need not be enclosed. Dumb-waiter shafts, clothesahutes and other similar vertical openings shall be protected as specifiedin Section 3003.Sec. 1407. FIRE EXTINGUISHING APPARATUS. Fireex-tinguishing apparatus when installed shall conform to the requirementsof Chapter 38.Sec. 1408. SPECIAL HAZARDS. Chimneys and heating apparatusshall conform to the requirements of Chapter 37.Inflammable liquids shall not be stored or used in Group I buildingsin quantities in excess of one (1) gallon and all such inflammableliquids shall be kept in tight or sealed containers when not in actual use.Sec. 1409. EXCEPTIONS AND DEVIATIONS. Dwellings con-structed on the roof of multiple storied buildings shall be consideredas an additional story in so far as the construction, location, exposure,stairs, exits and fire extinguishing apparatus is concerned.Sec. 1410. MIXED OCCUPANCIES. Separation of Group I occu-pancies from all other occupancies shall he provided as specified inSection 503.See. 1411. ATTACHED GARAGES. When a private garage islocated underneath or attached to or included in Group I occupancy,the following regulations as to its construction shall be rigidly observed:The ceiling construction above the garage, when it is locatedbeneath a Group I occupancy, or the roof when the garage is attachedto a Group I occupancy, shall be unpierced and shall have a fire-resistance of at least one (1) hour, as specified in Chapter 43. Thefloor of the garage may be of earth fill or any incombustible material.61

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The floor of any Group I building shall be not less than seven (7)inches above the garage level. Walls, partitions and the under side ofany stairway of the garage portion shall be of at least one (1) hourfire-resistive construction, as specified in Chapter 43. Openings into the garage shall be restricted to a single doorway;such openings shall be protected by a solid slab wood door, not lessthan one and three-eighths (1%") inch thick at all points, or a metal-covered door, or other closure of equivalent or greater fire-resistance,mounted so as to be gravity closing, or with spring hinges or doorclosers. No glass shall be permitted in such wood slab doors.VENTILATION. "See Section 1505."Sec. 1412. CEILING HEIGHTS. All ceilings except bathroomshall have a clear height of eight feet four inches (8'-4") minimum.Sec. 1413. METER ROOM. All buildings of multiple occupancyconnected by electrical service from a public service line or generatingplant shall have an independent central room of not less than threefeet by five feet (3'x5') and seven (7) foot ceiling height with a ven-tilated door accessible to all occupancies of the building; for the housingof the main switch, disconnecting equipment and its controlled devicesand meters for serving the occupants. The construction of this roomshall conform to the same type of material and construction as themain building.CHAPTER 15REQUIREMENTS FOR GROUP J BUILDINGSSec. 1501. GROUP J BUILDINGS DEFINED. Each Group Jbuilding or occupancy shall be considered as a separate building andthe Group shall include:Division 1: Private Garages. Division 2: Accessory buildings and structures such as sheds, fences over five (5) feet high, water tanks and towers.Division 3: Stadiums, reviewing stands and amusement park struc-tures.Sec. 1502. CONSTRUCTION, HEIGHT AND AREA ALLOW-ABLE. Buildings or parts of buildings classed in Group J becauseof the use or the character of the occupancy shall be of Types I, II,III, IV* or V* construction as regulated by the requirements of Chapter16. The floor area of Types I and II construction shall not be limited, the floor area of Types III and IV shall be limited to ten thousand(10,000) square feet and buildings of Type V construction shall notexceed one thousand (1,000) square feet in area and/or two (2) storiesin height, except that such restriction of Type V* construction shallnot apply to stadiums, reviewing stands or amusement park structuresof the open skeleton-framed type. (*See Sections 1602 (F) and 1603(F) for restrictions and special permit required in Fire Zones.)6S

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Reviewing stands and amusement park structures shall be designedand constructed in a substantial manner so as to fully withstand allimpact loads in addition to the static loads specified in Chapter 23.(See Appendix, Section 1502, for recommendations as to temporarystands.)Events under canvas shall be termed as temporary structures andmay have seating accommodations constructed of wood or iron or acombination of these two materials, provided the construction as con-templated and as erected is in accordance with the provisions of this Code.Permit for these structures shall be issued to cover a period of notexceeding six (6) months and may then be renewed for another six(6) months upon the payment of the proper fee if the structure isfound safe and substantial by the Building Inspector.See. 150. LOCATION ON PROPERTY. All exterior walls orparts of walls (including windows or doors), except on street fronts,of Group J buildings which are less than three (3) feet from adjacentproperty lines shall be of not less than one-hour fire-resistive constructionas specified in Section 4302. (See Section 504 for regulating adjacentbuildings on same property.)Sec. 1504. RAMPS, STAIRS, EXITS, AISLES AND SEATS. (a)Stairs and exits for amusement park devices shall be provided asspecified in Chapter 33, except that stairs and ramps in buildings notexceeding two stories in height need not be enclosed. (See Section3310 for Ramps.)(b) Stairs, exits aisles and seating for stadiums and .reviewingstands shall be as follows:1. Stairs. All stairs shall have a rise of not more than sevenand one-half (7%) inches and a tread of not less than ten (10)inches not including the nosing. (See Section 3310 for Ramps.)2. Exits. There shall be provided one exit not less than seven(7) feet wide for each two thousand (2000) persons or major fractionthereof which the stadium or reviewing stand is designed to seat. Suchexits shall be spaced not more than seventy-five (75) feet apart.Passageways serving such exits shall be not less than seven (7) feetin clear height nor less than seven (7) feet in clear width.3. Ailes. Aisles not less than three feet six inches (3' 6") inwidth shall he provided se that there are not more than twenty (20)seats between any seat and aisle.4. Seats. Where seats are not spaced or marked of in saystadium or reviewing stand, a distance of eighteen (18) inches alongany bench or platform shall constitute one seat in computing theiS

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required aisles, stairs and exits. Seats shall be spaced not less thantwenty-six (26) inches back to back and where backs are providedfor the seats they shall be spaced thirty (30) inches back to back.Where the space under the stadium or reviewing stand is used forany purpose whatsoever, exits passing through this space shall beseparated therefrom by walls, floors and ceilings of not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction.Sec. 1505. LIGHT, VENTILATION AND SANITATION. Privategarages which are constructed in conjunction with any Group H ar Ibuildings and which have openings into such buildings shall be equippedwith fixed louvered or screened openings or exhaust ventilatioe with exhaust openings located at least six (6) feet above the Boor. Tboclear area of the louvered openings or the openings into the exhaustducts shall be not less than sixty (60) square inches per car storedin such private garage. Under no circumstances shall a private garagehave any opening into the living or sleeping room.Amusement park structures which have enclosed spaces open toand used by the public shall be provided with light and ventilation,either natural or artificial, sufficient for safe and healthful conditions.TOILETS AND FLOORS. All buildings occupied and/or wheremore than four (4) persons are employed shall be provided with atleast one toilet. All buildings and each subdivision thereof occupiedand/or where both sexes are employed shall be provided with accessto at least two toilets, either located in such building or convenientlylocated in a building adjacent thereto. The above minimum require-ments for uses by persons of the Caucasian race, and where personsother than this race are employed, separate toilets shall be provided."For Floor construction see Chapter 31."Sec. 1506. ENCLOSURE OF VERTICAL OPENINGS. Elevatorshafts, vent shafts, stair-wells and similar vertical openings shall beenclosed as specified in Chapter 30 when extending through three (3)or more stories.Sec. 1507. FIRE EXTINGUISHING APPARATUS. Fire ex-tinguishing apparatus shall be installed as and when specified in Chapter38 and as required by.the Fire Department of the City of Miami.Where more than three automobiles are stored in any private garage there shall be installed not less than one chemical extinguisher to eachfive cars or major fraction thereof.See. 1508. SPECIAL HAZARDS. Chimneys and heating appa-ratus shall conform to the requirements of Chapter 37.Inflammable liquids shall not be stored, handled or used in GroupJ buildings unless such storage or handling shall comply with theSuggested Fire Prevention Ordinance, Edition of 1930, recommendedby the National Board of Fire Underwriters, and its subsequent amend-ments.64

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Sec. 1509. EXCEPTIONS AND DEVIATIONS. When storagespace, termed by this Code a private garage, is designed, used or pro-vides for the storage of more than ten (10) automobiles, such storagespace shall be deemed a public garage.Amusement park structures into which the public is admitted,other than those of the open frame type of construction, when morethan one story or two hundred (200) square feet in area shall havethe exterior walls, bearing partitions and floors of not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Chapter 43.Sec. 1510. MIXED OCCUPANCIES. Separation of Group J occu-pancies from any other ccupancies shall be provided as specified inSection 503 and in Section 1509.PART IVCHAPTER 16RESTRICTIONS IN FIRE ZONESSec. 1601. FIRE ZONES DEFINED. The entire city of Miami,Florida, is hereby declared to be and is hereby established a Fire District and said Fire District shall be known and designated as Fire Zones One,Two and Three. Fire Zone No. 1 (or "Fire District") shall includesuch territory or portions of the City as outlined in this Section. FireZone No. 2 (or "Secondary Fire District") shall include such territoryor portions of the City as outlined in this Section. Fire Zone No. 3shall include all other territory or portions of the City not otherwiseincluded in Fire Zones No. 1 and No. 2. Wherever reference is madeto any Fire Zone, it shall be construed to mean one of the three Fire Zones designated and referred to in this Section. Moving of all buildings in Fire Zones One, Two and Three shallbe subject to the requirements of Section 201 of this Code (and Sec.tions 1602, 1603).FIRE ZONE NO. 1 (OR "FIRE DISTRICT"). Starting at themouth of the Miami River and extending North along harbor lino ofBiscayne Bay to cente line of N. E 13th Street; thence West onN. E. 13th Street to center line of N. E 2nd Avenue; thence Northon N. E 2nd Avmue to center line of N. E. 20th Street: thence Weston N. E. 20th Street to center line of Block 20 of Johnson & Waddell Addition: thence South on center line of Blocks 20. 21, 30, 40 and41 of Johnson 6 Waddell Addition to center line of N. W. 14th Street:thence West on center line of N. W. 14th Street to center line ofBlock Japes or Soats' Addition: thence South on center line ofBlocks 2. 8 and 11 of Japes or Sosts' Addition. 7-N, 14-N, 27-N, 34-N,47-N and 54-N to center line of Block 67-North thence West oncenter line of Blocks 87-N. 6-N, 89-N, 70-N and 14, Spring GardenSubdivision, to East Channel lin of Seybold Canal. South on65

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FIRE ZONE No.1ADDITIONS RECOMMENDED BY THE CITY PLANNING BOARDAND ADOPTED BY THE CITY COMMISSION i -N.W. 36th ST.14.:i.}j N_ th >S 23rd ST. iMIAMINTRYMac ArthurausewayN.W.7th T. I...............................FLAGIzlt I __S!.urlinoame:: :FIRE ZONE No.1 BOUNDARY PLATCity of MIAMI, Florida. Dept.of Engineering Division of Building65A

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East Channel Line of Seybold Canal to North Channel Line of theMiami River; thence Southeastwardly along Channel Line of theMiami River to a point where the North line of N. W. let Streetextended across N. W. North River Drive intersects the East Chan-nel Line of the Miami River; thence Westerly across the River andN. W. South River Drive to the middle line of Block 10-S: thence West through the middle of Blocks 10-5, 9-S, 8-,5 3 Riverside.I Riverview, 13 and 14 Lawrence Estate Land Company Subdivisionto center line of N. W. 12th Avenue: thence South on center line of12th Avenue to center line of Block 18, Lawrence Estate LandCompany Subdivision; thence east on center line of Block 18 and17 of Lawrence Estate Land Company Subdivision, K of Riverview,I of Riverside, 15-S, 16-S, 17-S and 18-S to the North side of Chan-nel Line of the Miami River; thence along the East Channel Lineof the Miami River to the center line of S. W. 2nd Avenfle: thenceSouth on S. W. 2nd Avenue to the center line of S. W. 8th Street;thence East on S. W. 8th Street to harbor line of Biscayne Bay:thence North on harbor line of Biscayne Bay to the mouth of theMiami River. Ord. # 2471Refer to Page 315 Ord. 3970FIRE ZONE NO. 2 (OR 'SECONDARY FIRE DISTRICT")BISCAYNE BOULEVARD. Commencing at the present fire limitsat N. E. 2nd Avenue and N. E. 13th Street; thence east along said Firelimits line to the S. E. corner of Lot 18, Walden Court Addition; thenceNorth along the East line of Lots 18-17, Walden Court Addition; Lot 5,Walden Court; Lot 13, Block 3, Pershing Court; Lots 13, Block 1 ofsaid Subdivision; Lot 8, Block 2, Garden of Eden; Lot 8, Block 1, ofsaid Subdivision; Lots 60, 25, 14, Nelson Villa Subdivision; East linesof Lot 31 and 4, Biscayne Park Subdivision; East line of Lot 10, BlockC; East line of Lot 12, Block 3, Rice & Sullivan Subdivision; East lineof Lot 6. Block 14 through the center line of alley, Block 9, and Block6 and East line of Lot 6, Block 1. Miramar; Lot 10 and 9-A of CoralPark; Lot 9, Block 4, and Lot 9. Block 1. Bayside Park Amended; Lot6, Block 3, Lot 5 of Block 1, Bayonne Subdivision, Lot 4, Block 8through center line of Block 7 and Block 6 along East line of Lot 4,Block 5. Edgewater, Lot 13, Block 4 and Block 1, Bird Subdivision, Lot6, Block 4 and Block 1, Banyan Place. Lot 2, Block 4, Lot 2, Block 3, Escottonia Park, Lot 2, Block 4 and Block 3, Cold Court, Lots 39 and 12,Bankers Park, Lot 9, Block 14, Broadmoor Amended, through the cen-ter line of Block 10 and Block 5. Lot 9, Block 1, Broadmoor, Lot 3,Block 3 and Block 2, Elwood Court, Lot 2, Block 3 and Block 2,Beverly Terrace, Lot 13, Block 2 and Block 1, Beverly Amended, Lot13, Block 2 and Block 1, Sandricourt. Lot 9, Jeffreys and Robbins Sub-division, Lot 6, John F. Collins Subdivision, through unplatted landsand along the East line of; thence north of Lots 26 and 25, BuenaVista Biscayne Badger Club Company Plat No. 1, Lots 30, 42, 53 and14, Magnolia Park 2nd Amended to the North line of said Subdivision;thence continuing in a northerly direction 150 feet east of and parallelto center line of Biscayne Boulevard to the S. E. comer of Lot 1, Block66

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24, Bayshore; thees northerly along East side of Lots 1, 2, 3 and 4, Block 24, Bayshore, Lots 1, 2, 3 and 4, Block 23, Lots 1, 2, 3 and 4,Block 16, Lots 1, 2, 3 and 4, Block 12, Lots 2, 5, 6, 7 and 8, Block 5, Lots 9, 10, 11 and 12, Block 6, Bayshore; thence North along Eastline of White's Lemon City Corrected, Lots 3, Block 1 and Block 2,Knight's Addition, Lots 5 and 6, Fallesen Park 2nd Amended; thenceNorth to East line of Lot 6, Arlington, continuing North on the East lineof Lots 6 and 4, Arlington Subdivision, continuing North to East lineof Lot 3, Block 3, South Elmira; thence North along East line of Lot3, Block 3 and Block 2, South Elmira, Lots 6 and 5, Elmira, Lots 3, 2 and 1, Block 2 and Block 1, Baywood 1st Addition, Lots 68 and 2,Arcadia, Lots 2 and 1, Block 1, Baywood on East Line of Lots 101,1 and 2, Washington Place, through center line of alley, Blocks 1, 7 and8 and 21, Belle Meade, Blocks 7 and 2, Aqua Marine, and along westline of Lot 9, Block 1, Aqua Marine, continuing North along the Westline of Lot 10, Block D and Lots 18 and 27, Block C, through centerline of alley in Block B of Commercial Shore Crest, Blocks 18, 10, 9,3 and 2 of Shore Crest; thence North through Lots 62, 29, 30, 32 and33, Biscayne Heights 2nd Amended parallel to and 100 feet East of theEast line of N. E. 6th Avenue through center line of alley in Blocks 2, 3 and 5, North Shore Crest; thence through Lots 19, 18, 17, 16, 20, 11,10, 9, 8 and 7, Ashbury Park, parallel with and 100 feet distant fromthe East line of Federal Highway along East line of Lots 1 to 11, inclu-sive, Block 2, Federal Plaza, Lots 6 to 1, inclusive, Block 64, MiamiShores Section No. 3; thence through Block 66 of said subdivision anda tract of land parallel with and 100 feet distant from 'the East line ofFederal Highway, continuing parallel with said Highway along theEasterly lines of Lots 16 to 10, inclusive, Blocks 76, Lots 9 to 5, inclu-sive, Block 77 and through Lots 4 to 1, inclusive, Block 79, parallel with and 100 feet distant from East line of Federal Highway, continuing alongthe Easterly line of Lots 22 to 19, inclusive, Block 179, Lots 21 to 17,inclusive, Block 178, Lots 14 to 10, inclusive, Block 177, Lots 21 to 17,inclusive, Block 176, Lots 13 to 8, inclusive, Block 175, of said subdivi-sion; thence Easterly through Block 3, Julia D. Tuttle, parallel withand 100 feet distant from the East line of Federal Highway to the Southline of Block 10, Biscayne Shores unit No. 3; thence East to the S. E.corner of Lot 2; thence North along the East line of Lots 2 and 1,Block 10, Lots 13 ,12, 2 and 1, Block 11, through the center line ofBlock 12, Biscayne Shores Unit No. 3 and center line of Block 11, Bis-cayne Shores Unit No. 2 and the East line of Block 3, Biscayne ShoresUnit No. 2; thence along the Dixie Highway to the South line of Block4, Bay Ridge amended; thence East along said South line of theS. E. corner of Lot 5, Block 4, Bay Ridge Amended, along theWest line of Lot 6, Block 4 and Block 3, Bay Ridge Amended,Lot 16, Block 8, Lot 17, Block 5, Biscayne Shores Amended; Lot 23,Block 2, Lot 22, Block 1, Vista Biscayne; Lot 4, Block 1 and 2, WaterView Park; thence through a tract of land parallel to and 100 feet distant from the East line of Federal Highway; thence through center lineof alley in Blocks 301, 304, 306, 309, 312 and 330 to City Limits; thenee67. .. r m

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West along City Limits to the Northwest corner of Lot 16, Block 331,Miami Shores; thence in a Southwesterly direction along center line ofalley in Block 331, Block 311, Block 310, and along West line of Block305, Miami Shores to the North line of Biscayne Shores Unit No. 4;thence West along the North line of said subdivision to the Northwestcorner of Lot 1, Block 1, of said Subdivision; thence South along theEast line of Lot 5, Block 1 and Lots 5 and 46, Block 2, BiscayneShores Unit No. 4; thence Southerly parallel with and 100 feet west ofthe East line of Federal Highway to the North line of Block 3, WaterView Park; thence along the East line of Lot 6 and West line of Lots1 and 2 of said subdivision and along the East line of Lot 6, Block 1,Lots 6 and 38, Block 4, Lot 6, Block 9, Biscayne Shores Amended, Lots12, Block 1, 10, Block 2, Bay Ridge Amended, Lot 5, Block 2, Biscayne Shores Unit No. 2, and along the West line of Lot 2, Block 12 of saidSubdivision to the S. W. corner of Lot 14, Block 14, Biscayne ShoresUnit No. 3; thence South along the West line of said Lot 14, Block 14,Lot 11 and 14, Block 15 and Lot 6, Block 16 of said subdivision; thence Southwesterly parallel with and 100 feet distant from the West line ofFederal Highway through Block 3, Julia D. Tuttle, to center line ofAlley in Block 171, Miami Shores; thence along East line of Lots 6 and36, Block 171, Miami Shores Section No. 8, Lots 6 and 26, Block 172,Lots 6 and 15, Block 173; thence along the West and North boundary of Block 174 to the center line of alley in Block 80; thence on East line to Lot 5 and 19, Block 80; thence South Lots 5 and 9, Block 78, Lots 5 and 25, Block 74, Lots 5 and 9, Block 75; thence parallel withand 100 feet distant from the West line of Federal Highway South-westerly through a tract of land to and including Lot 28, Block 67, to its S. W. corner; thence Southwesterly along the East line of Lots 6and 30, Block 65, Lots 5 and 23, Block 63, Miami Shores Section 3:Lots 9 and 21 in Block 1, Plaza Federal; thence parallel with and 100feet distant from the West line of Federal Highway in a Southwesterlydirection through Asbury Park; thence along center line of Block 23, El Portal Section 4; thence South parallel to and 100 feet distant fromWest line of N. E. 6th Avenue through a tract of land to N. E. cornerLot 9, Block 1, West Shore Crest; thence South along the East line ofLots 9 and 16, Block 1 and 2, and Lot 6, Block 3 of said subdivision,Lot 4, Block 3, Brandt Commercial Corners, Lots 9 and 16, Block 2 and Lots 11 and 21, Block 1, of said subdivision; Lots 3 and 10, Block 1,Federal Way, Lots 3, Block 4, 5, Block 5, Lots 23 and 22, Block 10,Lot 4, Block 11, through a tract of land to and through Lot 18, Block 14 and along East line of Lot 17, Lots 4 and 23, Block 18, Block 19,Block 20, said subdivision; Lots 3 and 24, Block 2, Baywood, and Block6 of said subdivision: Lot, 9 and 28, Block 2 and 4 and 6; Lot 5, Block8. M~.ningstde Amended, Lot 11, Block 7, North Gate Subdivision; Lots11 and 16, Block 8, Lots 10 and 16, Block 9, Lots 11 and 16, Block 10,Lot 11, Block 11 of said of said Subdivision; Lots 64 and 20, WhitesLemon City Corrected, Lot F and 6, Block E, Bay Shore Subdivision,through the center line of Block 4 to the N. E. corner of Lot 14,Block 3; thence West along the North Line of Lot 14, Block 368

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to the center line of said Block; thence along center line of Block3, along East line Lots 5 and 9, Block 13, Bay Shore Unit 4,through Block 15 to the N. E. corner of Lot 35, Block 14; thenceWest to the N. W. corner of said Lot; thence South along theWest lines of Lots 35 to 40, inclusive, of said Block and Subdivision;continuing South along the East right of way line of the Florida EastCoast Railway to Lot 1, Block 1, West Broadmoor; thence along Westline of said Block 1, South along East lines of Lot 16 of said Blockalong East line of NE 1st Court, Lots 3 and 42, Western BoulevardTract, Lots 11 and 12 Flagler Park, Lots 5 and 44, Halcyon Heights,Lots 21 and 3, Pomelo Park Amended, Lot 4, Block 1, Lot 4, Block 2,Lot 26, Block 3, Lot 4, Block 4, Park Place; Lot 4, Blocks 1 and 2, WestEdgewater; Lots 3, Ridgeview; 3, Rural Home; Lot 4 of Blocks 1 and 2,Bay View Addition; Lot 4, Blocks 2 and 1, West Bay Side( to the pres-ent fire limits at NE 20th Street; thence East along Fire Limits lineto NE 2nd Avenue, South along Fire Limit Line of NE 2nd Avenue toFire Limit Line at NE 13th Street, East along said Fire Limit Line toplace of beginning.N. E. 2ND AVENUE. Commencing at a point 100 feet east ofEast line of NE 2nd Avenue (Dixie Highway), said point being on thecenter line of NW 41st Street, produced; thence North through a tractof land continuing north along East line of Lot 2, Elwood Place; andalong West line of Lot 4, of Zumwalt's subdivision; Lot 21 of RosedaleSubdivision and along west line of NE 2nd Court; Lots 12 and 17, Block12, Lots 6 and 48, Block 11 of said subdivision; North through Duping Tract, Block 10 and along East line of said Block, through Lot B andLot A, Block 9, through a tract of land and along West line of Lots12, Block 8, Lots 12 and 17, Block 7, Block 6, 5, 4, 3 and 2%, Lots 14and 21, Block 2 and Block 1 of North Bayshore Land Company Plat"A" through a tract of land and parallel with and 100 feet East of theEast line of NE 2nd Avenue to the SE corner of Lot 7, Block 4, DixieHighway Park; thence North along center line of Block 4 and 3 ofsaid subdivision through center line of alley, Block 2, Little River Gar-dens, and Little River Gardens Hunters Addition North through a tractof land to NE 79th Street, North on the East lines of Rogers Subdivi-sion and along West line of Lots 4 and 21, Franklin Park, Lot 23 and through Lot 19, Virginia Park; and along East line of Del Rio Subdivi-sion and along West lines of Lot 20, Block 8, Sherwood Forest and Lots9 and 15, Block 1, of said subdivision, through unsubdivided land to theSE corner of Lot 14, Block 4, El Portal; thence North through centerline of alley, Block 4 and Block 3 of said subdivision; Block 25 andalong East line of Block A and along center line of alley through Block27 to 36, inclusive, and Blocks 119 and 120, Miami Shores Section 1Amended; through center line of Block 15, Pasadena Park 1st Addition and Blocks 5 and 6, Pasadena Park along West line of Lot 5, Blocks 1and 2, Dixie Manor and Dixie View, Lots 11, Block 2 and 1, MiamiHighland Section B, Lot 11, Blocks 1 and 2, Castilian Court, continuingNorth through Lot 3, Julia D. Tuttle and Summerland. The East lineof Lot 2 and through Lot 1 of said subdivision along West line of lots09

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13 and 20, Block 3, Dixie Highlands Section A, Lot 4 of Blocks 2 and 1, Lot 6, Block 1 and Lot 19, Block 2, Bellevue Biscayne; thence North parallel with East line of NE 2nd Avenue and 100 feet East of throughBlocks 15 and 10 of Bellevue Biscayne 1st Addition and along center line of alley through Blocks 11 and 13 of Bellevue Biscayne 1st Addi-tion to the City Limits; thence West along City Limits to a point 125feet West of the West line of NE 2nd Avenue; thence South throughan unsubdivided tract of land along the West lines of Lots 20 and 29,Gratigny Square, Lots 3 and 2, Block 1, La Paloma, Lots 5 to 1, inclu-sive, Blocks 7, 8 and 13 of said subdivision through an unsubdividedtract of land and along center line of alley through Blocks 121 and122 and Blocks 13 to 24, inclusive, of Miami Shores; Blocks 7 and 8,El Portal Section 2, Blocks 7 and 6, El Jardin Section 2 and Block 4,El Jardin and along West line of Lot 14, Block 5 of said subdivisionthrough center line of Blocks 1 and 4, Royal Palm Gardens and alongEast line of Lots 3 and 17, Block 5, Lots 4 and 23, Block 6, Lot 4,Block 7 of said subdivision through a strip of land continuing Southalong the West lines of Lots 1 to 8, inclusive, Block 6, Little RiverGardens through center line of alley, Woodsons subdivision; Block 4,Little River Gardens, Block 5 of said subdivision; Blocks 1 and 3, Rose-lawn Park; along the center line of Blocks 1 and 2, Little River Exten-sion, along the West lines of Blocks 1 and 6, Dupont Subdivision, andalong East line of Blocks 4 and 3 of Fairway, Lots 3 and 72, PramarSubdivision, Lots 3, 18, 23 and 38, Knightsville, through a strip of landand along the East line of NE 1st Place No. 2 through a tractof land along the East lines of Lots 3 and 14, Dixie Wayside Tract toand through a strip of land along the East lines of Lots 3, RockmoorCentral Tract, Lots 7 and 14, Blocks 11, 12, 13, Dixie Highway Tractand Lots 12 and 19, inclusive, Block 21 of said subdivision, Lots 14 and7, Blocks 1 and 4, Tranquilla, Lots 3, 22, 27, Orchard Villa Tract; through a tract of unsubdivided land to and along East line of Lots 3and 10, Blocks 1 and 6, Lot 3, Block 7, Alta Vista Plat Corrected, Lot 3, Block 1, Lots 3 and 24, Block 3 and Lot 3, Block 4 of Belleaireand along West line of Lots 6 to 1, inclusive, Block 2, Shadowlawn, Lots4 to 1, inclusive, Block 8, Lots 5 to 1, inclusive, Block 9, of said sub-division; Lots 4 to 1, inclusive, Blocks 2, 3 and 6 through,Block 7 tothe center line of NE 41st Street; thence East to the point ofbeginning.NORTH MIAMI AVENUE: Beginning at North line of NE 20thStreet; thence North along West right of way line of F. E. C. Railroadto North line of Block 3, Flemming & Pearson Subdivision; thence Westalong the East line of Lot 4, Blocks 1 and 2, of said Subdivision andalong West line of Lots F, G and H, Warren and Ramsey's Subdivi-sion and along West line of NE Miami Court and Lot 4, Block 3, Lots4 and 14, Block 2 and Lot 4, Block 1, Rosewin Park, Lots 9 and 14,Evon Subdivision, Lots 23 and 26, Halcyon Heights, Lots 85 and 86,Flagler Park and Lots 20 and 25, Western Boulevard Tract to SW cor-ner of Lot 5, Block 1, Central Addition Buena Vista, North along saidline Block 5 through the center of Blocks 2 and 3 of said subdivision70

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along West line of Lot 10, Blocks 1 and 2, Biltmore Court and Lot 20,Blocks 2 and 3, Commercial Biltmore Amended and Lot 10, Block 8,and Lots 10 and 15, of Blocks 8, 5, 4 and 1, Biltmore, Lots 10 and 16,Blocks 7 and 10, Shadowlawn to center lines of Block 6 of said subdivi-sion along West line of Lot 23, Block 1 of said subdivision, Lot 23,Block 4, Lots 10 and 15, Block 2, Lot 23, Block 1, Belleaire, Lot 7Block 9, Lots 8 and 11, Blocks 4 and 3, Alta Vista Corrected, Lots8 and 13, Blocks 1 and 2, Orchard Villa, Lots 10 and 15, Orchard VillaTract Addition; thence through center Blocks 1, 2 an 3, CommercialCenter, Blocks 2 and 5, Commercial Rockmoor, Block 1, Biscayne Ave-nue Tract, along East line of Lots 11 and 16, Blocks 5 and 6, andthrough the center of Block 4, Rockmoor Villa apd through the centerBlocks 2, 3 and 4, Rockmoor Plaza along East line of Lots 4 to 10,inclusive, Block 4, Lots 9 to 14, inclusive, Block 3, Inglewood Gardens, along West line of NE Miami Court and Lots 95 and 111, 84-57 and 18Pramar Subdivision and along West line of Lot 23, Blocks 3 and 4,Fairway, Lot 18, Block 5, Lots 18 and 27, Block 2, Dupont Addition and Lot 15, through Lot 11, Belmont Park and through the center of a re-subdivision of Lots 7, 8, 9 and 10. Block 3, Belmont Park along East line of Lots 3 and 8, Blocks 1 and 2, Belmont Park resubdivision andalong center line of NE Miami Court to SE corner of Lot 7, Block 17,El Portal Section 6; thence on center line of alley through Blocks 17,16, 14, 11, 10 and 9, El Portal Subdivisions and Blocks I to 12, inclu-sive, and Block 123, Miami Shores; thence North 150' East of andparallel to center line of North Miami Avenue produced North to SE corner of Lot 14, Block 12, La Paloma, North along East line of Lots11 and 14, Blocks 12, 9, 6, 3, La Paloma to the NE corner of Lot 11,Block 3 of said subdivision; thence North 1501 East of and parallel tocenter line of North Miami Avenue produced North to North City Limitsof the City of Miami; thence West along North City Limits to a point150' West of center line of North Miami Avenue produced North;thence South to NW corner of Lot 2, Block 4, La Paloma and alongWest line of Lots 2 and 23, Blocks 4, 5, 10 and 11 of said subdivision;thence South 150' West of and parallel to center line of North MiamiAvenue produced North to the center line of alley in Block 125, MiamiShores; thence South along center line of alley in Block 125 and 124of Miami Shores along West line of Blocks 1 and 2, Hamilton Terrace, and along West line of Lots 3 and 24, Block 5, Navarro, through centerline of alley in Block 128 to 131, inclusive, Block 167-168, Miami Shores to center line of Block 1, Everglades Commercial Addition; thenceSouth along Center line of Blocks 1, 2 and 3, Everglades Commer-cial Addition to South line of NW 79th Street; thence West along Southline of NW 79th Street to NW corner of Lot 5, Block 1, Phoenix Park;thence South along East line of Lot 4, Block i, Phoenix Park, alongEast line of Massee Manor and Lots 2 and 31, Block 2 of said subdivi-sion; along West line of Block 2, Hillside Terrace to SW corner ofsaid Block 2; thence East along North line of NW 71st Street to Eastline of NW Miami Court, South along center line of alley through Blocks 3 and 4, Dupont Addition, along West line of Lot 2, Blocks 1 ;t

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and 2, Fairway, Lots 22, 53, 87 and 92, Pramar to center line of NWMiami Court, South along center line of NW Miami Court and alongWest line of Block 1, Maywood and along West line of Lots 2 and13, Blocks 1 and 2, Lot 2, Block 3, North Rockmoor Tract and Lot 6,Block 3, Rockmoor Park Tract and along East line of Lots 3 and 16,Block 1 and Lots 3 and 14, Block 6, High School Park Tract, Lots 3and 46, Block 3, Lot 3, Block 4, Biscayne Avenue Tract, along Westline of Miami Avenue Subdivision to NW corner of Lot 11, Block 2,Railway Shops Addition; thence South along East line of Lots 10 and22, Blocks 2, 4, 6 and 8 of Railway Shops Addition, South along Eastline of Lot 3 and 22, Block 1, Lot 3, Block 2, Pullman Park,Lot 4, Block 2, Lots 3 and 22, Block 5, Block 6, Block 9 and Block 10,Shadowlawn Extension, Lots 23'and 22, Blocks 7, 6 and 5, Buena VistaHeights Amended, Lots 3 and 22, Blocks 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, Princess Park and center line of alley through Blocks 1, 6, 7, 12 and 13 Wynwood Park,Block A, Price's Addition, East line of Lots 4 and 25, Blocks 1, 4 and 5,St. James Court Amended, Lots 25 and 26, Block 4, Lots 3 and 22, Block1, Lots 5 and 24, Block 6, Donmoor Villa, Lot 3, Pierce Subdivision,Lot 4, Block 1 and 2, Lot 2, Block 3, Mark's Subdivision, through cen-ter line of Blocks 1, 10 and 11, Johnson & Waddell, to North line of NW20th Street; East to place of beginning.N. W. 2ND AVENUE: Beginning on North line of NW 20thStreet at SE corner of Lot 7, Block 15; thence North along Eastboundary of Blocks 15, 6 and 5, Johnson & Waddell; along West lineof Lot 21, Block 3, Lot 23, Blocks 2 and 1, Marks Subdivision; throughLots 24 and 21, Pierce Subdivision; along West line of Lots 10 and 15,Blocks 5, and 2 and 3, Donmoore Villa Amended; Lots 10 and 15, Blocks6, 2 and 3, St. James Park Amended; Lots 10 and 15, Block B, PriceAddition; Lots 10 and 15, Blocks 14, 11, 8, 5 and 2, Wynwood Park;Blocks 9, 8, 5 and 4 and 1, Princess Park; and Blocks I to 4, inclu-sive, Buena Vista Heights Addition Amended; Blocks 8 and 7, Lots 10and 16, Blocks 3 and 4, Shadowlawn Extension; through Block 1,Shadowlawn Extension, and along West line of Lots 3 and 15, Blocks7, 5, 3 and 1, Railroad Shops Addition; along East line of RailroadShops First Addition and Lot 2, Block 4, and Block 1, Gayville; Lot23, Block 4, Lots 23 and 26, Block 3, Biscayne Avenue Tract; Lots 5 and 8, Block 4, Lots 9 and 4, Block 3, High School Park Tract; toNorth line of NW 60th Street; thence East to the West line of NW1st Place; thence North to the SE corner of Lot 3, Cottage Villa Tract;thence West to center line of Cottage Villa Tract and along East lineof Belmont Subdivision Amended: Lots 12 and 22, Block 1, Carlsmar;lots 9 and 4, Block 2, Lot 4, Block 1, Peters Addition; along West lineof Lot 23, Blocks 1 and 2, Fairway; Lots 9, 18, 21, Dupont Square;Center of Blocks 3 and 2, Hillsdale; along West line of alley throughBlocks 2 and 3, Sturgeon Heights Acres; Lots 19 and 20, Block 2,Phoenix Park; along West line of Lot 2, Blocks 1 and 2, Early Court;Lot 2, Swansons Resubdivision; and Lots 21, 22 and 23, Block. 1,Phoenix Park; along West line of Lot 3, Blocks 1 and 2, West Terrace.Lot 16, Block 1, Phoenix Park; and the East line of Lot 1, to present72

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fire limits at NW 79th Street; West along fire limits line, 150'; thence South along center line of Blocks 2 and 3, Grosell Heights; along Westline of Lots 3 and 10, Block A, Lots 1 and 3, Block B, along West lineof Lot 1, Block D, Le Bocage; Lot 6, Emerson Court, Lots 1 to 6, inclu-sive, Dupont Square; North through Blocks 1 and 8, Groveland Park;along east line of Lots 3 and 10, Blocks 1 and 2, North College Tract;to South line of NW 62nd Street; thence West to East line of NW2nd Court; South to North line of NW 60th Street; thence East to Westline Lot 2, Block 3, College Park Addition; thence North; Southalong West line of Lot 2, Block 3, Lots 2 and 11, Blocks 2 and 1,College Park Addition; along East line of Lots 3 and 22, Blocks 1 and2, Lot 3, Block 3, Railroad Shops Inter-school Tract; Lot 12, SantrysResubdivision; Lots 3 and 22, Block 4, Railroad Shops Inter-schoolTract; Lots 10 and 20, Blocks 12, 16, 20 and 24, Railroad ShopsAddition; Lots 3 and 22, Blocks 26, 27, 30 and 31, Buena Vista Heights Extension; Lots 3 and 22, Blocks 2, 3, 6, 7 and 8, ColumbiaPark Corrected; East line of Lots 3 and 22, Blocks 31, 38, 39, 45 and46, Bay Vista Park; East line of Lots 3 and 12, Block 3, Lots 3 and19, Block 9, Lots 2 and 24, Block 10, and Block 15, Wyndwood Park;Lots 3 and 4, Blocks 20 and 19, and Lots 3 and 22, Blocks 11 and 18,Northern Boulevard Tract; Lots 3 and 24, Marion Place; along Eastline of alley through Block 1, High Ridge; Block 1, NW 2nd AvenueCommercial Subdivision; along East line of Lot 48, Woodlawn Tract; Lots 3, 44, 49 and 93, Spauldings Subdivision Corrected; Lot 3, Blocks1 and 4, Weaver's First Addition (unrecorded); Lot 3, Blocks 1 and 4,Weaver's Subdivision; Lot 3, Blocks A and H, Danns 2nd Addition; Lot 3, Block 2, Lots 3 and 16, Block 3, Lot 3, Block 4, Security Addi-tion; along North line of NW. 20th Street to place of beginning.N. W. 7TH AVENUE: Beginning at the present City Fire Limitsin Lot 10, Block 14, and the East line of Seybold Canal; thence Northalong the East side of the Seybold Canal to the N. W. corner of Lot 25, Block 11, Spring Garden Subdivision; thence East along the North lineof Lot 25, Block 11 of said subdivision to South side of NW 8th StreetRoad; thence across NW 8th Street Road to SE corner of Lot 3, Block5 of said subdivision; thence North along the East line of Lot 3, Block5 to the center line of Block 4 of said subdivision; thence along the center line of Blocks 4 and 1 of said subdivision to the center line ofBlock 10, Highland Park; thence North along the center lines ofBlocks 10-965-1 of Highland Park, crossing NW 17th Street to SWcorner Lot 23, Block 4, North Highland; thence North along West lineLots 23-2, Block 4, Lots 23-2, Block 2, Lot 2, Block 1, North Highland;thence North along a line 150' West and parellel to West side NW 7thAvenue; thence along the East side of Lots 7-38, NW 7th AvenueHeights; thence North along East line Lots 8-34, Block 3, Jefferson ParkAmended; thence North along East line Lots 12-3, Block 1, JeffersonPark; thence North along East line of Lot 6, Block 1; thence North parallel to and distant easterly 150 from West line of NW 7th Ave-nue; thence along center line of Block 1, Sunnyside; thence Northalong center line of Block 6, Sunshine Park; thence North parallel to TS

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and distant Westerly from West line of NW 7th Avenue; thence Northto SW corner Lot 16, Block 3, Bonaire Boulevard; thence North alongEast alley line Blocks 3-2 of said subdivision; thence North along Westline Lot 3, Block 2 and Lot 3, Block 5, Warman Place; North alongWest line Lot 3, Block 1, Suwannee Park; thence West to SW cornerLot 12, Block 5; thence North along East line Lots 10 and 12, Blocks5 and 4, Suwannee Park; thence North parallel to and distant 150' West-erly from West line NW 7th Avenue to SW corner Lot 19, Block 1, Suwannee Park; thence North on West line Lots 20 and 13, Block 1of said subdivision; thence North on West line Lots 29 and 4, EdenPark; thence North parallel to and distant westerly 150' from Westline NW 7th Avenue to SW corner Lot 1, Block 5, Inverness; thenceNorth along the back line of Lots facing NW 7th Avenue in Blocks5-4-1, Inverness, Blocks 2 and 1, Braeborn, Blocks 7-6-3-2, Ardsley,Blocks 19-14-11-6-3, Bay Vista Park, Blocks 4-3-2-1, Bowling Green,Blocks 4 and 1, Indiana Park, Blocks 4 and 1, Wesdale Amended; thenceNorth parallel to and distant westerly from West line NW 7th Avenue150'; thence to SW corner Lot 6, Block 2, Bayami Park; thence North along back line of Lots facing on NW 7th Avenue in Blocks 1 and 2,Bayami Park, Blocks 1-6-7-12-13, Seventh Avenue Park; thence Northparallel to and distant westerly from West line NW 7th Avenue; thenceNorth along the back line of Lots facing on NW 7th Avenue in Blocks3 and 2, Henry Ford Subdivision; Blocks 35-34-27-26-19-18-11-10-3-2-1, Stephens Manor; Blocks 2 and 1, Home Crest Amended;thence East along the South line of NW 81st Street to center Block1, Little River Highlands Resubdivision; thence South along the centerline of said Block 1, and the East line Lots 90 and 92 to 101, inclu-sive, of Marden Heights Section No. 2; and along East line Lots 1-5,inclusive, Morton Heights; along center line Blocks 1 and 2, and Eastline Lot 2, Block 3, .2th Avenue Heights; and center line Block 2,Dupont Heights; and Blocks 7 and 8, 7th Avenue Highlands; and alongEast line Lots 8 and 11, Blocks 5-6-7-8, Forest Park 1st Addition; andthe East line Block 4, and Lots 6-13, inclusive, and Lot 15, Blocks4 and 5, Buena Vista Gardens Extension; along East line Blocks 1 and2, Eastmoreland; and East line Lots 2-14, Blocks 9-13-17-21; RailroadShops Addition; along West line Lots 10 and 15, Block 2; Lots 8-13,Block 7, Lots 10-15, Blocks 10-15, Lots 8-13, Block 18, Lots 10-15,Blocks 21-24; Lots 8-13, Block 25; Lots 10-15, Blocks 28 and 29; Lots8-13, Block 34; Lots 10-15, Blocks 35-42-43-48; all in Bay Vista ParkAmended; along West line Lots 4-10-17-24, M. C. Meagher; to sub-division along West property line Blocks 2 and 3, Suwannee ParkAmended; to NW corner Lot 12, Block 7, Rock Terrace; thence Southalong West line Lots 12 and 19, Block 7, Rock Terrace; and Lots 10and 15, Blocks 8-14-15, Northern Tract; and Lots 10 and 19, Blocks1 and 2, and Lot 9, Block 3, Edgewood; Lots 12 and 20, Block 2, Morris Park; to the East line Block 1, NW 7th Avenue Addition;South along East line Blocks 1-2-3, NW 7th Avenue Addition; to theSE corner Lot 12, Block 3, NW 7th Avenue Addition; and continuingSouth 150' East of and parallel to center line of NW 7th Avenue to74

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NE corner Lot 11. Block 5, Sosts' Subdivision; along East line Lots 11and 14, Block 5, of said subdivision; thence South 150' East of andparallel to center line NW 7th Avenue to West line Lot 5, Block 10, andSouth along East line Lots 11 and 14, Blocks 11 North, 30 North and31 North; 50 North, 51 North and Lot 11, Block 70 North, to presentfire limits of City of Miami, to the center line of Block 70, North;thence West along said fire limits line to the place of beginning.S. W. 17TH AVENUE: Beginning at a point on North line of SouthBay Shore Drive 110' East of East line SW 17th Avenue; thence Northparallel to and distant from East line SW 17th Avenue through atriangular Lot and Carter Hinson Tract to SE corner Lot 5, Block 3,Natoma Manors; thence North along West line Lots 6 and 28, Block3, through the center of Blocks 1 and 2, Natoma Park; Blocks 1 and 2, Woodside; along West line Lots 5 and 46, Oceola Highlands; Lot 5,Block 5, Lots 7 and 44, Block 4, Lots 5 and 40, Block 1, Oceola Groves;Lots 3 and 22, Block 1, Adele Heights Amended; Lots 3 and 22, Block9, Blocks 8-5-4-1, Seville; and Blocks 15.14-11-10-5-4-1,, Shenandoah;Lots 15 and 4, Block 1, Manleys Resubdivision; Lots 4 and 9, Blocks2 and 3, Oceola Park; Lots 4 and 11, Hahn Resubdivision; Lots 7 and12, Blocks 86-85-76; Lot 7, Blocks 76 and 66; and Lots 7 and 12,Blocks 65-56-55-46-45-36-35, Lawrence Estate; to NW corner Lot 7, Block35,Lawrence Estate; thence East along South line NW 7th Street toNW corner Lot 4, Block 35, of said subdivision, North along West lineLots 12 and 17, Blocks 4-5-6-7-8, Grove Park; and Lot 3, Block 2, ofsaid subdivision and Lots 3 and 17, St. Johns Park; along center lineof alley through Blocks 2-3-6, Allapattah Manors; Lots 22-27-38-9 andEast line Lots 1-3-45-6, Blanton Park; Lots 26 and 35, Blocks 6-7-8,Braddock Subdivision No. 4; along center line alley Blocks 2 and 3,Evergreen Gardens; and the West line Lots 24 and 37, Blocks 4 and 5,Braddock Subdivision No. 3; Lot 9, Block 2, Bay Hardy Subdivisionand Evergreen Gardens Addition No. 2; through center line alleyBlocks I and 4, Evergreen Garden; Blocks 2 and 3, Ramico, along Westline Lot 5, Blocks 1 and 2, Glendale; Lot 3, Blocks 1 and 4, Allapat-tah Park; Lot 6, Blocks 1 and 4, Allapattah Manors; Lot 4, Blocks1 and 4, Richmond Park; Lot 12, Block 2, Lefler & Jones Properties; through center alley Blocks 1 and 2, Beverly Heights; through Lot 1,Block 2, and along West line Lot 2, Block 1, Allapattah Center; andLots 6, Blocks 1 and 2, Allapattah View; Lots 57-40, 33-16 and 9, Cedar-hurst; through the center Blocks 40-25-24-98, North Miami Estates;along West line Lot 3, Block 2, North Miami Estates Resubdivision;through center Blocks 1-2-3, North Miami Estates No. 3; along Westline Lots 12 and 18, Blocks 2 and 4; Lot 16, Block 6, Fairhaven Gardens; Lot 11, Block 6, Lots 11 and 16, Block 3, and -Lot 16, Block 2,Floral Park Ist Amended; to Fire Limit Line of NW 54th Street; thenceWest along said Fire Limit Line to NW corner Lot 23, Block 17,Floral Park Ist Amended; South along East line Lot 22, Block 17,Lots 3 and 33, Blocks 20 and 21-24 and 25, Floral Park 1st Amended; Lots 1 and 20, Allapattah Square; Lots 8 and 15, Block 2, Lot 11,Block I. 17th Avenue Manors First Addition; Lot 11, Block 3, Les76

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11 and 20, Blocks 1 and 2, 17th Avenue Manors; Lots 6 and 27, Blocks" and 3, Lot 5, Block 1, 17th Avenue Manor 2nd Addition; Lot 161,Block 5, Lots 151 and 150, Blocks 4, Lots 59 and 58, Block 3, Lots39 and 38, Block 2, and Lot 19, Block 1, of Allapattah School Subdivision; Lot 4, Blocks 1 and 2, Goodkinds Home Builders Addition; Lot6, Blocks 1 and 2, Ace-Alla Heights; through Santa Vista School Prop-erty and along East line of Lots 10 and 17, Colonnas Subdivision; Lot18, Block 1, Lots 3 and 22, Block 2, Lavonia Park; through center linealley Blocks 1-2-3, Ernest Schaaf Subdivision; Taunton Subdivision;Allapattah Commercial Center; Helen Lea; through unsubdivided landsand along East line Lots 7 and 26, Blocks 1 and 3, Pinehurst; Blocks1 and 2, Braddock Subdivision No. 1; through center line alley UneedaPark and Mulberry Park; along East line Lots 4 and 47, Belle View;and Lots 3 and 22, Block 6, Ocoee Park; Lot 4, Blocks 1 and 4, Ken-wood First Addition; Lot 3, Block 1, Lots 3 and 24, Block 4, Lot 3,Block 5, Kenwood; Lot 2 through Lot 15, Pirates Cove; along Eastline Lot E, Lawrence Park; along East line NW 17th Court; Lots 3and 20, Blocks 1-6-7-12, Rogers Addition; and NW 17th Court; andSW 17th Court, to East line Lot 4, Block 37, Idlewild Park; Lots 10and 17, Crooks Subdivision; Lots 6 and 44, Block 1; Lots 7 and 46,Block 2, Long View; Lots 10 and 15, Blocks 17-18-19 and 20; and Lot10, Block 16, Shenandoah; Lot 3, Block 1; Lots 3 and 22, Blocks 4and 5, South Shenandoah; Lot 10, Block 2, through center line alley Blocks 3 and 6, Marlborough; along East line Lots 5 and 24, Blocks1 and 2; Lot 3, Block 3, Durniers Subdivision; through Lot 1, Block 1,Dearborns Subdivision; East line Lots 4 and 25, Block 1, Venice Heights Amended; Lot 3, Block 1; Lots 5 and 12, Block 2; Lot 2, Lots9 and 20, Block 3, Pleasant Grove; Lots 5 and 34, Block 27, Lots 5and 24, Blocks 34 and 35, Lot 5, Block 42, New Shenandoah; throughcenter line alley Blocks 1-2 and 3, Kensington Park; along East lineLots 13 and 14, Block 2, through Lot 7, Block,3, along West line 24-27,inclusive, Block 5, Natoma Park; Lot 24, Blocks 1 and 3, EspanolaHeights; on a line 150' West of and parallel to center line SW 17thAvenue to West line South Bayshore Drive; thence East along saidNorth line to place of beginning.N. W. AND S. W. 27TH AVENUE: Beginning on North lineSouth Bayshore Drive at SE corner Lot 54, Block 41, New BiscayneAmended; along West line Lots 7 and 8, Block F, Lots 10 and 11,Block 27, Lots 14-26 and 3, Block 12, New Biscayne Amended; throughTriangle Company's Subdivision along East line Lots 7 to 15, inclu-sive, Block 2, King Park; through Block 3, Silver Bluff Business Cen-ter; center line alley Blocks 52-42-38-37 and 37-A, Silver Bluff Estates;West line Lot 10, Blocks 2 and 3, Stuart Terrace; center line alleyBlocks 25-24-17-6-9-8 and 1, East line Lot 5, Block 1, Silver BluffEstates; Lot 7, Block 6, center line alley Blocks 6-7 and 8, SilverCrest; West line Lot 10, Block 3, Lots 10 and 9, Blocks 1 and 2, Grape-land Park; Lots 10 and 17, Blocks 16-15-13 and 8, Grapeland Revised,and center line alley Blocks 7 and 8, 2 and 3, New Silver Crest; Lot76

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12, Rosemont; West line Lot 3, Block 3, Lots 5 and 24, Block 2, Lots 18 and 1, Block 1, Hazel Park; East line School property BeacomManor; West line Lots C and 65-4742-25-20 and 3, Beacom Manor;Lot 9, Block 13, Lots 9 and 16, Blocks 8 and 6 and 1, Central Park;through center line West Blocks Glen Royal Amended; along East lineLot 300, of said subdivision through center of High Point and Blocks1 and 2 of the Hub; Blocks 5-3 and 2, Cecelia Park; East boundaryGrapeland Villa; Paradise Park Section No. 2; Lots 10-13-20-22, RiverPark; West line Lots 25 and 38, Block 3, Winter Garden; and centerline Block 11, of said subdivision, the center line alley Blocks 1 and 2,Clayton Heights: West Line Lots 10 and 17, Blocks 2 and 3, MelrosePark; Lots 40 and 11, Block 15, Lots 11 and 30, Blocks 16, 17 and 18,Melrose Heights 2nd Section; Lots 7 and 26, Block 2, Melrose Heights;to Fire Limit Line of N. W. 36th Street; thence West along said firelimit line to N. E. corner Lot 26, Block 3, Melrose Heights; South alongEast line said Lot 26, Block 3, Lots 7 and 26, Block 4, Melrose Heights;Blocks 19-20-21 and 22, Melrose Heights 3rd Section; Lots 7 and 28,Blocks 1 and 2, Radio Park; Lots 10 and 17, Blocks 1 and 2, FairAcres Homesites; Lots 1 and 20, Blocks 1 and 4, Lots 1 and 22, Block4, Lots 1 and 9, Block 6, Watson Manor; center line alley in RiverDale Park along East line Lots 42-61-21, Paradise Park Section No. 2;West line Lots 1-41, inclusive, Paradise Park Amended; through Lot K,Block 5, Maysland; East line Lot 4, Block 1, Oakhurst; Lots 6 and 14,Block 8, Lots 9 and 15, Block 10, Lot 7, Block 12, Kew Gardens; Westline Lots 17-65, inclusive, Grapeland Center; through unsubdivided landalong East line Block 1, Royal Home Place; Lots 4 and 23, Blocks 2-5and 9, Lot 4, Block 12, Central Park; Lot 3, Block 1, Lots 3 and 21, Blocks 2 and 3, Carolina Heights; Lots 10 and 16, Blocks 1 and 2,Harding Heights; along West line Lot 1, through Lot 5, Maywood;along East line Lot 3, Blocks A and B, Warner Subdivision; Lot 4,Blocks 1 and 2, Conifer Court; Lot 4, Block 3, and center line alleyBlock 4, Webster Terrace; through Block 2, and center line alley Blocks3 and 10, through Block 11, McAllister Terrace Amended; East lineLots 7 and 26, Blocks 9 and 12, Grapeland Revised; Lots 12 and 13,Blocks 1 and 2, Lots 9 and 28, Blocks 3 and 8, Lot 5, Block 9, Park-dale; Lot 4, Block 1, Lots 4 and 41, Block 2, Lot 4, Block 3, Miller-dale; thence along West line Lots 1 and 16, Block 1, Lot 1, Block 2,Miami Suburban Acres; Lots 31 and 60, Block 12, Miami SuburbanAcres Amended; thence East line Lot 4, Block 1, Lots 7 and 32, Blocks6-7 and 12, Lot 4, Block 13, The Pines; center line Blocks 1 and 24,South Bay Estates; East line Lot 5, Block 3, Lot 6, Block 1, Commer-cial Silver Bluff; Lot 4, Blocks 1 and 5, Pine Terrace; Lot 4, BlocksI and 2, Palm Terrace; Lots 7-12, inclusive, Charles M. Mundy's sub-division; Lots 35 and 4, of Charles M. Mundy's Subdivision; Lots 7 to12, inclusive, Malcolm Peacock Subdivision and Hardie's Addition;through Lots 1 and 2, Block 8, Pent Homestead; along East line Lots8 and 14, inclusive, and Lot 49, Cornelia M. Day Subdivision; thenceSouth 150' West and parallel to the center line SW 27th Avenuethrough Day Grove Terrace and Minford Place to the North line of77

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Bayshore Drive; thence along said North line to the place of begin-ning.S. W. 37TH AVENUE: Beginning on South Fire Limit line WestFlagler Street at NE corner Lot 24, Block 3, Stadler Grove No. 1;thence South along East line Lot 24, Block 3, Lot 5, Block 4, of saidsubdivision to City Limits of Miami; thence beginning at a point 150'West of the center line of SW 37th Avenue on City Limit Line of Coral Gables in Block 43, of Coral Gables Craft's Section; thence Southparallel to said center line of SW 37th Avenue and along East lineLots 3 and 22, Blocks 1 and 3, Lot 3, Block 3, Douglas Manor;through the center of Blocks 1-8-9-16, Coconut Grove, and the Eastline Lots 3-20-2643, Percival Sanford Plat Revised; Lot 3, Block 4,Lots 25 and 26, Blocks 1-2-3, MacFarland Homestead; to North lineof Grand Avenue; thence along said North line to SE corner Lot B,Block 25, Frow Homestead; thence West along East line Lots A and D, Blocks 25-16-15-6 and 5, Frow Homestead; through the center line Stir-rup Subdivision; Blocks 12 and 13, Overbrook Park; and along West line of Lots 11 and 16, W. D. Sanford's Subdivision; Lot 7, Block 13,Lots 1 and 32, Blocks 12-7-6 and 1, Silver Bluff Homesites; Lots 52-4520 and 13, Blocks 7 and 6, Miami Suburban Acres Amended; throughunsubdivided lands and along West line Lots 59-29-2, David Citrus Farms; Lots 3 and 22, Blocks 8-5 and 4, Lot 3, Block 1, Englewood; Lot 10, Block 2, Lots 9 and 17, Block 1, Eugenia Grove Park; throughthe center of Englewood North; and along West line Lot 6, Block 2,through center line alley Blocks 1 and 2, Coral Point; and along Westline Lot 3, Blocks 2 and 1, Minerova Place; Lots 34-15 and 10, Inwood;Blocks 26 and 23, Kirkland Heights Amended; to the City Limits;thence West along City Limit line, to City Limit Line in SW 37thAvenue; thence South along said City Limit Line to City Limit Linealong Block 43, Coral Gables Craft's Section; thence West to a point150' West of center line of SW 37th Avenue.S. W. 2ND AVENUE FROM S. W. 8TH STREET TO S. W.15TH ROAD: Beginning at the center line of SW 8th Street; thenceSouth along the East lines of Lots 8-13, Blocks 57-70 South; Lots 7-13,Block 75 South; Lots 8-13, Block 85 South; and Block 90 South;Block 94 South; to North Line of SW 14th Street and 15th Road;thence West along to SE corner Lot 5, Block 93 South; thence Northalong East lines Lot 5, Block 93, South; Lots 18-3, Block 91, South;Lots 19-4, Block 84, South; Lots 18-4, Block 76, South; Lots 17-4,Block 69 South; and Block 58 South; to center line SW 8th Street;thence East to point of beginning.SOUTH MIAMI AVENUE FROM S. W. 8TH ST. TO S. W.15TH ROAD; Beginning NE corner Lot 6, Block 55 South; thence southalong East line Lots 6 and 9, Block 55 South; Lot 4, Block 72 South;to North line Lot 9, East along said North line Lot 9, Block 72 South;to NE corner of said Lot; thence South along West line of SE MiamiRoad to North line of SW 11th Street; thence East along South lineLot 21, Block 100 South; to center line of said Block; thence South78

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along center line of Block 100 South and 99 South to North line ofSW 15th Road; thence Northwesterly along said North line of SW15th Road to West line Lot 5, Block 98 South; North along East lineLot 2, Block 98 South; Lots 14 and 4, Block 96 South; Lots 18 and 5,Block 95 South; Lots 21 and 4, Blocks 89 and 86 South; 74-71 and 56South; to the South line of SW 8th Street; thence East along said Southline to place of beginning.S. W. 22ND STREET: Beginning on SW 8th Street on the OldFire Limit Line; thence South along West line Lots 3 and 18, Block58, South; Block 69 South; Lots 3 and 19, Block 76 South; thenceSouth along Lots 3 and 20, Block 84 South; and West Lots 1 and 2,Block 91 South Miami Heights; thence West along center line Block 91South; of said subdivision; to NW corner Lot 7, Block 92 South; thenceWest along said line; thence West to center of Block 15, Southwestalong center of Block 15 to S. E. corner Lot 7, Block 14, Holleman Park;thence West along North line of Lots facing on SW 3rd Avenue inBlocks 14-13-12-11.10-9-8-48-47-46-45-44, Brickell Hammock; Blocks26.21-15-10 Brickell Estates; 65-67 East Shenandoah; to center lineBlock 68, West along center line Block 68 of said subdivision Block 2,Kentucky Corners; West to center line Block 3, Pleasant Grove; thenceWest along center line of said subdivision; thence West across Lots 2-34-5 and 6, Dearborne Block 2; to center of Block 7, Shenandoah Park; West along said center line Block 7, of said subdivision Blocks 6 and 1,South Vedado; Blocks 5 and 6, Silver Crest; thence West along Southline of SW 21st Terrace to NW corner Lot 25, Block 3, Millerdale;thence West along South line of alley Blocks 6-5-4, Auburn Heights andMadison Square; thence West 150' North of and parallel to centerline of SW 22nd Street to the City Limits of Miami; thence South alongthe City Limits line to a point opposite the center line of the North half of Block 6, Suburban Acres Amended; thence East along this linethrough Blocks 6-5-43-2 and 1, to center line of Block 1, Silver Bluff;thence East along center line of Blocks 1-2-3 and 4 of said subdivisionBlocks 30-29-28-27 of New Shenandoah; and East along the South lineLots 14 and 19, Block 2, and Block 3, Woodside; and along the centerline of Blocks 59-60 and 61, East Shenandoah; to NE corner of Lot 16,Block 51, of said subdivision; thence Southeast along the East line of said lot to South line of Lots 16 to 9, inclusive, following East alongthis line to SW corner Lot 12, Block 63; thence East along the Southline of Lots facing SW 3rd Avenue Blocks 63 and 64 East Shenan-doah; Blocks 14-22-25, Brickell Estate; Block 35, Brickell HammockUnit No. 1, 1st Addition; Blocks 34-3832-31, Brickell Hammock UnitNo. 1; Blocks 22-21-20-19-18, Holleman Park; Blocks 17 and 16, SouthMiami; thence to NW corner Lot 3, Block 93, South Miami Heights;and along South line to center line of Block 94 South of said subdivi-sion; thence East along center line of said Block to SE corner Lot 8,Block 94 South; thence North along East line Lot 8, Block 94 South;Lots 8-13, Block 90 South; Block 85 South; Lots 7-13, Block 75 South;Lots 8-13, Block 70 South: Block 57 South, to Old Fire Limits Line;thence West along this line to the place of beginning.79

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S. W. 15TH ROAD FROM SO. MIAMI AVENUE TO S. W.3RD AVENUE: Beginning at a point 150' South of center line SW15th Road on West line of South Miami Avenue; thence West parallelto center line of SW 15th Road through Flagler Park along West lineLots 2 and 16, Block 29, South Miami; Lots 12 and 3, Block 32; Lot 6,Block 16, Holleman Park; to East Fire Limit Line of SW 3rd Avenue;thence North and East along Fire Limit Line of SW 2nd Avenue toNE corner Lot 13, Block 94 South; thence S. E. through Blocks 94-97-98to SE corner Lot 6, Block 98 South; thence South along West lineSouth Miami Avenue to the place of beginning.WEST FLAGLER STREET: Beginning at the NE corner ofLot 20, Block 61, Lawrence Estate; thence West through the center ofBlocks 61-62-63-64-65, Lawrence Estate; to the NE corner of Lot 6,Block 3, Orange Park; thence West along the North line of said Lot 6to the NW corner of said Lot 6; thence South parallel to the Eastline of NW 17th Court along the West lot line of Lots 6-5-4 of Block 3of Orange Park to the NW corner of Lot 1, Block 3, Orange Park;thence West along the North line of Lots 24-23-22-1-2-3, Block 2, Lots1-2-3, Block 1, Orange Park; thence West along South line of alleythrough Blocks 6-5, and Block 4 of Evanston Heights; thence to NEcorner of Lot 72, Glenroyal Amended; thence Northwesterly along theNorth line of said Lot 72 to NW corner of said Lot 72; thence South-westerly to SW corner of said Lot 72; thence West along the Northline of Lots 90 to 97, inclusive, and Lots 189-190 and 192 to NWcorner of Lot 191; thence along the North line of Lots 1 to 8, inclusive,of Hibiscus Terrace and Lots 1 and 2, Blocks 1 and 2 of Royal HomePlace, to NE corner of Lot 4, Block 15, Eldorado Heights, and alongthe North line of Lots 23 to 30, inclusive, of Blocks 7 and 8 and Lots23 to 26, inclusive, Block 6 of 12th Street Manors Addition and Lots2425-26 of Blocks 1 and 2 of 12th Street Heights and Lots 51 to 54,inclusive, of Block 41 and through center of Blocks 31-20 and 10 of12th Street Manors to NW corner Lot 20, Block 10, 12th Street Manors; thence West 100' North and parallel to North line and W. Flagler Street to NE corner of Lot 10, Block 6, 12th Street Manors SectionNo. 3; thence West along North line of Lot 10, Block 6, and Lots 19to 22, inclusive, of Blocks 4 and 2, 12th Street Manors Section No. 3and through center of Block 2, Kinlock Park and Block 6, Flagler Pines No. 1 and along South line of alley through Blocks 4-5 and 6,Henry Ford Subdivision No. 1 and along North line of W. Flaglet Street Building Lots and Wurths Resubdivision, center Block 1, ParkersFlagler Heights and through center of Blocks 1 and 2 ParkersFlagler Heights and along South line of Lots 7 and 30, Pinehurst Villa3rd Addition, and Lots 7 and 30, Pinehurst Villa 2nd Addition, and Lots296-290-266 and 260, Flagler Grove Estates Extepsion, and along Northline, Lots 1-2-3, 12th Street Acres Plan No. 3 and along the North lineWhitner Addition and Colskys Resubdivision and through center Block2, Flagler Pines No. 2 and along South line Lot 9, Block 1, Flagler Pines No. 2 and along South line of alley through Blocks 3 and 4,Flagler Manor and Blocks 1-2-3 West Gate and along the North line80

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of Lots 13 to 18, inclusive, Blocks 20-12.3 and Lots 13 to 15, inclusive, Block 4, West Flagler Park and Lots 13 to 15, inclusive, Block 24, and Lots 13 to 18, inclusive, of Blocks 25-32-33 and 41 of West FlaglerPark Section "B" and along South Line of Alley through Blocks 19to 26, inclusive, of Winona Park and continuing West 150' North ofand parallel to the center line of West Flagler Street to City Limits;thence along City Limits to North side of West Flagler Street; thenceSouth to SW corner Lot 133, Block 1-D Flagami; thence East to NWcorner of Lot 29, Block 1, Flagami 1st Addition; thence South to center of said Block 1; thence Northeasterly along center of said Block 1 toSW corner of Lot 18, Block 1; thence Easterly along South line Lot 18 said Block 1 and along North line of Lot 5, Block 6. Flagami,to North line of alley through Blocks 1 to 10, inclusive, of Fairlawn and 1 to 4, inclusive, of East Fair Lawn and along North line of Lot 6,Block 3 and Lots 23 and 11, Block 2, and Lot 7, Block 1, Naranja Nook,and along North line of alley through Blocks 1 to 4, inclusive, ofFlagler Lawn and Blocks 3 and 2 of Flagler Terrace to SW cornerLot 2, Block 1, Flagler Terrace; thence East 100' South of and parallelto the South line of West Flagler Street through Lots 1 and 2, Block 3, 12th Street Acres Plan No. 2, and along the North line of Lots 6-7-8,Lewins Resubdivision and through Lots 1 and 2, Block 2, 12th StreetAcres Plan No. 2, and along North line of Lot 4 of Holmes Resub-division and through Lot 1, Block 1, 12th Street Acres Plan No. 2and along the North line of Lots 91 and 2 of Flagler Court Heights and Lots 7 and 30, Pinehurst Villa 1st Addition and along Northline of alley through Blocks 7 and 1 of Terra Alta and throughcenter Block 1, Flagler Center and along North line of alley throughBlock 1 of Flagler Grove Heights Amended and Block 1 of HydePark and through center of Block 1, Stadler Grove Addition No. 2,and along North line of Lots 14 and 7 of Blocks 1-2-3-4 of Stad-ler Grove and of Lot 6, Block 1, Stadler Grove Addition No. 1,and through center of Blocks 2 and 3 of Stadler Grove Addition No. Iand along South line of Lots 7 and 1, Block 1, Stadler GroveAddition No. 1 to City Limits of Coral Gables; thence along the CityLimits of Coral Gables and along South line of Blocks 8-9-16 Kirkland Heights Amended and of Lots 164 to 150, inclusive, of Auburndale toSoutheast corner of Lot 150, Auburndale; thence Northeasterly to SWcorner of Lot 148; thence Southeasterly to SE corner of Lot 148;thence North to NW corner of said Lot 126; thence along North lineof Lots 126-122-123 and 3 of Auburndale and Lot 4 of Blocks 1 and 2of Ardmore Heights and Lots 4 and 47 of Saginaw Park through centerof Blocks 1 and 4 of Collingwood and along the North line of Lots 4and 47 of Houston Heights and through center Blocks 1-2-3 of CentralPark and Blocks 1 and 2 of Boscoble and along the North line of Lots19 and 11, inclusive, of Kenilworth to NW corner of Lot 10 of Kenil-worth; thence Southeasterly along South line of Lots 10 and 37 to SEcorner of Lot 37; thence Northeasterly to North line of alley inBlock 53, Idlewild Park; thence East along North line of alley throughBlocks 53 to 56, inclusive, and 6 to 2, inclusive, of Idlewild Park and81

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along North line of SW 1st Street to SE corner of Lot 8, Block 75,Lawrence Estates; thence North to the North line of Block 75, LawrenceEstates; thence East along North line of Blocks 75 to 72, inclusive,and through the center of Block 71, Lawrence Estates, to the Eastproperty line of SW 12th Avenue.S. W. 1ST STREET FROM S. W. 12TH AVENUE TO KENIL-WORTH BOULEVARD: Beginning on center line SW 12th Avenue;thence West through center line Blocks 76 to 80, inclusive, Lawrence Estate; along West line Lot 2, Block 13, Lot 3, Blocks 14 and 15,Lot 4, Blocks 16 and 17, Lot 1, Block 19, through center line Blocks50-51-52; along West line Lot 10, Block 46, Idlewild Park, Lot 42,Kenilworth, and through center Block 15, Rand Properties Resubdivi-sion; to East line SW 22nd Avenue Road; thence West along said Eastcenter line, Block 14, Rand Properties Resubdivision; and along SouthFire Limit Line of West Flagler Street to center line SW 12th Avenue;thence South to place of beginning.S. W. 8TH STREET: Beginning at NE corner of Lot 20, Block52 South, the center line of Block 52 South; thence West along thecenter line of Blocks 52 South, 51 South, 50 South, 49 South, 48 South,47 South and 46 South Homer and Block R and Q Riverview and EastAddition Block 29, Lawrence Estate, Emory J. Carter Resubdivision,Blocks 106-105-104-103 Lawrence Estate Block 1, Manleys ResubdivisionBlock 2 Lawn View West 150' North of center line SW 8th Street parallel to and distant therefrom to center line Block 4, Westwood,along center line Block 7, West Shenandoah, Block 8 and 1, Bryandale,along North line Seaver and Haskell Subdivision to center line Block 2,Rex Park; West along center line of said Block 2 and continuing Westto' NE corner of Lot 100, Beacon Manor; West along North line ofLots 82 to 100, inclusive, of said subdivision, crossing Lots 79-80-81of said subdivision, continuing across school block to center line ofBlock 2, Harding Heights; West along center line of Block 2 of saidSubdivision, Block 8, Carolina Heights, Section No. 2, Block 2, CoralVista, Blocks 6 and 7, Coral Nook, to NE corner of Lot 452; thenceEast along South side of alley Auburndale Tamiami Trail Addition;thence East to center line of Block 1, Mildred Park, and East alongcenter line of said Block 1 to center line of Block 2, Loquat Farm,East along center line of Block 2 of said subdivision to NE corner ofLot 1, Block 2, Coral Park; thence along South side of alley to City Limit line of Miami; thence South along said City Limit line to SWcorner of Lot 1, Englewood North East along South line of lots 1 to 5,inclusive, of said subdivision; thence easterly to center line of Block21, Tamiami Pines, East along center line of Blqcks 21-12-11 and 2 ofsaid subdivision to SW corner of Lot 26, Block 1 of Tamiami Pines,East across Lots 10-11 and 12, Woodlawn Park Cemetery, Lots 12 and11, Hickson, to SW corner of Lot 5, Block 1, Hilah Park Amended,East along South line of Lots 5 and 1, Block 1; thence East alongSouth line of Lots 4-1, inclusive, Block 2, and Block 1, Hilah Park,East to SW corner of Lot 1 Block 1, Crescent Park; thence East on82

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North line Alley Block 1 of said Subdivision through Lots 5-6-7, Hick-sons Subdivision, and West line of Lots 5 and 11, Block 1; Lot 4,Block 3, Citrus Park; Lot 4, Maywood, and center line of CommercialOrange Glade, Lot 1, Maywood, East to North line alley, Hazel Park,East on North line of alley, Block 1 of said subdivision, Lot 3, Block 1,Orange Glade center line Camden Heights addition through center line,Block 1 and 2, Bryanr Park, and North line of Lot 10, Block 4,Tamiami Heights, along South line F. P. Ziys Resubdivision and Southline of Lot 2, Royal Park, center line Block 3, Tamiami Heights, andBlocks 21 and 20-1 and 2, Shenandoah Subdivision and North line Avocado Park Amended and Lots 17 and 4, Block 4, Harrison's Sub-division; Lots 14 and 3, Blocks 3, 2 and 1, Westmoreland FirstAddition, center line Blocks 3B-2B-1B, Lawrence Estates, Block 1 ofRenno and West line of Lot 6, Block 1, Stuarts Addition, Lots 5 and10, Block 1; Lots 6 and 11, Block 2, Andres Subdivision, through Blocks63 South to 57 South, inclusive, to East line of SW 1st Avenue; thenceNorth along East line of SW 1st Avenue to the place of beginning.ALSO: Beginning at City Limit line 150' West of center line ofSW 8th Street, West parallel to center line of SW 8th Street throughNorth Coral Gables and Block 1, Brevoort Place, through center lineof Block 3, Trajune Park, and Block 11, Wyndermere Park, center lineof Block 2 along South line of Lot 14, Block 4, Tamiami Trail Park,and alley through Blocks 1, 2 and 3, Tamiami Park Amended, andBlock 1, Bowman Heights, and Blocks 1, 2 and 3, Trail Granada Addi-tion, Block 1, Hills Trail Grove, Blocks 5 and 6, Dorward Heights,Block 5, Corbett's 8th Street Addition, Block 5, El Camino Park,Blocks 9 and 10, Tamami Highlands, Lot 1, T. R. Glass Subdivision,along South line Alley Block 2, Tamami Center, through Lot 3 of T.R. Glass Subdivision, and along South line of alley through Block 4,Granada Grove No. 3, Blocks 3 and 4, Gray Park, through Lot 6, T. R.Glass Subdivision, along South line of alley, Lots 34 and 35, alongSouth line of lots 8 and 14, Block 33, and Lots 6 and 11, Block 32,and of alley Block 31 and 30, Fairlawn, Blocks 1 and 2, FairlawnSection "A," Block 14, Tamami Plaza, on South line of Lot 20, Block11, on center line Blocks 17 and 18, along South line of Lot 20, Block16, Tamiami Trail Business Section, along center line of Block 10,Flagami, to SE corner of Lot 15, Block 10, West to center line ofBlock 9, along center line of Block 9 to NE corner of Lot 28, Block 8; thence on North line of said Lot 28, to center line of Block 8; thencealong South line of Lot 20, Block 8, to SE corner of Lot 29, Block 2;thence along South line of said Lot 29 and South line of Lot 20, Block2, to SE corner of Lot 11, Block 1 "A"; thence along South line ofsaid Lot 11 to City Limits, along the Tamiami Canal; thence alongCity Limits line to West City Limit Boundary of SW 8th Street; thenceEast along City Limit line of Miami to West City Limit line of CoralGables, South along Coral Gables City line to North line of alley ofBlock 1, Tamiami Grove, East along North line of said alley throughBlock 1, Tamiami Grove No. 3, Second Section, Granada Groves No. 2,Tamiami Grove Amended, Tamiami Grove No. 2 and through center83

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line of Block 1, Virginia Park, and North line of alley throughBlocks 1, Whiteside Park, Trail Terrace, to City Limits, along Eastboundary Block 2, Trail Terrace; thence along City Limit line to placeof beginning.GRAND AVENUE: Beginning on center line of alley Block 1, William A. Rice Subdivision, through Blocks 1 and 2, William A. RiceSubdivision, through Block 14, Pent Homestead, and through centerline of Block 2, Charles H. Frow Subdivision, Blocks 21-22-23-24 and25, Frow Homestead Amended; Block 1, McFarland Homestead Platto the City Limits; thence South and West along City Limits line toEast line of Block 4, Golden Gate South, along said East line, whichis also the City Limit line, to a point 1501 South of Grand Avenue;thence East through the center of Blocks 1 and 2, St. Albans ParkSubdivision, and through the center of Blocks 26 and 27, Frow Home-stead Amended, and along the South line of Lot 28, Block 28, andalong the South line of Lots 24 to 4, inclusive, Block 28, of said sub-division; thence South along the West line of Lots 3-42 and 47 ofDe Hedouville Subdivision, through Block 29 and the West line of Lot24, Block 30, Frow Homestead Amended; Lot 3, Block 1, The RoyalGardens, to and South along the West line of Lot 3, Roberts Subdivision, across Main Highway to a point in Lot 13 of Monroe's Plat, said point being 1501 South of the South line of Main Highway; thence North-easterly parallel with Main Highway to and along the South lines ofLots 59 to 54, inclusive, Blocks 11 and 6 to 1, inclusive, Block 10,Treasure Beach, continuing parallel with Main Highway through Lots9-8-7 and 6, Monroe's Plat, through Lots 8 to 14, inclusive, C. & I.Peacocks Amended, along the North line of Lot 4, Charles John PeacockCorrected Subdivision, to its Northeast corner; thence South along theWest and South lines of said Lot and the West and South lines ofLot 7 of said subdivision; thence West parallel with and 150' fromthe South line of Grand Avenue, to and along the South line of Lot 10,McDonalds Plat, along South line of Lot 10, Lamoreaus Subdivision,to Del Monte Road; thence Northwesterly along said road to andalong the East lines of Lots 7-6 and 5 of said subdivision; thence Westalong North line of said Lot 5 to point of beginning.NORTH 36TH STREET: Beginning on center line of Block 10,Princess Road; thence West along the center lines of Blocks 10 and 9of said subdivision, Blocks 46 and 47, Bay Vista Park, Block 50, BayVista Park Amended; thence West to center line of Block 48 of saidSubdivision; thence to center line of Block 1, Le Roi Subdivision;thence to center line of Block 1 of said Subdivision; thence West toBlocks 1 and 5 of said 36th Street Manors, Block 5, Covington Manor,Blocks 60-59-58-57 North Miami Estate; Blocks 1, Cordova Park, Block 2,Allapattah Center and Santa Vista Block; thence West parallel to and dis-tant Northerly 150' from North line of NW 36th Street; thence to NEcorner of Lot 1, Collins Park; thence West along North line of Lots 1 to6, inclusive, of said subdivision; thence Westerly to NE corner of Lot 11,Wolverine Park; thence Westerly along North line of Lots 11 and 12 of 84

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said subdivision to center line of Block 2, Becker Subdivision; thenceWest on center line of Block 2, Becker Subdivision; thence to NEcorner of Lot 14, Block 3, Gordon City; thence West on Northline Lots 14.17, Block 3, Lots 14-17, Block 4, Lots 14-17, Block7, Lots 14-17, Block 8, Lots 14-17, Block 1, Gordon City Subdivision;thence to NE corner Lot 42, Block 3, 36th Street at Grapeland; thence West along center line of Block 4, Lot 18, of said sub-division; thence West along the center of Block 2, Garden of Allah;thence Westerly to NE corner of Lot 4, Block 3, Evergreen Lawn No. 3; thence West. along alley in Block 3 of said subdivision, Blocks 2 and 3, Druid Heights; thence Westerly to NE corner Lot 1,Block 1, Lauraville; thence Westerly along center line of Block 1 ofsaid subdivision, Block 5, 36th Street Highlands; thence West to NEcorner of Lot 16, Block 4, Melrose Gardens Amended; thence Westalong West line of Lots 16 and 11, Block 4 facing lots 16 and 11,Block 3, Melrose Gardens Amended to City Limits of Miami; thenceSouth along the City Limits line to a point opposite center line ofBlock 72; thence East along the center lines of Blocks 72-71-61-60-45-44,Melrose Heights 5th Section, Block 1, 36th Street Gardens; thenceEast to center line Block 3, Melrose Heights; thence East along the center line Block 3 of said subdivision, Blocks 2 and 1, MelroseHeights, Block 1, New Haven, Blocks 1 and 4, Holleman Manor, Easterly across West Haven to the center line Block 5, Holleman Manor,through the center of Blocks 5 and 7 of said subdivision; thence Eastto center line of Block of Colonna's Subdivision; thence East alongthe center line of Blocks 1 and 4, Beverly Heights, Blocks 15 and 1, West End Park, to NW corner Lot 4, Block 1, Georgian Terrace;thence East along North line of Lot 4, Block 1, and Lot 4, Block 2of said subdivision; thence East on South line of Lot 2, Block 8, Lot 2,Block 7, Buena Vista Park Amended; thence East on South line Lot 2,Block 1, Bruce Terrace; thence East to SE corner of Lot 1, Block 1, Jewell Heights; thence East on South line Lot 9, Block 3, Lots 12and 9, Block 2, Lot 9, Block 1, Buena Vista Amended; thence Easton center line of Block of M. C. Meagher & Company Subdivision,and Block 3, Devonshire Park Amended Subdivision; also Block 1 ofsaid subdivision, Block 1, Buena Vista Estates, Block 1, NorthernBoulevard Tract, Block 1, Chefneux Subdivision, Blocks 3-2-1, WyndwoodPark to SW corner of Lot 9, Block 1, of said subdivision; thence North to center line of Block 10, Princess Park Subdivision, the place ofbeginning.Beginning at NE corner of Lot 3, Block 4, West Point Subdivision,intersects the U. S. Harbor Line of Biscayne Bay; thence East alongcenter line of Blocks 4-3.2-1 of said subdivision; thence North alongWest line of Lots 3 and 4, Block 1,-to South line of alley; thence Westalong South line of alley to East line of F. E. C. Railroad right of wayto North line of NE 35th Terrace; thence East to and intersectingwith U. S. Harbor Line; thence along said Harbor Line to the placeof beginning.$s

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N. E. AND N. W. 54TH STREET: Beginning on East Side ofFederal Highway; thence moving West along the center line of SouthBlocks, Bonna Bella Place to North line Zumwalt Subdivision; thenceWest along center lines Blocks 4 and 3, Tranquilla; thence West alongSouth line Lot 6, Block 6, and Lot 6, Block 5, 54th Street BusinessCenter; thence West along South line Lot 4, Block 4, Lots 14 and 7,Block 3, Commercial Center; thence West along South line Lot 1, Miami Avenue Subdivision; thence West to alley 54th Street BusinessPlaza; thence West along alley across Mercantile Plaza; thence Westacross property of Thomas Curry to SE corner of Lot 3, Railway ShopsAddition; thence West along South line Lot 3 of said addition; thenceWest along the center line Block 4, Railroad Shops Inter School Tract;thence West along South line Lots 10-16, Block 12, Lots 10-16, Block11, Lots 10 and 16, Block 10, Lots 10 and 16, Block 9, Lots 10 and 16,Block 8, Lot 10, Block 7, of Buena Vista Gardens, Lot 5, Block 4, andLot 4, Block 1, Eastmoreland; thence along center line of Blocks 4and 3, Indiana Park; thence Westerly to center of Block 1, BowlingGreen Extension; thence West to center line of McDuffie Plat, Block;thence West to center of Block 5, Orchard Villa Tract; thence Westalong center of Blocks 5 and 6 of said tract; thence West along centerBlock 1, McCall Park, Block 1, Orange Heights, Blocks 36-16-15, FloralPark 1st Amended, to City Limits of Miami; thence South along City Limits line to a point opposite center line of Block 18, Floral Park 1stAmended; thence East along the center of Blocks 18 and 17, of saidaddition, Blocks 2 and 1, Floral Park, Blocks 2 and 1, Palm Park; thence East to center line of Block 1, Miami Home Addition, and East alongcenter line Block 1 of said addition and Block 7, Bowling Green; thenceEast to SW corner Lot 8 and East along South lines of Lots 8 and 1,Block 1, Estelle Park East, along North line Lots 8 and 15, block 1,Sylvan Square, and center line Block 1, Bowling Green, Blocks9-10-11-12-1 and 2 Railroad Shops Second Amended and Blocks ofOrchard Villa Tract; thence to SW corner Lot 1, Elwood Place andEast along South line Elwood Place Subdivision to West line ofFederal Highway to the place of beginning.LITTLE RIVER: N. E. 76TH STREET-N. E. 82ND STREET-F. E. COAST RAILROAD-NORTH MIAMI AVENUE: Beginningat a point in the West Right of Way line of the F. E. C. Railroad which is the Southeast corner of Lot 5, Commercial Little River;thence West along North lines of Blocks 4-29-40-52 of said subdivisionalong North lines of Lot 4, Block 6, Lots 3 and 10, Blocks 5 and 4, DixieHighway Park South line of Lots 1 to 4, inclusive, Block 4, Lot 6,Block 5, Roselawn Park; Lot 6, Block 30; Lots 13 and 6, Block 31,Little River Gardens to N. E. Miami Court; thence North along center9line of said court; through said subdivision to the S. W. cornerof Lot 18, Blocks 20 and 15; Lot 4, Block 14; the north lineof lot 8 to 18, inclusive, Block 5, Royal Palm Gardens; the north lineof lots 20 and 23, Del Rio Subdivision; the north line of lot 16, block 1;lots 19 and 14, block 2; and through Block 3, Oakland Grove Amendedto the West Right of Way line of the F. E. C. Railroad; thence southalong said Right of Way to the point of beginning.86

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BUENA VISTA: N. 36TH STREET-N. 41ST STREET-N. E.2ND AVENUE-NORTH MIAMI AVENUE: Beginning at a point inthe West line of the F. E. C. Railroad Company to Right of Way 150'South of the South line of NE 36th Street; thence West parallel withsaid street to and along the South line of Lot 6, Block 1, WyndwoodPark Subdivision to the center line of alley; thence North throughBlock 1 of said subdivision; the East line of Lots 22 and 3 of Blocks10-7-6-3 and 2 of Princess Park Subdivision; the West line of Lot 2,Block 5, Buena Vista Heights Addition Amended to its Northwest cor-ner; thence East along the North lines of Lots 2 and 1, Block 5 ofsaid subdivision; through the center of Blocks 8 and 7, Biltmore Sub-division continuing East to the West line of the F. E. C. Railroad Com-pany Right of Way; thence Southwesterly along said Right of Way topoint of beginning.SOUTH BAYSHORE DRIVE: (S. W. 17TH AVENUE TO S. W.27TH AVENUE AND E. INGRAHAM HIGHWAY): Beginning at theSE corner of a lot not numbered on plat to said corner being in the Westline of the West Fair View Court, and, also; in the North line of Peli-can Canal; thence along the North line of said Canal to the South lineof Lots 1 and 2, Blocks 7-6-5-4, Crystal Bluff Addition; South line ofLots 2, Blocks 1 and 2, Crystal View; continuing in a Westerly directionparallel with and 1501 from the south line of South Bayshore Drivethrough Biscayne Park Terrace, Block A; John T. Peacock Estate, LotsI to 24, inclusive, Block 43, New Biscayne Amended; West throughDinner Key; Southwesterly along South lines of Lots 40 to 51, inclu-sire, McDonald Plat; Lots 14 and 15; Lamoreaux Subdivision; South lineof Lot A, McDonalds Plat; to the Southwest corner of said Lot A;thence in a Northwesterly direction along the West line of McDonaldPlat to the Northwest corner of Lot 12 of said subdivision; thence East along North line of Lot 12. McDonalds Plat; South line of Lot 6, Blocks2 and 1, Minford Place, through Lots 36 and 37, Bay Grove Terrace;and the North line of Lot 38 of said subdivision to the Southwest comerof Lot 46, Block 41, New Biscayne Amended Subdivision; thence Eastalong the South line of said Lot to its Southeast corner; thence in aNortheasterly direction parallel with and 150W from the North line ofSouth Bayshore Drive, through Blocks 41 to 36, inclusive, New-BiscayneAmended, through the John T. Peacock Estate, through Lots 11 to 4, inclusive, Block A, Biscayne Park Terrace; Lots 1 to 3, inclusive, Block3, Crystal Bluff Addition; North line of Lots 12 and 13, Blocks 2 and 1,Crystal Bluff Subdivision; Lots 43-42-35-34-27 to the Fire Limit Line ofS. W. 17th Avenue; thence South and East along said Fire Limit Lineto a point 11Y0 East of the East Line of SW 17th Avenue; thence Southto the point of beginning. See Page 300 for addition.Sec. 1602. RESTRICTIONS IN FIRE ZONE NO. 1. (a) Nobuilding or structure of Type V Construction shall be erected, or con-structed in or moved into, or removed from one lot to another, or movedfrom one part of a lot to another part of same lot, or raised, or altered,or added to in Fire Zone No. 1.rb) No building or structure of Type IV construction having an37

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area greater than four hundred (400) square feet shall be erected, orconstructed in, or moved into Fire Zone No. 1.(c) Any building or structure in Fire Zone No. 1 which is enlarged, altered, raised or built upon to an extent exceeding an expendi-ture of twenty (20) per cent of the value of such building, shall bemade to completely comply with the requirements of a new building insuch Fire Zone. However, when a building requires repairs to existingwood shingle roofing in. Fire Zone No. 1 such repairs shall be limitedto ten (10) per cent of the roofing area and when more than ten (10)per cent shall comply with the requirements of new roof coverings inFire Zone No. 1. New roof covering shall not be placed over existingwood shingles (See Section 104 (e).)(d) Any building or structure moved into Fire Zone No. 1 shallcomply with all the requirements for new buildings in Fire Zone No. 1.(e) No buildings of Type IV Construction in excess of four hun-dred (400) square feet in area, nor any building of Type V Construc-tion already erected in Fire Zone No. 1 shall hereafter be altered, raised, enlarged, added to or moved, except as follows:(1) Such building may be entirely demolished.(2) Such buildings may be moved entirely outside the limit ofFire Zone No. 1.(3) Changes, alterations and repairs to the interior of such build-ing or to the front facing a public street may be made, providing thatsuch changes shall not increase in the opinion of the Building Inspector,the fire hazard of such building. Any new building erected on thesame lot with an existing frame structure which does not have one wallfacing on a public street or alley, shall not be placed within five (5)feet of the existing frame building and an unobstructed passageway ofnot less than five (5) feet in width and ten (10) feet in height onthe street level shall be provided for access from the existing framebuilding to a public street or alley.(4) Roofs of such buildings may be covered only with a "FireRetardant' roof as specified in Section 4305.(f) Temporary buildings such as reviewing stands and other miscellaneous structures, conforming to the requirements of this Code, andsheds, canopies or fences used for the protection of the public, aroundand in conjunction with construction work, may be erected in Fire Zone No. 1 by special permit from the Building Inspector for a limited periodof time and such structures shall be completely removed upon the expiration of the time limit in such permits.(g) All doors, windows and other openings in exterior walls of allbuildings erected in Fire Zone No. 1 shall be protected by doors or windows of one-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Section 4304.EXCEPTIONS: The provisions of paragraph (g) shall notapply to doors, windows or other openings which face directly upon and are not within fifty (50) feet of the opposite side of a public88

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street or other public place, this distance to be measured at rightangles to the plane of the wall in which such openings occur.The provisions of paragragh (g) shall not apply to openingstwenty (20) feet or more from buildings on the same property, ortwenty (20) feet or more from adjacent property lines other thanstreet fronts, as regulated by first exception; nor shall such provisions apply to openings in courts which are at least twenty (20)feet in their least dimension. For the purpose of this paragraphthe adjacent property line may be considered as the opposite ofadjoining alleys, streets or other public places if such exist.(h) All buildings of Type III construction erected in Fire ZoneNo. I shall have all partitions and floors of not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Chapter 43.(i) No Group E buildings except public garages or gasoline fill-ing stations shall be constructed or erected in Fire Zone No. 1 and noexisting buildings shall be used or occupied in any manner whatsoeverby Group E occupancies, except as public garages or gasoline fillingstations, except where permitted by the Zoning Ordinance No. 1156 ofthe City of Miami and its subsequent amendments.(j) A building or structure, which is or may be located partlyin one Fire Zone and partly in another, shall be considered to be inthe more highly restricted Fire Zone when more than one-third of itstotal floor area is located in such zone.(k) All buildings in Fire Zone No. 1, irrespective of type of con-struction or occupancy, shall be covered with a "fire retardant" roof as specified in Section 4305.Sec. 1603. RESTRICTIONS IN FIRE ZONE NO. 2. (a) Build-ings of Type V construction erected or constructed in Fire Zone No. 2shall have all exterior walls of not less than one-hour fire-resistive con-struction as specified in Section 4302; provided, that when such exteriorwalls are less than three (3) feet from adjacent property lines or lessthan six (6) feet from buildings on the same property, the exterior wallsshall be of masonry or reinforced concrete and in both cases the roofs of such buildings shall be covered as specified in paragraph (a) ofthis Section.(b) No building of Type IV construction having an area greaterthan one thousand (1,000) square feet shall be erected or constructedin Fire Zone No. 2.(c) Any building in Fire Zone No. 2 which is enlarged, altered,raised or built upon to an extent exceeding an expenditure of fifty (50)per cent of the value of such building, shall be made to comply withthe requirements of a new building in such fire zone.(d) Any building or structure moved into Fire Zone No. 2 shallcomply with all the requirements for new buildings in Fire Zone No. 2.(e) No building of Type IV construction in excess of one thou-sand (1,000) square feet in area, nor any building of Type V construc-89

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tion, except as noted in paragraph (a) of this Section, already erectedin Fire Zone No. 2 shall hereafter. be altered, raised, enlarged, addedto or moved except as follows:(1) Such buildings may be entirely demolished.(2) Such building may be moved entirely outside of the limitof Fire Zone No. 2. (3) Such building may be made to conform to the provisionsof paragraph (a) of this Section.(4) Changes, alterations and repairs to the interior of suchbuilding or to the front facing a public street may be made, pro-vided, such changes do not increase the fire hazard of suchbuildings.(5) Roofs of such buildings may be covered only with a "FireRetardant" roof as specified in Section 4305.(f) Temporary buildings such as reviewing stands and other mis-cellaneous structures, conforming to the requirements of this Code, andsheds, canopies or fences used for the protection of the public, aroundand in conjunction with construction work, may be erected in Fire ZoneNo. 2 by special permit from the Building Inspector for a limited periodof time and such structure shall be completely removed upon expirationof the time limit in such permit.(g) No Group E buildings except public garages or gasoline fill-ing stations shall be constructed or erected in Fire Zone No. 2 and noexisting buildings shall be used or occupied in any manner whatsoever by Group E occupancies, except as public garages or gasoline fillingstations,. except where permitted by the Zoning Ordinance No. 1156 ofthe City of Miami, and its subsequent amendments.(h) A building which is partly in Fire Zone No. 2 and partly in Fire Zone No. 3 shall conform to all the restrictions of Fire Zone No. 2if more than one-third (1/3) of the area of the building is in FireZone No. 2.(i) "Roof covering in all buildings in Fire Zone No. 2 may beof any roofing specified in Section 4305, except as prohibited in para-graph (e-5) above, and except hospitals, schools, theatres or other buildings of like character used for public assembly, shall have a "FireRetardant" roof as specified in Section 4305."Sec. 1604. RESTRICTIONS IN FIRE ZONE NO. 3. Any build-ing complying with the requirements specified in this Code may beerected or moved into or within Fire Zone No. 3.90

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PART VREQUIREMENTS BASED ON TYPES OF CONSTRUCTIONCHAPTER 17CLASSIFICATION OF ALL BUILDINGS BY TYPES OFCONSTRUCTIONSEC. 1701. GENERAL. The requirements of Part V are the minimum requirements for the various Types of Construction. In orderthat a building may be classed in any specific Type of Construction,it is necessary that all of the requirements for that Type of Construc-tion be complied with.No building or portion thereof shall be required to conform to the details of a Type of Construction higher than that type which meetsthe minimum requirements based on Occupancy (Part III) or Locationin Fire Zone (Part IV) even though certain features of such buildingactually conform to a higher Type of Construction. The various Types of Construction herein specified represent vary-ing degrees of public safety and resistance to fire and windstorm.Where specific materials, Types of Construction or fire-resistive pro-tection are required, such requirements shall be the minimum require-ments and any materials, Types of Construction or fire-resistive protec-tion which will afford equal or greater public safety or resistance tofire and windstorm as specified in this Code, may be used.Any system or method of construction to be used shall admit of arational analysis in accordance with well established principles ofmechanics.Sec. 1702. CLASSIFICATION BY TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION.All buildings for the purpose of this Code shall be divided into the following Types of Construction based upon their resistance to fire,and for the purpose of this Code "Type I" shall be deemed to be themost fire resistive and "Type V" the 'least fire-resistive Type ofConstruction.TYPE I -Fire-Resistive Construction.TYPE II-Heavy Timber Construction.TYPE III-Ordinary Masonry Construction.TYPE IV-Metal Frame Construction.TYPE V -Wood Frame Construction. When two or more Types of Construction occur in the same build-ing and are not separated by an "Absolute Fire Separation" as specifiedin Section 503, the entire building shall be classed in the least fire-resistive Type of Construction and such building shall be subject tothe restrictions of such type. Any building erected prior to the passageof this Code, which by its construction cannot be definitely classified asType H, III, IV or V as defined herein, shall for the purpose of thisCode be deemed to belong to the least fire-resistive class of the twotypes to which it most nearly conforms.91

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PART VCHAPTER 18TYPE I BUILDINGS(Fire-Resistive)Sec. 1801. DEFINITIONS. "Type I" or "Type I Buildings." Thestructural frame of Type I Buildings shall be of structural steel or ironwhich shall be fireproofed, or shall be of reinforced concrete. Thefoundation, exterior walls, inner court walls and walls enclosing verticalopenings shall be of masonry or reinforced concrete. The roof construc-tion and floors shall be of fire-resistive materials. Exterior doors andwindows, except as specified in Section 1813 shall be of fire-resistiveconstruction.(Note: Fire-resistive materials and lire-resistive construction havea specific meaning in this Code, as specified in Chapters 42 and 43.)Sec. 1802. HEIGHT ALLOWABLE. The height of Type I build-ings shall not be limited.Sec. 1803. AREA ALLOWABLE. The floor area of Type I build-ings shall not be limited.Sec. 1804. FOUNDATIONS. Foundation walls and footings shallbe of solid masonry as specified in Chapter 29 or of reinforced concrete as specified in Chapters 26 and 29, and shall be designed as specifiedin Section 2306 and 2802, or steel grillages as specified in Chapter 27.Page 309-AdditionSee. 1805. EXTERIOR AND INNER COURT WALL. All ex-Ierior walls, fire walls and fire division walls shall be of masonry orreinforced concrete as specified in Chapter 29 and shall be of not lessthan four-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Section 4302.Inner court walls shall be of masonry or reinforced concrete of notless than three-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Section 4302.Walls fronting on streets having a width of at least fifty (50) feetin Fire Zone No. 1, or thirty (30) feet in Fire Zones No. 2 and 3, maybe of incombustible construction with all structural members fire-proofed as required in Section 1809.Sec. 1806. PARTITIONS. Interior partitions shall be constructedof incombustible materials and shall be of not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Section 4302.Exceptions: Partitions dividing portions of stores, offices orsimilar places occupied by one tenant only, may be constructed ofwood panels or similar light construction up to three-fourths (%)the height of the room in which placed; when more than three-fourths (%) the height of the room, such partitions shall have notless than the upper one-fourth (t/) of the partition constructed ofglass set in sash.Sec. 1807. ENCLOSURE OF VERTICAL OPENINGS. En-93

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closures for elevator shafts, vent shafts, stair wells and other verticalopenings, when required because of Occupancy in Part III shall be oftwo-hour fire-resistive construction and all openings therein shall beprotected by fire-resistive doors or windows as specified in Chapters30 and 43.A parapet wall or hand rail at least thirty (30) inches in heightabove the roof shall be provided around all open shaft enclosuresextending through the roof.Sec. 1808. STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK. Structural frameworkshall be of structural steel or iron as specified in Chapter 27 or shall beof reinforced concrete as specified in Chapter 26.The structural frame shall be considered as the columns, and allgirders, beams, trusses or spandrels having rigid connections to thecolumns.The members of floor or roof panels which have no connectionsto the columns shall be considered secondary members. The structuralframe and secondary members shall be designed and constructed tocarry all dead, live and other loads to which they may be subjectedboth during erection and after completion of the structure. Unlessotherwise provided for in the structural frame the floor and roofpanel construction shall be designed and constructed to carry the horizontal forces to such parts of the structural frame as are designed tocarry the horizontal forces to the foundations.The entire structural frame and each member which is a part ofsuch frame shall be so designed and constructed that the stresses maybe satisfactorily determined by a rational analysis in accordance withwell established principles of mechanics and sound engineering practice.Sec. 1809. FIREPROOFING OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS.(a) All structural steel or iron members, not including forms or struc-tural members for elevators and elevator enclosures, shall be thoroughlyfireproofed with not less than four-hour fire-resistive protection forcolumns, beams and girders and three-hour fire-resistive protection forfloors, for all buildings more than eight (8) stories or eighty-five (851)feet in height; and with three-hour fire-resistive protection for columns,beams and girders and two-hour fire-resistive protection for floors.for all buildings which are eight (8) stories or eighty-five (85) feet orless in height; and all such fire-resistive protection shall be as specifiedin Chapter 43.EXCEPTIONS:(1) The thickness of the fireproofing on the outer edge oflugs or brackets on columns may be reduced to not less than one(1) inch.(2) The masonry over window openings may be supported bya steel plate, angle or similar member which is not fireproofedon the under side, provided the member is supported at properintervals from a structural beam or girder which is fireproofed on!S

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all sides. For openings in masonry bearing walls not exceeding four (4) feet in width, an angle or similar member supportedby masonry and not fireproofed on the under side may be used.(3) Wherever part of the structural steel framework of theroof of a Group A, B or C building is not less than twenty-five (25) feet above any floor or balcony, fireproofing of all membersof the roof construction may be omitted.(4) Where every part of the structural steel framework ofthe roof of a Group A, B or C building is more than eighteen (18)feet and less than twenty-five (25) feet above any floor or balconythe roof construction shall be protected by a suspended ceiling ofnot less than one-hour fire-resistive construction as specified inChapter 43, and such ceiling shall be not less than six (6) inchesdistant from any part of. such roof construction .(b) All reinforced concrete columns, beams and girders shall bethoroughly fireproofed with four-hour fire-resistive protection and allfloors, joists and slabs shall be thoroughly fireproofed with not less thanthree-hour fire-resistive protection for all buildings more than eight (8)stories or eighty-five (85') feet in height; and all reinforced concrete columns, beams and girders shall be thoroughly fireproofed with notless than three-hour fire-resistive protection and all floors, joists and slabs shall be thoroughly fireproofed with not less than two-hour fire-resistive protection for all buildings which are eight stories (8) oreighty-five (85') feet or less in height; and all such fire-resistive pro-tection shall be as specified in Chapter 43.Sec. 1810. FLOOR CONSTRUCTION. Floors shall be constructedof reinforced concrete, brick or hollow tile arches, reinforced gypsumor may be composite floors of those materials in combination with struc-tural steel or iron or reinforced concrete; or such floor and panel construction shall consist of any floor system providing not less thantwo-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Section 4303 forbuildings which are eight (8) stories or eighty-five (85) feet or lessin height and providing not less than three-hour fire-resistive constructionas specified in Section 4303 for all buildings more than eight (8) storiesor eighty-five (85) feet in height.The type of floor construction used shall provide means to keepthe beams and girders from spreading, either by installing ties orbridging, with no laterally unsupported length of joists being permittedto exceed eight (8) feet except as otherwise provided in Section 3102and 3103. The floor and roof panel construction shall be so designedand constructed as to transfer horizontal forces to such parts of thestructural frame as are designed to carry the horizontal forces to thefoundations.Where wood sleepers are used for laying wood floors the space be-tween the floor slab and the underside of the wood flooring shall be94

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filled with incombustible material in such a manner that there will beno open spaces under the flooring which will exceed one hundred(100) square feet in area and such space shall be filled solidly underall partitions so that there is no communication under the flooringbetween adjoining rooms. See. 1811. ROOF CONSTRUCTION. Roofs shall be constructedof any materials or combination of materials as allowed for floors inSection 1810. Roof covering shall be a "Fire-Retardant" roofing asspecified in Section 4305. Any drainage fill placed on a roof deck of any building shall beof an incombustible material and such fill shall be considered as a partof the dead lod in designing the roof framing.Sec. 1812. STAIRS. Stairs and stair platforms shall be con-structed of reinforced concrete, iron or steel with treads and risers ofconcrete, iron or steel. Brick, marble, tile or other incombustiblematerials may be used for the finish of such treads and risers.All stairs shall be designed and constructed as specified in Chapter33 and as specified under Occupancy in Part III.Sec. 1813. DOORS AND WINDOWS. (a) Doors, windows andother openings in the exterior walls shall be protected by one-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Chapter 4304.EXCEPTIONS: (1) The provisions of this Section shallnot apply to doors, windows and other openings which face directly upon, and are not within fifty (50) feet in Fire Zones No. 1 or notwithin thirty (30) feet in Fire Zones No. 2 and 3, of the oppositeside of a public street or other public place; this distance to bemeasured at right angles to the plane of the wall in which suchopenings occur.(2) The provisions of paragraph (a) of this Section shall notapply to openings in an outer court twenty (20) feet or more in width parallel to and facing upon a street or public place, providedsuch openings are not within twenty (20) feet of an adjacentproperty line.GUARDS. Except in dwellings, all windows above the third floorline, where window stools are less than three (3) feet above finishedfloor, shall be provided with approved metal guards up to the three(3)foot heightApproved guards shall also be provided for all other openingswhich do not open on balconies, porches or platforms in accordancewith Section 3501.Sec. 1814. PROJECTIONS FROM THE BUILDING. Bays, orielsand similar projections shall be constructed of incombustible materialswith walls, floors and roofs as specified in this Chapter and as specifiedin Chapter 35.Porches and exterior balconies shall be constructed of incombustiblet5

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materials but structural steel or iron members need not be fireproofed;provided, that loading platforms for warehouses, freight depots andsimilar buildings may be of heavy timber construction with wood floorsnot less than one and five-eighths (1%) inches thick. Such wood con-struction shall not be carried through the exterior walls of any Type Ibuilding.Cornices, marquises and similar appendages which are a part of aType I building shall be constructed of substantial incombustible mate-rials and as specified in Chapter 45.Sec. 1815. PENTHOUSES AND SKYLIGHTS. Penthouses andother roof structures shall be constructed of masonry or reinforced con-crete, and all doors, windows and other openings therein shall be pro-tected by one-hour fire-resistive construction or shall have one-hour fire-resistive windows as specified in Chapters 36 and 43.Skylights shall be constructed of one-hour fire-resistive mate-rials as specified in Chapter 43 and in Section 3402.Sec. 1816. COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS REGULATED. Woodor unprotected steel or iron shall be permitted in the following places: *(1) Mezzanine floors may be of wood or unprotected steel pro-vided that there shall be not more than two such memanines inany room of any building and provided, further, that no such mez-zanine floor or floors shall cover more than thirty-three and one-third (33 1/3) per cent of the area in the room where located. Such mezzanine floors constructed in Fire Zone No. 1 shall be ofheavy timber construction as specified for floor construction inType II buildings.(2) Show window frames and aprons, also show cases andother appurtenances on the first floors of stores or other similarbuildings shall be constructed as specified in Chapter 34. (3) Wood may be used if designed for decorative purposes only;also for trim, picture molds, chair-rails, wainscoting, baseboards,hand rails, show window backing, temporary partitions; floors, andsleepers may be of wood. Wood doors may be used except in stair,elevator or other shaft enclosures or where specifically prohibitedunder Occupancy in Part IH.(4) Roofs may be sheathed by wood planks of two and one-half (2%) inch nominal thickness when such sheathing is morethan thirty (30) feet distant from any floor, balcony or gallery andwhen such plank sheathing is protected on the underside by a ceil-ing of not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction as specifiedin Section 4301.96

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PART VCHAPTER 19TYPE II BUILDINGS(Heavy Timber Construction)Sec. 1901. DEFINITION. "Type II" or Type II Buildings." Thestructural frame shall be of structural steel or iron which shall be fire-proofed, of reinforced concrete, of masonry or of heavy timbers, pro-vided, that in buildings not exceeding one story or sixty-five (65) feet in height, the structural steel or iron may have the fireproofing omitted.Foundations and exterior walls shall be of masonry or reinforced con-crete. Inner court walls shall be of masonry or reinforced concrete ofnot less than one-hour fire-resistive construction or of protected solidwood. Roof construction shall be of wood, or incombustible materials.Floors and non-bearing partitions shall be of wood or incombustiblematerials.Sec. 1902. HEIGHT ALLOWABLE. Type II buildings shall notexceed a height of seventy-five (75) feet in which height there shallnot be more than seven (7) stories; provided that the height of a building erected on sloping ground may not exceed seventy-five (75)feet plus a vertical distance equal to the vertical change in slope alongthe length of any side of such building, but in no case shall such heightexceed eighty-five (85) feet above the adjacent finished ground level;provided, further, that no one-story building shall exceed a height ofsixty-five (65) feet.Towers, spires and steeples erected as a part of the building andnot used for habitation or storage may extend not to exceed twenty (20)feet above such height levelThe above allowable heights may be used only when the provisions of Chapter 23 have been complied with.Sec. 1903. AREA ALLOWABLE. The floor area of a Type IIbuilding shall be limited according to Occupancy as specified in PartII of this Code.See. 1904. FOUNDATIONS. Foundation walls and footings shallbe of solid masonry as specified in Chapter 29 or of reinforced concreteas specified in Chapters 26 and 29, or steel grillages as specified inChapter 27, and shall be designed as specified in Sections 2306 and2802. (See Section 1905 for vents required in solid foundation walls.).' e nae 309 Sec. 1905. EXTERIOR AND INNER COURT WALLS. All ex-terior walls, fire walls and fire division walls shall be of masonry orreinforced concrete as specified in Chapter 29 and shall be of not lessthan four-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Section 4302.All walls within five (5) feet of adjacent property lines (exceptingproperty lines abutting a street or alley) and all walls within (10) feetof other buildings on the same property shall be provided with a para-97

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pet wall at least eighteen (18) inches high above the roof at all points,provided that parapet walls need not be constructed on buildings (20)feet or less in height or where the roof slopes more than twenty (20)degrees from the horizontal back from the exterior wall of such building.(See Section 2935.)Walls fronting on streets having a width of at least fifty (50) feetin Fire Zone No. 1, or at least thirty (30) feet in Fire Zones No. 2 and3, may be of incombustible construction with all structural membersfireproofed as required in Section 1909.Inner court walls shall be constructed the same as exterior wallsor shall be of not less than four-inch solid wood laminated constructionprotected on the weather side thereof by incombustible fire-resistive mate-rials as provided in Section 4202.See Section 2901 for reinforced concrete tie-beam and copingrequirements.Solid foundation walls under the first-floor joist of all Type IIbuildings (except such space as is occupied by a basement or cellar)shall be provided with ventilated openings to insure ample ventilation, and such openings shall be covered with non-corrosive wire mesh of notless than sixteen (16) mesh per lineal inch. Such ventilated openings shall be proportioned on the basis of not less than two (2) squarefeet for each fifteen (15) lineal feet or major fraction thereof of allexterior foundation walls distributed on not less than three (3) sides toproduce adequate cross-ventilation in at least one direction.Sec. 1906. PARTITIONS. Interior partitions shall be of one-hourfire-resistive construction as specified in Section 4302 or may be of solidwood construction formed of two layers of one-inch nominal matched boards or of two-inch nominal tongued and grooved wood planking orof solid wood laminated construction not less than three and five-eighths(3%s) inches thick.Where wood partitions abut or adjoin masonry walls they shall betied as specified in Section 2507.Temporary partitions as specified in Section 1806 may be used.Sec. 1907. ENCLOSURE OF VERTICAL OPENINGS. Enclosures for elevator shafts, vent shafts, stair wells and other vertical open-ings shall be of two-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Chap-ters 30 and 43; provided, that in buildings not more than three (3)stories in height which are completely sprinkled as specified in Chapter 38 such enclosure walls may be of any construction permitted forinterior partitions.A parapet wall or hand rail at least thirty (30) inches in heightabove the roof shall be provided around all open shaft enclosures extending through the roof.Sec. 1908. STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK. The structural frameshall be of reinforced concrete, as provided in Chapter 26, structural 98

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steel as provided in Chapter 27, or of solid wood construction as speci-fied in Chapter 25.All wood columns in such structural frame shall be directely super-imposed, one above the other (no girders or bolsters between columns)and shall be provided with steel or cast iron caps or pintles which shallbe self-releasing wherever any horizontal members are framed into such columns. No wood column shall be less than eight (8) inches nominalin its least dimension and no beam, girder or joist shall be less thansix (6) inches nominal in its least dimension, nor less than forty-eight(48) square inches nominal in cross-sectional area. In no case shallmasonry or reinforced concrete be supported on wood construction,except tile or concrete floor finishes not more than three (3) inchesin thickness.Sec. 1909. FIREPROOFING OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS. (a)All structural steel or iron members (not including frames and struc-tural members for elevators and elevator enclosures) shall be thor-oughly fireproofed. Such fireproofing shall be of three-hour fire-resistive protection for columns, and two-hour fire-resistive protectionfor beams, girders and floor systems, and all fireproofing shall bedetermined as specified in Chapter 43; provided, that such fireproofingmay be omitted when the building does not exceed a height of onestory or sixty-five (65) feet.Exceptions: (1) The thickness of the fireproofing on an outer edge of lugs or brackets on columns may be reduced to notless than one (1) inch.(2) The masonry over window openings may be supported bya steel plate, angle or similar member which is not fireproofed onthe under side, provided the member is supported at proper inter-vals from a structural beam or girder which is fireproofed on allsides. For openings in masonry bearing walls not exceeding four(4) feet in width, an angle or similar member supported by masonryand not fireproofed on the underside may be used.(3) Where the structural steel framework of the roof of a Group A, B or C building is not less than twenty-five (25) feetabove any floor or balcony, fireproofing of all members of the roofconstruction may be omitted.(4) Where the structural steel framework of the roof of a Group A, B or C building is more than eighteen (18) feet andless than twenty-five (25) feet above any floor or balcony the roofconstruction shall be protected. by a suspended ceiling of not lessthan two-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Chapter 43,and such ceiling shall be not less than six (6) inches distant fromany part of such roof construction.(b) Wood structural members shall not be required to befireproofed.(c) All reinforced concrete columns shall be thoroughly fireproofed99

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with not less than three-hour fire-resistive protection and all joists, beams, girders and slabs shall be thoroughly fireproofed with not lessthan two-hour fire-resistive protection outside of all steel reinforcingas specified in Section 4301.Section 1910. FLOOR CONSTRUCTION. Floor construction shall be as specified for Type I buildings or shall be of one of the typesnoted below:(1) Floor construction shall be of tongued and grooved orsplined lumber not less than three (3) inches nominal in thick-ness with a top layer of flooring of one (1) inch thickness laidthereon.(2) Construction of solid lumber placed on edge and securelyspiked together to make a floor not less than four (4) inchesnominal in thickness.If such floor is six (6) inches nominal or more in thickness thelumber shall be air seasoned or kiln dried.A space of one-half (%) inch shall be required between all floorconstruction and the wall which it adjoins, to allow for swelling in casethe floor becomes wet. This space shall be properly covered by a mold-ing so arranged that it will not interfere with the swelling and shrinkingmovements of the flooring.Wood joists, beams and girders supported by masonry walls shallbe anchored thereto as specified in Section 2506.The timbers ind planking shall be self-releasing at end support onwalls and no planking or timber shall extend through or across anyfire, party or division walls.Sec. 1911. ROOF CONSTRUCTION. Roof construction shall beas specified for floor construction in Section 1910 except that the min-imum allowable thickness shall be two and one-half (21/) inchesnominal, the timbers and planking shall be self-releasing at end supporton walls and no planking or timber shall extend across or through fire, party or division walls. Wood joists, beams, girders and rafters sup-ported by masonry walls shall be anchored thereto as provided inSection 2508.Roof covering shall be a "Fire-Retardant" roofing as specified inSection 4305 and shall be required over all combustible roof construction.Sec. 1912. STAIR CONSTRUCTION. Stair construction may beof wood in buildings not exceeding three (3) stories in height.In buildings four (4) or more stories in height all stairs and stairconstruction shall be as required for Type I buildings.All stairs and exits shall be designed and constructed as specifiedin Chapter 33 and as specified under Occupancy in Part III.Sec. 1913. DOORS AND WINDOWS. (a) Doors, windows and100

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other openings in exterior walls shall be protected by one-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Section 4304.Exceptions: (1) The provisions of this Section shall notapply to doors, windows and other openings which face directlyupon, and are not within fifty (50) feet in Fire Zone No. 1 or are not within thirty (30) feet in Fire Zones No. 2 and 3, of the oppo-site side of a public street or other public place, this distance tobe measured at right angles to the plane of the wall in which suchopenings occur.(2) The provisions of paragraph (a) shall not apply to open-ings in an outer court twenty (20) feet or more in width parallelto and facing upon a street or public place, provided such openings are not within twenty (20) feet of an adjacent property line. GUARDS. Except in dwellings, all windows above the third floorline, where window stools are less than three (3) feet above finishedfloor, shall be provided with approved metal guards up to the three-foot height.Approved guards shall also be provided for all other openings which do not open on balconies, porches or platforms, in accordancewith Section 3501.Sec. 1914. PROJECTIONS FROM THE BUILDING. Bays, orielsand similar projections shall be constructed of incombustible materialswith walls, floors and roof as specified in this Chapter and in Chap-ter 35.Porches and exterior balconies shall be constructed of incombus-tible materials, but structural steel or iron members need not be fire-proofed; provided, that loading platforms for warehouses, freight depotsand other similar buildings may be of heavy timber construction withwood floors not less than one and five-eighths (1%) inches thick. Suchwood construction shall not be carried through the exterior walls of anyType II building.Cornices and similar appendages which are a part of a Type Hbuilding shall be constructed of substantial incombustible materials andas specified in Chapter 45. Sec. 1915. PENTHOUSES AND SKYLIGHTS. Penthouses shallbe as required for Type I construction or shall be constructed with two-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Chapters 36 and 43.Skylights shall be of one-hour fire-resistive construction as specifiedin Chapters 34 and 43. Sec. 1916. COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAIL REGULATED. Unpro-tected steel or iron or wood will be allowed in the following places: (1) Meanine floors may be of wood or unprotected steel, pro-vided that there shall be not more than two such messanines in anyroom of any building, and provided, further, that no such messanine101

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floor or floors shall cover more than thirty-three and one-third (33 1/3)per cent of the area in the room where located. (2) Show window frames and aprons, also show cases and otherappurtenances on the first floors of stores and other similar buildingsshall be constructed as specified in Chapter 34.(3) Trim, hand rails, show window backing and temporary parti-tions as specified in Section 1906, picture molds, chair rails and wainscoting or baseboards may be of wood. Wood doors may be used,except in stair, elevator and other shaft enclosures or where specificallyprohibited under Occupancy in Part III.CHAPTER 20TYPE m BUILDINGS(Ordinary Masonry)(See Section 1602 for Restrictions in Fire Zone No. 1)Sec. 2001. DEFINITION. "Type III" or "Type III Buildings." Theinterior load bearing construction may be masonry or reinforced concrete walls or a structural frame of steel, reinforced concrete or wood.Foundation and exterior walls shall be of masonry or reinforced con-crete. Partitions, floors and roof framing may be of wood.An air space of not less than eighteen (18) inches measured fromthe top of the ceiling joists to the bottom of the roof rafter shall berequired on the "flat-deck" type roof construction, to provide ventilation.Sec. 2002. HEIGHT ALLOWABLE. Type III Buildings shallnot exceed a height of fifty-five (55) feet in which height there shall benot more than five (5) stories; provided, that the height of a building erected on sloping ground may be fifty-five (55) feet plus the verticaldistance equal to the vertical change in slope along and in the lengthof any side of such building, but in no case shall such height exceedsixty-five (65) feet above the adjacent finished ground level; and pro-vided, further, that towers, spires and steeples erected as a part of suchbuilding and not used for habitation or storage may extend not toexceed fifteen (15) feet above such height limit.The above allowable heights may be used only when the provisionsof Chapter 23 have been complied with.Sec. 2003. AREA ALLOWABLE. The floor area of Type IIIBuildings shall be limited according to Occupancy as specified inPart III.Sec. 2004. FOUNDATIONS. Foundation walls and footings shallhe of solid masonry as specified in Chapter 29 or of reinforced concreteas specified in Chapters 26 and 29, or steel grillages as specified inChapter 27, and shall be designed as specified in Sections 2306 and 2802.102

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BUQWWL DIVISIOW. CITY OF MIANI. LIA0 0cTT0r0<.-Ceiling Joists 160ooaex6 PlateS1/28 Bolts andW.I. Anchors 4' o L8x12 tie Bem2-5/8" d Bottom8 -4" MinNOTE: At all corners of Bolt PartitionsTie Beams add (2) 1/2" 0 rods To Moony Walls4' long when U blocks are 2-2x4 Studsused. Bend in middle. 3.1/2" j BoltsStucoCae Block4" Cone Floor Slaba /6x6 10 lRoad MeshWell Compacted FillJoint1016" Footing2-5/8" j7/8"' heathing0 elts GravelRafters 16'ooInslatioa-fi l 2'n2 Furring"U Blook 1/2"' Bolts and 16'16"oo1-7/8 op .: W.I. Anchors 4' oc1-/ a j BottamSubmit Duplicate Plans of Stuoooploor Plan -4MBinPoungation PlasBlevations Bolt PartitionsWall s8otions To Masonry WLllsPlot Plan 2-2x4 Studso Sffiloient Clarity 5-1/2" j BoltsTo Indicate Nature andCharaoter of ProposedWorkzx4 ailer F, loor Joists 16ooetal Termite Shield1 6"0"x20" FootingTI ICAL CBS WALL SECTIONSESIUMSTIALSeale A l'102A

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BUILDING DIVISION, CITY OF MIAMI, FLA..aB CopingNOTE: At all corners of 1 6'Tie Beams add (2) 1/2" 0 rods n 7/8B Sheathing4' long when U blocks are .... -Felts Gravelused. Bend in middle. -afters 16o1 6"Ceiling Joists 16"oo1-7/8" 0 Top Plaster ueiling1-7/8 0 Bottom Fire Cut Joists1--7/8 W. Bottom 1. .Anchors 4'ooStuoooNotetWall Uols Max 20'O"oc8x12 Cone 4-5/8" j Vert Bars1/4"~ Hoops 12"ooStruotural Columns12x12 Cone 4-5/8" j Vert Bars1/4" # Hoops 12o0Cola Bars Extend Thru Coping* 1' 8z8 CopingRafters 16"beInsulation2'x2" PFrring 16 O.C.8xl1 Tie Fire Out Plaster CeilingBeam W.I. Anchors 4'oe2-5/8" j Top2-5/8"' BtmBolt PartitionsTo Masonry Walls2-2x4 Studs351/2" # BoltsJoint pSMesh" 10"x16" Footing2-5/e8"jPIFICAL CBS WALL SECTIONSCOOMNROIALScale -.d 1'102B

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MINIMUM ALLOWABLE DIMENSIONSFoundation Walls and FootingsPrivate Residence Construction Group I OccupanciesCONTINUOUS WALLS FOOTINGS Top Width Footing Width Minimum Thickness8" Non Joist I16 10"Bearing Wall12" Joist 20" 101Bearing WallNOTE: All footings to have not less than two (2) five-eighths(% ) inch bars. The above dimensions are minimum requirements andshall be increased in accordance with Chapter 24 whenever conditionsof loading or character of soil necessitate an increase.Sec. 2005. EXTERIOR AND INNER COURT WALLS. All ex-terior walls, fire walls and fire division walls shall be of masonry orreinforced concrete, as specified in Chapter 29. All fire walls and firedivision walls and exterior walls in Fire Zone No. 1 shall be of not lessthan four-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Section 4302.Inner Court walls and all other walls not forming the exterior wallsof the building may be constructed as required for Type I or Type IIbuildings or shall be of not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Chapter 43.All walls within five (5) feet adjacent to property lines (exceptproperty lines abutting a street or alley) and all walls within ten (10)feet of other buildings on the same property shall be provided withparapet walls at least eighteen (18) inches above the roof at all points;provided, that parapet walls where the roof slopes more than twenty(20) degrees from the horizontal back from the exterior wall of suchbuilding, may be omitted.Solid foundation walls under the first floor joist of alt Type IIIbuildings (except such space as is occupied by a basement or cellar)shall be provided with ventilated openings to insure ample ventilation,and such openings shall be covered with non-corrosive wire mesh of notless than sixteen (16) mesh per lineal inch. Such ventilated openingsshall be proportioned on the basis of not less than two (2) square feet for each fifteen (15) lineal feet or major fraction thereof of allexterior foundation walls, distributed on not less than three (3) sides to produce adequate cross ventilation in at least one direction.See Section 2901 for reinforced concrete tie-beam and coping require-ments.Exceptions: Walls fronting on streets having a width of atleast fifty (50) feet in Fire Zone No. 1 or thirty (30) feet in FireZones No. 2 and 3, may be of incombustible construction with allstructural members fire-proofed with not less than one-hour fire-102

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resistive protection. Such wall assemblies shall have at least aone-hour fire-resistive rating except when the space between theroof and a plastered ceiling is less than three (3) feet, the partof the wall covering this space need not be plastered on the inside.Wood sills to be of grade shown in Section 2205; top of masonrywalls to be waterproofed, as shown in Section 2205, and all frameexterior walls resting on masonry to be anchored as required inSections 2505, 2506 or 2507.Sec. 2006. PARTITIONS. All buildings in Groups C and D more than two (2) stories in height shall have bearing partitions of not lessthan one-hour fire-resistive construction, as specified in Section 4302.Partitions of wood shall be constructed as required in Chapter 25.In buildings of four (4) stories or more in height all partitions shall beof one-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Section 4302.Bearing partitions, when constructed of wood, shall not support morethan two (2) stories and a roof.Exceptions: Partitions dividing portions of stores, offices andsimilar places occupied by one tenant only may be constructed ofwood panels or similar light construction up to three-fourths (3%)of the height of the room in which placed; when more than three-fourths (34) the height of the room, such partitions shall have notless than the upper one-fourth (/) of the partition constructed ofglass set in sash. Such partitions may be of wood lath and plasterand not limited to three-fourths (3/) of the height of glazing.Where wood partitions and masonry walls join, they shall be tied asprovided in Section 2507 (i).Sec. 2007. ENCLOSURE OF VERTICAL OPENINGS. Enclosuresfor elevator shafts, vent shafts, stair wells and other vertical openingswhen required because of Occupancy in Part III shall be of one-hourfire-resistive construction as specified in Chapters 30 and 43.A parapet wall or hand rail at least thirty (30) inches in heightabove the roof shall be provided around all open shaft enclosures extend-ing through the roof.Sec. 2008. STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK. Structural frameworkshall be of steel, iron, reinforced concrete, masonry or wood and shallbe designed and erected as specified in Chapter 26 for reinforced con-crete, Chapter 27 for steel and iron, Chapters 22 and 25 for wood,Chapters 24 and 29 for masonry.Sec. 2009. FIREPROOFING STRUCTURAL MEMBERS. Fire-proofing of steel, iron or wood structural members may be omitted unlessotherwise provided because of location as in Part IV or Occupancy asin Part III. or as specified in Section 2010.Exceptions: Except on steel, other than exterior lintel, sup-porting masonry, in which case the members shall be protected withnot less than one-hour fire-resistive protection.Sec. 2010. FLOOR CONSTRUCTION. Floors may be constructed of reinforced concrete as specified in Chapter 26, of masonry as speci-104

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flied in Chapter 24, of wood as specified in Chapter 25, or of steel oriron as specified in Chapter 27.In all buildings of Group C and D Occupancy, wherever located, theunderside of all combustible floor construction shall be protected withone-hour fire-resistive construction, as specified in Chapter 43.In buildings of four (4) stories or more in height the lower sideof all metal qr wood floor or roof construction shall be entirely protectedby a ceiling of one-hour fire-resistive construction, as specified inChapter 43.In all buildings having a cellar or basement, except Group I build-ings, the underside of the first floor construction when of metal or woodshall be protected by a ceiling of one-hour fire-resistive construction, asspecified in Chapter 43.Wood joists, beams and/or girders supported by masonry wallsshall be anchored thereto, as specified in Section 2506.Sec. 2011. ROOF CONSTRUCTION. Roof construction shall beof any Type of Construction permitted for floors except in buildings four(4) stories or more in height as specified in Section 2010 and exceptwhere otherwise required because of Occupancy in Part III.Wood rafters, joists, purlins, beams and girders supported bymasonry walls shall be anchored thereto, as specified in Section 2508.Attic or roof spaces shall be divided into areas not exceedingtwenty-five hundred (2500) square feet, as specified in Section 2510.Roof coverings shall be as specified in Section 4305 and as requiredin fire zones. (See Chapter 16.)Sec. 2012. STAIR CONSTRUCTION. Stairs may be of steel,iron, reinforced concrete, masonry or wood and shall be designed and constructed as specified in Chapter 33, and as specified under Occupancyin Part III.Sec. 2013. DOORS AND WINDOWS. Doors, windows and otheropenings in exterior walls may be of wood or of plain glass and woodsash unless otherwise specified under Occupancy in Part HI or Locationin Part IV.Except in dwellings, all windows above the third floor line, where window stools are less than three (3) feet above finished floor, shallbe provided with approved metal guards up to the three-foot height.Approved guards shall also be provided for all other openingswhich do not open on balconies, porches or platforms in accordance withSection 3501.Sec. 2014. PROJECTIONS FROM THE BUILDING. Bays, orielsand similar projections shall be constructed of same materials and be ofsame type of construction as walls, floors and roof, as specified in thisChapter and in Chapter 35.Except in Group I Occupancies, the supporting members and floorconstruction of porches and exterior balconies above the first story shallbe constructed of incombustible materials but structural steel or iron105

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members need not be fireproofed; provided that loading platforms forwarehouses, freight depots and similar buildings may be of heavy timber construction with wood floors not less than one and five-eighths (1%")inches thick. Such wood construction shall not be carried through theexterior walls of any Type III buildings.Except on Group I Occupancies, and except where they do not over-hang public property, cornices, marquises and similar appendages whichare a part of Type III buildings shall be constructed of substantial in-combustible materials and as specified in Chapter 45.Sec. 2015. PENTHOUSES AND SKYLIGHTS. Penthouses andother roof structures shall be of not less than one-hour fire-resistive con-struction as specified in Chapters 36 and 43. Skylights shall be of no less than one-hour fire-resistive construction,as specified in Chapters 34 and 43.Sec. 2016. COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS REGULATED. Woodshall be permitted in a building of Type III construction except wherespecifically prohibited as specified under Occupancy in Part III or Loca-tion in Part IV.No enclosed air space in any vertical wood framing shall have adimension greater than seven (7) feet.Combustible insulating materials may be placed in the partition,floor or roof framing but shall in no way interfere with the fire block-ing or fire separations required by this Code.CHAPTER 21TYPE IV BUILDINGS(Metal Frame)(See Section 1602 and 1603 for Restrictions in Fire Zones)Sec. 2101. DEFINITION. "Type IV" or "Type IV Buildings."The structural framework shall be of steel, iron, masonry or reinforcedconcrete and the exterior walls and roof shall he of metal or otherincombustible materials. Foundations shall be of masonry or reinforcedconcrete. Partitions and floor construction shall be as specified in thisChapter.Sec. 2102. HEIGHT ALLOWABLE. Type IV Buildings shall notexceed a height of forty-five (45) feet, except as provided in sections802, 1102 and 1202. There shall be not more than one (1) story anda mezzanine floor in the height of a Type IV building, except as providedin Section 802. The height of a Type IV building erected on slopingground, if limited to forty-five (45) feet, may be forty-five (45) feet plus a vertical distance equal to the vertical change of slope along andin the length of any side of such building; but at no point shall such106

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height exceed fifty-five (55) feet above the adjacent finished groundleveL Towers, spires and steeples erected as part of the building andnot used for habitation or storage may extend not to exceed ten (10)feet above such height limit.The above allowable heights may be used only when the provisionsof Chapter 23 have been complied with.Sec. 2103. AREA ALLOWABLE. The floor area of a Type IVbuilding shall be limited, as specified under Occupancy in Part III andLocation in Part IV.Sec. 2104. FOUNDATION. Foundation walls and footings shallbe of masonry as specified in Chapter 29 or of reinforced concrete asspecified in Chapters 26 and 29 or steel grillages as specified in Chapter 27 and shall be designed as specified in Sections 2306 and 2802. Solid foundation walls under the first floor joist of all Type IVbuildings (except such space as is occupied by a basement or cellar)shall be provided with ventilated openings to insure ample ventilation,and such openings shall be covered .with non-corrosive wire mesh of notless than sixteen (16) mesh per lineal inch. Such ventilated openingsshall be proportioned on the basis of not less than two (2) square feetfor each fifteen (15) lineal feet or major fraction thereof of all exteriorfoundation walls, distributed on not less than three (3) sides to produceadequate cross ventilation in at least one direction.See Section 2901 for reinforced concrete tie-beams and coping requirements.Sec. 2105. EXTERIOR WALLS. Exterior walls shall be of gal-vanized iron of not less than twenty-two (22) gauge, or of other ap-proved non-corrosive metal or material, or other incombustible approvedmaterials. Such exterior wall covering shall be attached to horizontalincombustible supports, spaced not over three (3) feet apart. Such wallcovering shall be either bolted or riveted to this framework on a maxi-mum of not less than nine (9) inches on centers, and lead washersshall be used between the bolt or rivet head and metal.Sec. 2106. PARTITIONS. Interior partitions shall be of metal orother incombustible materials.Sec. 2107. ENCLOSURE OF VERTICAL OPENINGS. No restrictions.Sec. 2108. STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK. The structural frame-work shall be of steel or iron as specified in Chapter 27, or masonry asspecified in Chapters 24 and 29, or of reinforced concrete as specifiedin Chapter 26.Sec. 2109. FIREPROOFING STRUCTURAL MEMBERS. Fire-proofing of structural members shall not be required.Sec. 2110. FLOOR CONSTRUCTION. The floors shall be of anytype of construction permitted in Type II buildings or may be of woodblocks or of any incombustible materialSec. 2111. ROOF CONSTRUCTION. Roof construction shall be107

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entirely of metal or other incombustible materials,, provided that woodpurlins not less than four (4) inches nominal in least dimension may beused to support metal roof covering, constructed, applied and anchoredas specified in Section 4305 (Par. 9).Roof covering shall be a non-corrosive metal or may be a "Fire-Retardant" roofing as specified in Section 4305.Sec. 2112. STAIR CONSTRUCTION. Stairs shall be of steel,iron, reinforced concrete, masonry or wood and shall comply with therequirements of Chapter 33.Sec. 2113. DOORS AND WINDOWS. Openings in exterior wallsshall be protected by doors, windows or shutters of metal or of metalframe, metal sash and wire glass; provided that such protection may beomitted when such openings are sixteen (16) feet or more from theopposite side of any street, alley or public place, from an adjoining building or from adjacent property lines.Sec. 2114. PROJECTIONS FROM THE BUILDING. Porches,cornices, marquises, canopies and all other similar projections from thebuilding shall be of metal or incombustible materials, except that a load-ing platform may be constructed of wood.Sec. 2115. PENTHOUSES AND SKYLIGHTS. Penthouses andother roof structures shall be constructed entirely of incombustible mate-rials except that roofs of such structures may be constructed as specifiedin Section 2111.Skylights shall be of one-hour fire-resistive construction, as speci-fied in Chapters 34 and 43.Sec. 2116. COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS REGULATED. Theinner side of walls and under side of roof shall not be ceiled withwood or wood lath and plaster but may be ceiled with any incombustiblematerial.CHAPTER 22TYPE V BUILDINGS(Wood Frame)(See Sections 1602 and 1603 for Restrictions in Fire Zones)(See Section 2511 for Termite and Fungus Control)Sec. 2201. DEFINITION. "Type V" or "Type V Buildings." En-closing walls, interior walls, partitions, floors and roofs shall be of woodor of wood combination with other materials except where prohibitedas specified under Occupancy in Part III, or by Fire Zones as specifiedin Chapter 16. Any building which cannot be classed as a Type I,II, III or IV building shall be considered as Type V.Sec. 2202. HEIGHT ALLOWABLE. Type V Buildings shall notexceed a height of thirty-eight (38) feet in which height there shall benot more than two (2) stories and attic; provided, that the height ofa building erected on sloping ground may be thirty-five (35) feet plus108

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a vertical distance equal to the vertical change in slope along andin the length of any side of such building but in no case shall suchheight exceed foity-five (45) feet above the adjacent finished ground level; provided, further, that spires, towers or steeples erected as apart of such building and not used for habitation or storage may extendnot to exceed ten (10) feet above such height limit.Sec. 2203. AREA ALLOWABLE. The maximum floor area allow-able for a Type V building shall in no case exceed that specified underOccupancy in Part III, or Location in Part IV.Sec. 2204. FOUNDATIONS. All exterior walls of Type V. build-ings shall be supported on continuous approved masonry or reinforcedconcrete walls, or reinforced piers and shall be of sufficient size tosafely support the loads imposed as determined from the character ofthe soil and the loading. For Group I Occupancies of not more thantwo (2) stories in height, reinforced concrete piers shall be not lessthan twelve by twelve (12"x12") inches, and such reinforced concretepiers shall be required at all corners, and when twenty-four (24) inchesor higher above footing shall be reinforced with not less than four (4)three-eighths (%) inch bars of sufficient length to penetrate into foot-ings not less than six (6) inches and hooked. If piers are constructedof special hollow concrete masonry units (as specified in Section 2606)they shall be of a size not less than twelve by sixteen (12"x16") inchesand grouted with cement mortar or concrete and shall be reinforced asspecified above for reinforced concrete piers. Solid masonry piers shallbe not less than twelve by twelve (12"x12") inches and the core shallbe grouted as required above for hollow masonry units, and shall require the same reinforcing as specified above for reinforced concrete piers.Piers shall be not less than seven (7) feet on centers for one (1) storybuildings and five (5) feet on centers for two (2) story buildings, witha wall supporting sill of not less than four by six (4"x6") inches whichshall be bolted as follows: To solid masonry walls with not less thanone-half (% inch bolts embedded at least seven (7) inches into themasonry and spread not more than six (6) feet apart; to piers with notless than two (2) one-half (%) inch bolts embedded at least seven (7) inches into each pier. Wood sills to be of quality and protected as;pecified in Sections 2505, 2506 and 2511. See page 310MINIMUM ALLOWABLE DIMENSIONSFoundation Walls and Footings-Private Residence ConstructionContinuous Walls FootingsTop Width Footing Width Minimum Thickness6" Reinforced Concrete 141' 10"8" Masonry Units 16" 10"Note: All footings to have not less than two (2) five-eighths(%") inch bars. The above dimensions are minimum requiremeansand shall be increased in accordance with Section 2802 whenever condi.tions of loading or character of soil necessitate an increase.109

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BUILDING DIVISION. CITY OF SIAMI, FLA.~ go u llar Ties 4'ooCeiling Joists 16"oc2-2x4 PlateW.I. Anchors 4'o00S" Studs 16"ooNotesIndicate DiagonalSheathing or 1x4" 811 11 W isDiagonal Brace e an Partitions2r4 Fire StopBetween StudsrFloor Joists 16"oo4"x6" Sill -1/2 Boltetal Termite Shield1 2U"12" Cone 67'0"o0 lax. Pier10"x20"x20" Footing7/8" Sheathing2-50 Felts Gravelr Rafters 16"o0oInsulationPlates 2"x2" Purring 16" O.C.W.I.Anchors 4'o002"l4" Studs 16"oo8 4"Minimumubrmt Duplieate Plansm oft plete Plans All Walls and PartitionsFloor Plan 24 Fire Stop Between StudsFoundation Plan glevations Indicate Diapnal Sheathing orWall Seetions lt4 Let-In BraoePlot PleaOf Suaftieent Clarityto Indicate Nature andCharacter of Proposed 496" SillWork 1/2" d Bolts 4'oFloor SlabS-. 6P 6 #10 Road MeshWell Compaeted PillCone Blook'1016" Footing2-b/8* tTYPICAL IRAMB WALL SECTIONS.RUSIDIWIALScale id l 1'109A

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Sec. 2204. FOUNDATIONS. Wherever pot holes exist they shallbe cleaned and filled as specified in Sec. 2802.Foundations for all buildings where the surface of the ground slopes more than one (1) foot in ten (10) feet shall be level or shall bestepped so that both top and bottom of such foundation shall be levelFoundation walls used as retaining walls and all other retaining wallsshall be not less than eight (8) inches in thickness when five (5) feetor less in height. Such walls, when more than five (5) feet in heightshall be not less than eight (8) inches in thickness at the top andshall be increased one (1) inch in thickness for every additional footin height.Foundations of Type V buildings may be supported on piles, con-structed as provided in Chapter 28.Solid foundation walls under the first floor joists of all Type Vbuildings (except such space as is occupied by a basement or cellar)shall be provided with ventilated openings to insure ample ventilation, and such openings shall be covered with non-corrosive wire mesh ofnot less than sixteen (16) mesh per lineal inch. Such ventilated open-ings shall be proportioned on the basis of not less than two (2) square feet for each fifteen (15) lineal feet or major fraction thereof of allexterior foundation walls distributed on not less than three (3) sidesto produce adequate cross-ventilation, in at least one direction.See page 310Sec. 2205. EXTERIOR WALLS AND WALL COVERINGS. Ex-terior walls of all Type V buildings shall be constructed with studdingnot less than two inches by four inches (2"x4") spaced not more thansixteen (16) inches on centers, or such walls may be constructed of notless than four-inch by four-inch (4"x4") posts spaced not more thanfive (5) feet on centers or of larger members designed as specified inChapter 25, or may be of post and beam framing with plank sheathingnot less than one and one-half (11/2) inches thick or may be of lami-nated construction not less than four (4) inches nominal in thicknesswith the structural assembly properly designed to support all loads.Buildings three (3) stories in height (see Sections 1102 and 1202)shall have the first story studs not less than two inches by six inches(2"1x6") spaced not more than sixteen (16) inches on centers. Where studs continue through more than one (1) story, joists shallbe nailed securely to studs and shall be supported upon a one-inch byfour-inch (1"x4") nominal size ribbon notched into the studs andsecurely nailed thereto. Stories may be framed separately, provideddiagonal sheathing is used, and providing that each tier of studding shallhave top and bottom plates and the top plates shall be double andlapped at all corners and intersections. Laps in separate pieces of thetop plate shall be staggered not less than two (2) feet. Each stud ofthe second tier shall be directly over the studs below.All exterior walls and partitions shall be thoroughly and effectivelyangle braced.110

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Maximum allowable story height of two by four-inch (2"x4") stud framing shall be twelve (12) feet and of two-inch by six-inch (2"'x')stud framing shall be sixteen (16) feet unless the wall is supportedlaterally by adequate framing in a horizontal direction, perpendicularto the direction of the stud walls and shall be braced with not less thanone inch by four inch (1"x4") nominal size ribbon notched into theoutside face of the studs extending from sill or plate to corner postsand spiked on each stud or post with not less than two (2) 8d nails.All walls shall be effectively fire stopped at the floor and ceilingand at the spring of cove in a coved ceiling. Fire stops shall also beplaced between the floor and the ceiling in such a manner that thereshall be no concealed air space with a dimension greater than seven(7) feet Fire stopping shall consist of not less than two (2) inch nominal size material and shall be the full thickness of the stud wall.Where stories are not framed separately, fire stopping shall be placedbehind the ribbon at the ceiling line and at the top of joists at thefloor line. Such fire stopping shall be two (2) inches nominal sizein thickness and the full width of the stud. Stud framing on exteriormasonry or concrete walls above the first floor shall be anchored asrequired in Section 2506.All openings four (4) feet wide or less shall be provided withdouble-headers not less than two (2) inches nominal size in thicknessplaced on edge, and such headers shall have two (2) inches nominalsize solid bearing to the floor or bottom plate. All openings more thanfour (4) feet wide shall be trussed or provided with lintels whichshall have not less than two (2) inch nominal size solid bearing to thefloor or bottom plate. (See Section 2507, paragraph (g).)Underpinning shall be not less in size than the studding of the storyabove; provided, that all underpinning exceeding four (4) feet inheight shall be not less in size than the studding required for an addi-tional story. All such underpinning shall be effectively braced.FOUNDATION VENTS. Solid foundation walls under the firstfloor joists of all Type V buildings (except such space as is occupiedby a basement or cellar) shall be provided with ventilated openings toinsure ample ventilation, and such openings shall be covered with non-corrosive wire mesh of not less than sixteen (16) mesh per lineal inch.Such ventilated openings shall be proportioned on the basis of notless than two (2) square feet for each fifteen (15) lineal feet or majorfraction thereof of all exterior foundation walls distributed on not lessthan three (3) sides to produce adequate cross-ventilation in at leastone direction.SILLS. An approved solid wood sill of quality hereinafter speci-fied in this Section of not less than four (4) inches nominal thicknessand not less than six (6) inches nominal width and in no case lessin width than the wall framing supported thereon, shall be placed underall walls or partitions that rest on masonry or reinforced concretefoundations.111

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Lumber specified in the above locations shall have physicalproperties equal to eighty-five (85) per cent heart Long LeafSouthern Yellow Pine or No. 1 Common Tidewater Red Cypress, orNo. 1 Common all-heart Port Orford Cedar, Western Red Cedar orCypress, the heart Common grade of Redwood, or the No. 1 Common grade of any lumber which is treated with an approved pre-servative by any method that will thoroughly impregnate the woodthrough the sap to the heart. Brush treatment is not approved, ex-cept that it is required on end cuts and all other cuts in timbertreated as specified above.ISOLATION. All sills or partitions that rest on masonry or rein-forced concrete walls or piers must have the top of the masonry wall orpier covered with eighty-five (85) pound slate covered roofing or twenty-four (24) gauge galvanized iron or other approved material before thesill is placed. Sill to be anchored at requited in Sections 2204 and 2506.All Type V buildings three (3) stories in height (See Sections 1102and 1202) shall have the exterior walls thoroughly covered with a soliddiagonal sheathing of wood not less than five-eights (%) of an inchthick, or approved fiber-board not less than seven-sixteenths (7/16) ofan inch thick or approved incombustible sheathing not less than one-half (t/) inch thick.All exterior walls shall be covered on the outside with weather-boarding, shingles, stucco, masonry veneer or galvanized metal as speci-fied in this Section or by other similar approved materials.The minimum requirements for wall coverings for Type V buildingsare as specified in parts (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e). of this Section.Sec. 2205. WEATHERBOARDING. (a) Weatherboarding, whenin place, shall have an average thickness of not less thanfive-eighths (%) of an inch and a minimum thickness of not lessthan three-eighths (%) of an inch. Such weatherboarding shallbe securely nailed to the studding with not less than two nails to each stud in each piece of such weatherboarding. Horizontal joints in theweatherboarding shall be tongued and grooved or shiplapped joints, orsuch weatherboarding shall be laid shingle fashion and lapped not lessthan one-half (%) inch. Siding patterns known as rustic, drop sidingor shiplap shall have an average thickness in place of not less thannineteen thirty-seconds (19/32) of an inch and a minimum thicknessof not less than three-eighths (%) of an inch. Bevel siding shall havea minimum thickness measured at the butt section of not less thantwenty-thirty-seconds (20/32) of an inch and a tip thickness of notless than one-quarter (t/) inch. Fourteen thirty-seconds (14/32) thick-ness shall be permissible in width not greater than six (6) inches andlimited to one (1) story and fourteen (14) feet in height. (Recom-mended but not mandatory: Studs shall be covered on the outside facewith one layer of two (2) ply waterproofed building paper applied andtacked shingle fashion with joints horizontal; horizontal joints of thepaper shall be lapped at least two (2) inches and perpendicular jointsat least six (6) inches.)112

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(b) SHINGLES OR SHAKES. Shingles or Shakes may be usedfor the exterior wall covering when applied as follows: The outsideface of the studs shall be first sheathed with board of uniform thicknessnot less than twenty-five thirty-seconds (25/32) of an inch thick andsuch sheathing shall be securely nailed to the studding with not lessthan two (2) eight (8) penny common nails to each stud in each pieceof sheathing eight (8) inches or less in width and not less than three (3) such nails when such sheathing boards exceed eight (8) inches inwidth. Shingles or shakes shall be nailed securely to the wall sheathingwith at least two nails in each piece. (Recommended but not manda-tory: Waterproofed building paper as noted in sub-Section (a) above.)(c) Stucco. Stucco shall be applied over solid diagonal sheath-ing or approved similar backing. Stucco shall consist of NOT LESSTHAN two (2) coats.In all cases except in back plastered construction a substantialwaterproofed paper or asphalt saturated felt weighing not less thanfourteen (14) pounds per one hundred (100) square feet or any sub-stantial waterproofed paper which successfully passes a sixty (60)pound Mullen test shall be applied weatherboard fashion directly overthe studs or sheathing. Horizontal joints shall be lapped not less thantwo (2) inches and vertical joints not less than six (6) inches. In all cases a galvanized metal reinforcement shall be used of eitherexpanded metal or wire fabric as follows:(1) Expanded galvanized metal cut from sheets not less thantwenty (20) U. S. gauge in thickness with mesh not less thanthree-fourths (3/) of an inch in least dimension nor more thanfour (4) inches in greatest dimension and not exceeding six (6)square inches in area; the fabric shall weigh not less than oneand eight-tenths (1.8) pounds per square yard.(2) Wire fabric composed of wires not smaller than shown inthe following table and with no openings or mesh therein less thanthree-fourths (%3) of an inch nor greater than two (2) inches. The minimum allowable gauge of the wire for the various meshesshall be as follows:For openings not exceeding 1 inch-18 W. & M. Gauge.For openings not exceeding 2 inches-16 W .& M. Gauge(3) Expanded galvanized metal lath weighing not less thanthree (3) pounds per square yard .(4) Electrically welded or hot dipped galvanized after weav-ing, wire of sixteen (16) W. & M. gauge with openings not exceed-ing two (2) inches in greatest dimensions and not exceeding four(4) square inches in area.Galvanized metal reinforcing shall be securely fixed in place, usinga furring device that will positively fur the metal reinforcing at leastone-fourth (/) inch from the studs, sheathing or other backing. Noform of strip or metal rods shall be used for furring which will serve to weaken the stucco. Metal reinforcing shall be secured with not less113

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than four penny (4d) nails driven to at least three-fourth (3) inchpenetration in the studs or sheathing. Nails and furring devices shallbe not more than six (6) inches apart vertically. Horizontal and ver-tical joints of the metal reinforcing shall be lapped at least one fullmesh. All horizontal joints between studding shall have not less thanone tie with number eighteen (No. 18) annealed tie wire except whenbuilding is sheathed and all vertical joints shall be made at the studswhen attached directly thereto. All lath shall be applied with one andone-half (11/) inch self-furring nails, galvanized, unless self-furringlath is used.Stucco shall consist of two (2) coats: (1) First or scratch coatshall completely cover the metal lath or reinforcing. (2) Finish coat.The total thickness of the two coats shall be not less than seven-eighths (%) of an inch thick at every point. The stucco shall be of Portland cement and sand as specified inChapter 26, with an addition of not more than ten (10) per cent ofhydrated lime or similar material based on volume of cement in thescratch coat and with not more than twenty (20%) per cent of hydratedlime or similar material based on volume of cement in the finish coat. The first or scratch coat of stucco shall be shoved thoroughlythrough the galvanized metal reinforcing until all space between themetal and the backing is filled solidly and fully covering lath and rein-forcing; and such coat shall be kept thoroughly moist during the firsttwenty-four (24) hours after being applied. The first or scratch coatshall he kept thoroughly moist for a period of not less than twenty-four (24) hours before applying finishing coat, and shall be thoroughlywetted immediately prior to applying the finish coat in order to providea proper bond.The above galvanized metal lath requirements shall not apply tostucco placed on masonry backing, but metal lath shall overlap inter-secting masonry at least two (2) inches. Before applying stucco onany masonry hacking such backing shall be thoroughly washed and cleaned.Gunite, as defined in Chapter 26, shall be applied in not less thantwo (2) coats, and shall be reinforced as specified for "Stucco" inthis section. Gunite shall he not less than five-eighths (%") of an inchin thickness.(d) Masonry Veneer. In all cases before applying masonry veneera substantial waterproofed paper or asphalt saturated felt weighing notless than fourteen (14) pounds per one hundred (100) square feet shall* be applied weatherboard fashion directly over the solid diagonal sheath-ing as specified for "Stucco" under part (c) of this Section.Masonry veneer shall not he less than three and three-quarters(3%") inches thick. The masonry shall be bonded to the solid diagonalsheathing by means of not less than twenty-four (24) gauge galvanizedfron strips securely nailed to the sheathing, and spaced not more thansixteen (16) inches apart horizontally and twelve (12) inches apart114

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vrneal .Such veneer shall not be permitted above two (2) stories,eaept for gable. The veneer shall be supported directly on thefmudation.(e) Galvanized iron not lees than twenty-two (22) gauge may beapplied over diagonal solid sheathing with approved galvanized boltsand washers as specified in Section 2105, spaced not more than twelve(12) inches on center horizontally and not more than two feet (r)vertically.Sec. 2206. INTERIOR PARTITIONS. All interior partitions shallbe constructed, framed and fire stopped as required for exterior walls, as specified in Section 2205, except that interior non-bearing partitionsmay have a single top plate, and except that where non-bearing parti-tion are approximately parallel and not more than four (4) feet apart,two inch by three inch (2"x3") studs sixteen (16) inches on centers,may he used.Sec. 2207. FLOOR CONSTRUCTION. Girders supporting onlyfirst floor joists in residence buildings shall be solid and not less than four inches by six inches (4"x6") nominal size (placed on edge) forspans not exceeding those specified in Section 2204.The following table gives the maximum allowable spans for floorjoists for Southern Yellow Pine, or Douglas fr (Oregon pine) using ma-terials of grade equal to No. 1 Common, surfaced four sides, AmericanLumber Standard sizes and based on a uniform distributed live loadof forty (40) pounds per square foot. See page 310 for new chart115

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S of Spacing of Maximum Allowable SpanJoists, Center (Feet and Inches)(In ) to eter Plastered CeilWithout Plastereding Below Ceiling Below12 10.0 120 2 x 6 16 9-1 10.012 13-0 15.112 x 8 16 12 -1 13-1112 168 19.112 x10 15-3 17413-5 14-512 201 23112 x 12 16 18-5 20-1124 162 17512 23-5 27-82 x14 16 21. 5 24424 18-11 20.312 8 15. 03x6 16 1 8 13-124 9 10-1012 15-4 198 3 x 8 16 140 17-424 124 14412 193 2473 x10 16 17-8 ?11-824 157 18012 231 4 3 x 12 16 21-3 1124 18-9 21-12 26-11 300 3 x 14 16 24-10 30. 0 -24 22-1 25-2See page 311 for new chartJoists of other grades, other woods and other sizes may be used,in which case they shall not be stressed to exceed the maximum allow-able fiber stress as specified in Chapter 25.Floor joists shall have a clearance of not less than eighteen (18)inches between the bottom of the joists and the surface of the groundunderneath. (See Section 2511.)Joists under bearing partitions shall be installed as specied inSection 2506-(j). All joists, beams and girders shall be framed awayat least two (2) inches from all flues and chimneys and at leat four(4) inches from the back of any areplace. All wood floor joists havinga span of more than six (6') feet shall have bridging as speci6ed inSection 2506-(k).118

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Solid backing not less than two (2) inches in thickness and thefull depth of the joists shall be provided in the following places: overall girders except when not ceiled on the under side of joists, bearingwalls, bearing partitions and around all stairways or other vertical openings. Such solid blocking shall serve as the required bridgingspecified in Section 2506-(k).Trimmers and header joists more than four (4) feet long shallbe doubled. Header joists over six (6) feet long and tail joists overtwelve (12) feet long shall be hung in stirrups or metal joists hangars.Header beams shall be placed not closer than eighteen (18) inchesfrom the face of a chimney. All space between chimney and woodjoists or beams shall be filled with loose incombustible materialsplaced in an incombustible support, or metal collar connected to thechimney and fastened to the joists, beams or flooring to form an effec-tive fire stop.All joists shall have a minimum bearing of not less than four (4)inches on the supporting member; except where entering exterior stud walls they shall extend through to the outer edge of the stud,shall be securely nailed to the stud, and shall be supported on a ribbonlet into the studs if no plate is provided. (See Section 2506-h.Anchors shall be required as specified in Section 2506-f).Cutting of wood girders, beams or joists shall be limited to thatpermitted in Section 2506-(m).Sec. 2208. ROOF AND CEILING CONSTRUCTION. The fol-lowing table gives the maximum allowable span for ceiling joists andrafters of Southern Yellow Pine or Douglas Fir (Oregon Pine), usingmaterials of grade equal to No. 1 Common. surfaced four (4) sides,American Lumber Standard sizes.Maximum Allowable SpanSize of Spacing of (Feet and Inches)Joists Joists, Center(Inches) to Center For Ceiling For Roof(Inches) Joists Raftersx4 12 110 10416 100 9012 167 1582 x 6 154 13924 138 11512 218 2082 x 8 16 2 18224 180 151m 12 26-10 259a 2 x 10 16 250" -9S24 22-6 18-1*Note: Limited to one (1) story buildings of Group I OccupancySee page 310 for new chart117

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and shall be used only for ceiling joists and/or rafters when the roofframing is designed for and is covered with roofings of light weightcoverings, such as wood shingles, asphalt composition and other similarlight types.Roof framing for pitched type roofs shall be anchored by notless than the equivalent of one inch by six inch (1"x6") nominalsize boards securely spiked with not less than two (2) eight (8)penny nails to at least each third (3rd) rafter at a point near thecenter of the span, with the opposite end securely spiked in like man-ner to the ceiling joist or partition immediately underneath; suchbracing shall be placed on each slope (or rise) between plate of exteriorwalls and the ridge; in addition to the above anchorage, each raftershall be laterally braced to each other at a point underneath the ridge,in order to form a brace known as the "A" Type or "Collar Beam,"provided, however, that roof construction of the "Exposed Cathedral Type" or "Exposed Shed Type" may have such bracing omitted whenthey are securely anchored and braced in an approved manner to thesatisfaction of the Building Inspector.Roof framing for the flat deck type roof construction shall beanchored in a like manner by at least two (2) braces evenly spaced(at third points) of the span. An air space of not less than eighteen(18) inches shall be required between the top of the ceiling joists and the bottom of the roof rafter for ventilation.Roof framing and trussing of all other type roof construction shallbe anchored in an approved manner -or by an approved method to thesatisfaction of the Building Inspector.Roof joists when supported on a ribbon shall be securely nailed tothe stud and celing joist; and when supported on a plate, shall be securely nailed to the ceiling joists and plate and at least each secondrafter shall be anchored to the plate with an approved metal strapanchor.Joists or rafters of other grades, other woods and other sises maybe used, in which case they shall not be stressed to exceed the maximum allowable fiber stress as specified in Chapter 25.The allowable span of roof rafter shall be measured from plate toridge, except that where rafters are braced to ceiling joists and acomplete truss is formed, to the satisfaction of the Building Inspector,the span shall be considered as the distance between intersecting pointsof trussing, when the allowable stresses are not exceeded.Roof spaces shall be subdivided by a tightly fitted partition ofmatched wood or approved incombustible materials extending from theceiling to the roof sheathing, so located as to subdivide this space intoes not exceeding twenty-fve hundred (2500) quare feet. All open-ipg in such partitions shall ve self-closing doors or equally effectivedevices to provide effective resistance to the passage of flames and gasesSec. 2209. ROOF COVERING. Roof covering shall be "fire re-118

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tardant" roofing as specified in Section 4305, as required for Type Vbuildings based on occupation as defined in Part III of this Code,provided the requirements of Chapter 16 for types of construction inFire Zone are complied with; and provided further that dwellings asdefined in Chapter 14 may be covered by "ordinary" roofing. Wherevera composition roofing is used the roof construction shall be solidly sheathed in wood, sheathing to be not less than twenty-five thirty-seconds(25/32) of an inch thick, provided, however, stripping will be permitted under wood shingles.Stripping to be not less than one by four (1x4") inch nominal size,set not more than eight (8) inches on center and nailed with not lessthan two eight-penny nails to each supporting rafter.Sec. 2210. ENCLOSURE OF VERTICAL OPENINGS. Except fordwellings under Group I Occupancy, enclosure walls for elevator shafts,sent shafts, stair wells and similar vertical openings through a buildingsha be not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction as specifiedin Chapter 30 and 43amadwhere required under Occupancy in Part III,except that chute and dumb-waiter shafts with a cross-sectional areaof not more than four (4) square feet may be lined with not less than one-fourth (4) inch asbestos covered with not less than twenty-six (26) gauge sheet metal with all joints in such sheet metal lock-lapped. Allopenings into any such vertical enclosure shall be closed with a slabwood door not less than one and three-eighths (1%) inches thick at all points, or doors of equivalent or greater fire resistance, all so hinged and hung as to be gravity self-closing.Sec. 2211. GENERAL. Other parts of Type V buildings may beconstructed of wood, or shall be constructed of approved combustiblematerials, and all such wood construction shall be as specified in Chapter25. The carrying capacity of all members shall be calculated by theaccepted principles of mechanics. The actual dimensions of timbers shall be used and not the nominal sizes in computations for stress anddetermination of size.Combustible insulating materials may be placed in partitions, floorsor roof framing, but shall in no way interfere with the fire blockingor fire separations required by this Code.Sec. 2212. ATTACHED GARAGES. When a private garage islocated underneath or attached to a Group I Building, the followingregulations as to its construction shall be rigidly observed:The ceiling construction above the garage, when it is locatedbeneath the roof when the garage is attached, shall be unpiercedand shall have a fire-resistance of one (1) hour, as specified inChapter 43. The floor may be of earth fill, or any incombustiblematerial.Walls and partitions of the garage portions shall be one 41)Four fire-resistive construction, as specified in Chapter 43.Openings into the garage shall be restricted to a single doorway.119

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such openings shall be protected by a solid slab wood door, not lessthan one and three-eighths (1%") inches thick at all points, a-metal-covered door, or other closure of equivalent or greater fire-resistance, all mounted so as to be gravity closing, or with spring hinges or door closers. No glass shall be permitted in such door.GARAGE VENTILATION. Private garages which are con-structed in conjunction with any Group H or I buildings and whichhave openings into such buildings shall be equipped with fixedlevered or screened openings or exhaust ventilation and with ex-haust openings located within six (6) feet of the floor. The cleararea of the levered openings or the openings into the exhaust ductsshall be not less than sixty (60) square inches per car stored insuch private garage. Under no circumstance shall a private garagehave any opening into a living or sleeping room.Sec. 2213. Except in dwellings, all windows above the third floorline, where window stools are less than three (3) feet above finishedfloor, shall be provided with approved metal guards up to the three-footheight. Approved guards shall also be provided for all other openingswhich do not open on balconies, porches or platforms, in accordancewith Sections 3401 and 3501.PART VLENGINE NG REGULATIOM QUALITY ANDDESIGN OF THE MATERIALS OFCONSTRUCTIONCHAPTER 23Live and Dead LoadsSec. 2301 DEFINITIONS. Dead Load. The dead load of abuilding shall include the weight of the walls, permanent stationaryconstruction entering into and becoming a pact of a building.Live Load. The live load includes all loads except dead loads.Sec. 2302. GENERAL. (a) Loads. Buildings and all partsthereof shall be of sufficient strength to support the estimated or actualimposed dead and live loads in addition to their own proper deadload, without exceeding the stresses noted elsewhere in this Code,provided that no building or part thereof shall be designed for livehads less than those specified in the following sections. Impact shallbe consideed in the design of any structure where impact loads occur.(b) Design. Any system or method of construction to be usedsdll admit of a rational analysis in accordance with well establishedpaiaeples of mechanics. See, 2303. SPECIAL IAD CONSIDERATIONS. (a) Provision119

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shall be made in designing office floors for load of two thousand (2000)pounds placed upon any space two and one-half (2%) feet squarewherever this load upon an otherwise unloaded floor would producestresses greater than those by a uniformly distributed load of fifty (50)pounds per square foot.(b) Corridors and stairs in dwellings shall be designed for notless than forty (40) pounds per square foot.(c) In designing floors to be used for industrial or commercialpurposes the actual live load caused by the use to which the buildingor part of the building is to be put, shall be used in the design ofsuch building or part thereof, and special provision shall be made formachine or apparatus loads when such machine or apparatus wouldcause a greater load than specified in Section 2304.(d) Floors in office buildings and in other buildings subject toshifting of partitions without reference to arrangement of floor beamsor girders shall be designed to support in addition to other loads asingle partition of the type used in the building placed in any position. (e) Public garages and commercial or industrial buildings inwhich loaded trucks are placed, used or stored shall have the floorsystems designed for maximum loads in the most critical position.Sec. 2304. UNIT LIVE LOADS. The following unit loads shallbe taken as the minimum live loads in pounds per square foot to beused in the design of buildings for the occupancies listed, and loadsat least equal shall be assumed for uses not listed in this Section but which create or accommodate similar loadings.Apartments ................................ ......... 40Armories ......................................... ....50Auditoriums-Fixed Seats ................_.... ........ ...... 75Movable Seats ...................... ........ ......................... ........100Balconies and Galleries-Fixed Seats .......................... 75Movable Seats ......................_._._. .. ...._ 100Dance Halls ............ ............................... 100... Drill Rooms _......10...0.. _.......... ....... .00Dwellings ................................ ........... 40Exterior Balconies ........ ._.._ ................. ......... 100Fire Escapes ... ................ .......100Garages .........100Gymnasiums ................ ..__.____..... ... .. .....100Hospitals-Wards and Rooms ............ .... 40Corridors and Public Rooms ...... ......... 80Hotels-Guest Rooms ..40Corridors 80............Public Rooms 1.....00............_.... ___.. _.Corridors (Public Main Floor) 1................. 100Libraries-Reading Rooms 6................... .. 0..... 60Corridors ................ ......... .... .100Stack Rooms .................................. 125*Loft Building ._..._.-........~~.. ...................10011i

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Manufacturing-Light 75----------Heavy ---------125Marquise ---60-Offices ----------50Printing Plants-Press Rooms-...-----150*Composing and Linotype Rooms _--100*Public Rooms _--100Rest Rooms -------------50Reviewing Stands and Bleachers _...----------100Roof Loads. .-------(See Section 2305)Schools--Class Rooms 40Corridors ---------80Sidewalks--800 lbs. Concentrated or .-----.--.250Skating Rinks ---Stairways (Except Residences) -.---80Storage-Light ........--25Heavy (Load to be determined from proposed use oroccupancy, but never less than) ......-......--.-.........-....-...250Stores-Retail (Light Merchandise) -..__... -----__.-....-.-...... 75Wholesale (Light Merchandise) _------100*Load to be determined from proposed use or occupancy but neverless than specified here.Sec. 2305. ROOF LOADS. Roofs having a rise of four (4) inchesor less per foot of horizontal projection shall be designed for a verticallive load of thirty (30) pounds per square foot of horizontal projectionapplied to any or all slopes. Roofs with a rise more than four (4)inches per foot shall be designed for a live load force acting normalto the slope, such live load to be computed in accord with acceptedEngineering Principles and in accord with Section 2307.Sec. 2306. REDUCTION OF LIVE LOADS. The following reductions in assumed. live loads shall be permitted in designing of columns,piers, walls, foundations and girders:(1) No reduction of the assumed live load shall be allowedin the design of any slabs, joists or beams.(2) A reduction of the total live load used in the design ofgirders based on a certain tributary floor area shall be permitted as noted in the following schedule. This reduction shall not becarried into the columns nor shall such reduction be used in designof buildings to be used or occupied as warehouses or for storage purposes.Reduction Allowed Tributary Floor Area5% 100 sq. ft.10% 200 sq. ft.15% 300 sq. ft. or more.(3) For determining the total live loads carried by columnsthe following reductions shall be permitted, the reductions beingbased on the assumed live loads applied to the tributary floor area:122

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Allowable Reductions for Warehouses and Storage Buildings:Roof ....................... .. ............... 0 per cent1st Floor below roof .......................................... 0 per cent2nd Floor below roof_ ........................ -. .5 per cent3rd Floor below roof.................................10 per cent4th Floor below rooft... .... .... ........-..... ... 15 per cent5thFloor below roof and succeeding floors....20 per centLive Load. Reductions for Manufacturing Buildings, Storesand Garages (Columns)Roof _..-...-.......--.--. ------........... 0 per centIst Floor below roof -.. 0 per cent2nd Floor below roof ..................... 10 per cent3rd Floor below roof .. _..-....-..-......_-.-.20 per cent4th Floor and succeeding floor ealow roof_.._ 30 per centAllowable Live Load Reductions for All Other Buildings,Except Warehouses or Storage BuildingsRoof ......per cent1st Floor below roof .......-.-.. ... -.0 per cent 2nd Floor below roof.. _.... .. ............_10 per cent3rd Floor below roof...... ....... 20 per cent4th Floor below roof........ .................. 30 per cent5th Floor below roof.......... -........ .40 per cent6th Floor below roof... --45 per cent7th Floor and succeeding floors below roof...50 per cent(4) The base area of the footings of all buildings shall bedesigned in the following manner: The area of the footing whii:hhas the largest percentage of live load to total load shall be deter-mined by dividing the total load by the allowable soil load. Fromthe area thus obtained the dead load soil pressure of such footingis determined and the areas of all other footings of the buildingshall be determined on the basis of their respective dead loads onlyand such dead load soil pressure. In no case shall the load persquare foot under any portion of any footing, due to the combineddead, live, wind and/or any other loads, exceed the safe sustainingpower of the soil upon which the footing rests. The total reducedlive load occurring in the column immediately above the footingshall be the live load used in the above computation.Sec. 2307. WIND PRESSURE. For purposes of design the windpressure upon all vertical plane surfaces of all buildings and structuresshall conform to the following table:Maximum Height Normal Wind PressureAbove Ground Over Entire Height25 feet 25 pounds per sq. ft.75 feet 35 pounds per sq. ft.over 75 feet 45 pounds per sq. ft.Exceptions:(a) Buildings and structures whose height does not exceed123

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one and one-half (1%) times the least width, need not be designed for the wind loads tabulated above. This exception does not applyto buildings and structures in which the width is a single struc-tural span or in which the interior construction does not materiallycontribute to the lateral rigidity of the structure.(b) The wind pressure upon sprinkler tanks, sky signs, orother similar exposed structures and their supports shall be takenas not less than fifty (50) pounds per square foot of the grossarea of the plane surface, acting in any direction. In calculatingthe wind pressure on circular tanks, towers or stacks this pressureshall be assumed to act on six-tenths (6/10) of the projected area.(c) The overturning moment resulting from the above cal-culations shall in no case exceed fifty (50) per cent of the deadload resisting moment.(d) For combined stresses due to wind and other loads theallowable unit stresses may be increased thirty-three and one-third(33 1/3) per cent in excess of the values given in Chapters 24, 25, 26 and 27, except that in members whose wind stress is fifty(50) per cent or more of the total stress in that member, no in-crease may be made in the allowable stresses. In no case shall thesection be less than required if the wind stress be neglected.Sec. 2308. LIVE LOADS AND SEATING CAPACITY POSTED.The live loads for which each floor or part thereof of a commercialor industrial building is or has been designed, shall have such designedlive loads conspicuously posted by the owner in that part of each storyin which they apply, using durable metal signs, and it shall be unlawfulto remove or deface such notices. The occupant of the building shallbe responsible for keeping the actual load below the allowable limits.The maximum seating capacity shall be conspicuously posted by theowner of the-building by means of durable metal signs placed in eachassembly room, auditorium or room used for a similar purpose wherefixed seats are not installed, and it shall be unlawful to remove ordeface such notice or to permit more than this legal number of per-sons within such space.Sec. 2309. OCCUPANCY PERMITS FOR CHANGED FLOORLOADING. Plans for other than residential buildings filed with the Building Inspector with applications for permits shall show on eachdrawing the live loads per square foot of area covered, for which thebuilding is designed, and occupancy permits for buildings hereaftererected shall not be issued until the floor load signs, required bySection 2308, have been installed. No changes in the occupancy of abuilding now existing or hereafter erected shall be made until a revisedoccupancy permit has been issued by the Building Inspector certifyingthat the floors are suitable -for the loads characteristic of the proposedoccupancy. (See Sections 206 and 207. )Sec. 2310. RETAINING WALLS AND BASEMENT FLOORS.When earth or water, or earth and water cause or may cause a pressureon any building or structure, such total pressure created shall be cal-134

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culated in accordance with the best accepted engineering practice, andsuch calculations and design shall take into account any possible sur-charge due to moving or fixed loads.CHAPTER 24MASONRY(Quality and Design)Sec. 2401. QUALITY OF MATERIALS AND TESTS REQUIRED.The quality and design of materials used in the construction of masonrybuildings or of the masonry portions of any building shall conform tothe minimum standards as specified in this Chapter. (See Chapter 29for methods of assembling masonry units into any walls).The following materials, when used with mortar and plain concreteand gypsum shall be classed as masonry and whenever used in anybuilding shall conform to the minimum requirements specified in thisChapter.(a) Brick (clay, sand-lime (d) Gypsum (see note (a*).or concrete).(b) Concrete (plain con(e) Hollow tile (clay).crete).(c) Concrete (block or tile). (f) Stone.*Note: (a) This applies only to gypsum used in floor orroof construction, non-bearing walls or partitions, fireproofing orsimilar uses where not exposed to the weather.The Building Inspector may require structural and fire-resistivematerials to be subjected to tests to determine their quality wheneverthere is reason to believe the materials used do not come up to therequirements of this Code and may require any tests to be repeated ifthere is any reason to believe that the material is no longer up tothe specifications on which the approval was based.In any case where the Building Inspector orders a test to be made,the Owner, General Contractor or Manufacturer shall pay, except wherethere is no General Contractor, the Owner shall pay for this test.Test of materials shall be made in accordance with the StandardSpecifications of the American Society for Testing Materials as suchstandard specifications are noted in this Chapter."Brick" as used in this Code shall mean a structural unit of burnedclay or shale, sand-lime or concrete, formed while plastic into a rectan-gular prism, usually solid and about eight by three and three-quartersby two and one-quarter (8x3%x21/h) inches in size, and shall be of thequality specified in Section 2402, 2403 and 2404.Sec. 2402. BURNED CLAY OR SHALE BRICK. Brick as usedin this Code shall mean a structural unit of burned clay or shale formed125

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whils plastic into a rectangular prism, usually solid and about eightinches by three and three-quarters inches by two and one-fourth inches(8" 3%"x 21") in siLe.Brick of burned clay or shale shall have an average absorption ofnot more than twelve (12) per cent in a five (5) hour immersion test, with an individual maximum of not more than fifteen (15) per eent.The average modulus of rupture of brick tested flatwise shall be notless than four hundred fifty (450) pounds per square inch, taken onfive (5) representative specimens and not less than three hundred(800) pounds per square inch on any individual specimen. Tests shallbe made in accordance with the Standard Methods of Testing BrickA.S.T.M. Designation C67-31 of the American Society for Testing Mate-rials. All brick shall conform to the Standard Speaifications for Build-ing Brick, A.S.T.M. Designation C62-30 of the American Society for Testing Materials.Sec. 2403. SAND-LIME BRICK. Sand-lime brick shall have anaverage absorption of not more than twelve (12) per cent in a five (5) hour immersion test, with an individual maximum of not mteathan fifteen (15) per cent. The average modulus of rapture of bricktested flatwise shall be not less than four hundred fifty (450) poundsper square inch, taken on five (5) representative specimens, and notless than three hundred (300) pounds per square inch on any indi-vidual specimen.Tests shall be made in accordance with the Standard Methods ofTesting Brick A.S.T.M. Designation C-67-30 of the American Societyfor Testing Materials.Sand-lime brick shall conform to the standard specifications forSand-lime Building Brick, A.S.T.M. Designation C73-30 of the AmericanSociety for Testing Materials.Sec. 2404. CONCRETE BRICK. Concrete brick shall have anaverage absorption of not more than twelve (12) per cent in a five(5) hour immersion test, with an individual maximum of not morethan fifteen (15) per cent. The average modulus of rupture of bricktested flatwise shall be not less than four hundred fifty (450) poundsper square inch, taken on five (5) representative specimens, and notlees than three hundred (300) pounds per square inch of any indi-vidual specimen.Tests shall be made in accordance with the Standard Methods ofTesting Brick, AS.T.M. Designation C67-30 of the American Societyfor Testing Materials.Concrete brick shall conform to the Tentative Specifications forConcrete Building Brick, A.S.T.M. Designation CS'-33T of the Amer-ican Society for Testing Materials.So. 2405. PLAIN CONCRETE. Monolithic concrete construntimeontaining less than two-enths (2/10) of one (1) per cent of reinformement abal be classed a plain concrete. Plain concrete in walls andpiers shall have a strength of not less than fifteen hundred (1500)126

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pounds per square inch as specified in Section 2606, and such concreteshall be governed by the requirements specified in Chapter 26.Cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate shall conform to the requirements specified in Chapter 26.Sec. 2406. HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK. All hollow concreteblock used for exterior, party or division walls shall be as specifiedin this Section.The average compressive strength of five units at the time ofdelivery to the site shall be not less than the following:A v e r a g e Compressive Minimum CompressiveMinimum Face Strength in Pounds per Strength Permitted onShell Thickness Square Inch Gross Cross any Test Unit in Pounds Inches Sectional Area as Laid per Square Inch Grossin the Walls Cross Sectional Area1%t or over 700 600Under 1%s andover % 1000 800In lieu of the test of five (5) units required by this Section, theBuilding Inspector may accept certificates furnished by the Under-writers' Laboratories.Concrete masonry units shall not absorb more than ten (10%)per cent of water under a twenty-four (24) hour immersion test.Units which will be suitably protected from the soil or weather in thefinished work need not conform to the absorption requirement of thisparagraph.All hollow concrete units except "Special" units which arespecially covered in this Section, shall meet the requirements of theTentative Specifications and Tests for Load-bearing Concrete Units,A. S. T. M. Designation C90-34T of the American Society for Testing Materials, and its subsequent amendments. All such units shall becomposed of cement, sand, aggregate and water as specified in Chap-ter 26 and shall be mixed in not less than the following proportion:All coarse aggregate shall be of such size as to be retained on a No. 4U. S. Standard screen and pas through a five-eighths (%") inchU. S. Standard mesh wire, the batch shall be proportioned five (5)parts fine aggregate, four (4) parts coarse aggregate, with one (1) partcement to seven (7) parts combined fine and coarse aggregate;shal be mixed in a dry condition for at least one (1) minute, then mixed in a wet-damp consistency for a period of not less than one (1)minute before being placed in the mould. All unite to meet thereqiremente of this Code shall be cured for a period of not less thanfortyi t (48) hours under a suitable shed or protection plus anadditional time for curing in order to meet the strength test specifiedin this Section.1l7

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"Special" concrete block or tile, in addition to meeting the re-quirements in this Section, shall comply with the UnderwritersLaboratories' Standard for Hollow Concrete Building Units, dated Sep-tember 26, 1930, and shall have a compressive strength of not less than an average of seven hundred (700) pounds per square inch per unitof gross area as laid in the wall.Underwriters' Laboratories certified hollow concrete building unitsmay be considered as "Special" units.The total cubical contents of concrete units specified in this Sectionshall contain not less than twenty-five (25) per cent voids or air space.Manufacturers may register with the Building Inspector an identi fying symbol to be used on their products for easy identification, butin no event shall the requirements of this section be waived as to construction, strength, inspection and test.Sec. 2407. GYPSUM. Gypsum as used in this Section means aproduct containing not less than sixty-four and one-half (64%) percent by weight of calcium sulphate combined with water.Neat Gypsum, gypsum fiber concrete or gypsum coarse aggregateconcrete used in floor and roof construction of either the reinforcedgypsum suspension system or reinforced gypsum in which the gypsumacts structurally shall develop the following minimum ultimate com-pressive strength in pounds per square inch when dried to constantweight. (a) Neat gypsum (as used in pre-cast tile) .... 1800(b) Gypsum fiber concrete containing not more than three(3) per cent by weight of wood chips, excelsior orfiber -1000(c) Gypsum fiber concrete containing not more than twelveand one-half (12%) per cent weight of wood chips,excelsior or fiber. .. _-----------500Gypsum coarse aggregate concrete of the following volumetricmixes:(d) One and one-half (1%A) parts gypsum cement; one (1)part sand; three (3) parts cinders...__ __...500(e) One and one-half (1%/) parts gypsum cement; one(1) part sand; three (3) parts slag. 800(f) One and one-half (1%) parts gypsum cement; one(1) part sand; three (3) parts graveL ...-800(g) One and one-half (1%) parts gypsum cement; one(1) part sand; three (3) parts stone..... 800NOTE: "Compressive tests shall be made on" cylinders six (6)inches in diameter and twelve (12) inches long. The average compres-sive strength shall be not less than noted above and no one specimenshall test less than seventy-five (75) per cent of the average of thelot tested and not less than five (5) samples from the lot shall betested to determine the average.128

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Gypsum tile or block used for partitions, walls, furring and enclos-uses may contain, intimately mixed, not more than fifteen (15) per centby weight of binding material consisting of wood chips, excelsior orfiber.Gypsum partition tile or block shall be equal in quality to thatspecified in the Standard Specifications for Gypsum Partition Tile orBlock, A. S. T. M. Designation C52-33, of the American Society for Test-ing Materials.The chemical and physical properties of the gypsum and calcinedgypsum shall be equal to that specified in the Standard Specificationsfor Gypsum and Calcined Gypsum A. S. T. M. Designation C22-25 and C23.30, respectively, of the American Society for Testing Materials.Sec. 2408. HOLLOW CLAY TILE. All hollow burned clay walltile used for exterior, party or division walls shall be load-bearing tileand shall be well-burned units of clay or shale of a quality at leastequal to one of the two grades noted below.Comprnsive Strenth Based on AbsorptIon Imits e Oros Area in Lb. per Sq. In.*Per Cet I d Construction Side ConstructionMesa Iiu ea o Ida Individual Man of Indvlidual5 tat Mam 5 tests nium 5 tts inlausA 16 or le 19 400 or oo 1000 700 ormore 500125 or less 28 000 or ere 00 500 or more 350*Gross area shall be taken as the total area enclosed by the outsidedimensions of the unit taken in a direction perpendicular to that inwhich the load is carried.All hollow burned-clay load-bearing wall tile shall meet the require-ments of the Tentative Specifications and Tests for Hollow Burned-Clay load-bearing Wall Tile, A. S. T.M. Designation C34-33T of theAmerican Society for Testing Materials.(a) CAST STONE. All cast stone shall be branded with a per-manent identification mark of the manufacturer which shall be regis-tered with the Building Inspector.The average compressive strength of cast stone taken on four (4)representative samples at the age of twenty-eight (28) days or whendelivered on the job shall not be less than five thousand (5,000) pounds per square inch with an individual minimum of forty-five hundred(4,500) pounds per square inch, and the average absorption of suchsamples shall be not more than seven (7) per cent of their dry weightwith an individual maximum of eight (8) per cent.Test samples shall consist of two by two (2x2) inch cylinders ortwo (2) inch cubes, cut from the stone as delivered on the job or fromthe regular stock in the yard, and shall be taken in sulch a manner thatthey are composed of approximately one-half of the facing and one-halfof the backing material and so that they can be tested in the positionin which the cast stone will be laid in the masonry. Tests of cast stone specimens shall be made in accordance with the tentative specifications129

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for cast stone, Serial Designation P-3-A-29T of the American ConcreteInstitute.Sec. 2409. MORTARS. All cements and limes used in mortars shall conform to the requirements of the Standard Specifications ofthese materials issued by the American Society for Testing Materials,having A. S. T. M. Designation as listed below:Quicklime for Structural Purposes C5-26.Hydrated Lime for Structural Purposes C6-31.Specifications and Tests for Portland Cement C9-30.All mortar used in unit masonry construction shall be either lime. cement mortar or cement mortar. For isolated piers, footings andexterior foundation walls, and for all unit masonry below the gradewhere subjected to wet conditions, only cement mortar shall be used.(a) Lime-cement mortar shall be composed of one (1) part limeputty or hydrated lime, one (1) part Portland cement and six (6) partsof sand by volume.(b) Cement mortar shall be composed of one (1) part of cementand three (3) parts of sand by volume with an allowable addition oflime putty or hydrated lime of not to exceed fifteen (15) per cent byvolume of the cement content.(c) Mortar composed of cement, lime putty or hydrated lime andsand and having proportions intermediate to those specified in para.graphs (a) and (b) may be used in place of lime-cement mortar, provided the ratio, by volume, of the sand and cementations material doesnot exceed three (3) to one (1). The allowable working stress forsuch mortar shall be determined by the following formula:(C--L)(C+L)P, =Maximum allowable unit working stress for the mortar used.Ps= Maximum allowable unit working stress for Lime-Cement Mortar.C =Number of parts (by volume) of cement in mortar used.L =Number of parts (by volume) of lime in mortar used.P.= Maximum allowable unit working stress for cement mortar.The proportions shall be based strictly according to the volume ofthe constituent parts. Sand and water shall conform to the require-ments of Section 2604.Se. 2410. ALLOWABLE WORKING STRESSES. (a) The maximum allowable working compressivesreses in brick masonry due to combined live, dead and other loads,shall not exceed the limits for the respective compressive strengths ofshe individual units listed in the following table:10

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Minimum Maximum Unit Working Stresses Average (pounds per square inch)CompresUsing Various MortarssiveStrength Lime Lime Cement of Units Mortar Cement Mortar 4500 110 300 4002500 100 250 3001250 90 150 175The above stresses are based on good workmanship with full mortar beds and full mortar joints and shall be allowed only with suchconstruction.The maximum allowable compressive stresses in hollow walls ofbrick due to combined live and dead loads, shall not exceed the stressesgiven in the above table, based upon the effective net cross-sectionalarea of the wall.(b) Concrete-plain. The maximum allowable working stressesin masonry of plain concrete shall be the following percentages of theultimate strength of the concrete in compression as determined by the requirements of Chapter 26:Compression ........... -.... .. ........................---..--.............. .....0.201.Shear and diagonal tension.......... ...... ........0.02,where f. represents the ultimate compressive strength.(c) Concrete Block or Tile. The maximum allowable compres-sive stresses, due to combined live and dead loads, in masonry ofconcrete block or tile, complying in all respects with Section 2406, shallnot exceed eighty (80). pounds per square inch of gross cross-sectionalarea when laid in cement mortar or seventy (70) pounds per squareinch of gross cross-sectional area when laid in lime cement mortar.(d) Gypsum. Gypsum suspension systems, poured-in-place or precast, shall not be less than three (3) inches in thickness, and shallbe of such character as to be readily calculable by other loads, witha factor of safety of not less than four (4), and shall be of suchcharacter as to be readily calculable by the use of accepted engineering formulas, in which the stress in the suspensionwires or cablesshall be determined by the formula:ILT=--VL +16dsad NOTE:T equals. maximum tension in wires or cables in pounds per feetwidth of slab.W equals load in pounds per square foot.L equals clear span in feet between supports.131

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d equals deflection or "dip" of wires or cables in feet at centerof span. The wires or cables used shall be cold-drawn steel in which theallowable working stress shall not exceed twenty thousand (20,000)pounds per square inch.When pre-cast or poured-in-place slabs or tiles or reinforced sypsumin which the gypsum acts structurally, are used, they shall be designedSto carry the total dead, live or other loads in accordance with theformulae for reinforced concrete construction as provided in Chapter 26.The following working stresses expressed in pounds per squareinch shall not be exceeded:S11 GYPSUM FIBERFissE CONCRETE P s M111IEAT wtll no e 121.2 A CGYPSUM tlas S W Nat at of ASIEATEer l si* Iis, ammsw CUIRETEemaler mflw.Extreme fiberstress inCompression 850 220 125 125in flexureDirectcompression 200 165 100 100or bearingBond between gypsum and 40 SO 30 80reinforcingShearing Stress 30 25 20 20Modulus ofelasticityin lbs. per 1,000,000 600,000 200,000 200,000square inchRatio ofmodulus ofelasticity of 30 50 150 150steel to thatof gypsum (n).(e) Load-bearing Clay Tile. The maximum allowable compressivestresses, due to combined live and dead loads, in masonry of load-bearing clay tile which complies in all respects to Section 2408, shallnot exceed eigthy (80) pounds per square inch of the gross cross-setional area when laid in cement mortar or seventy (70) poundsper square inch of the gross cross-sectional area when laid in limeome norter.

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(f) Stone. The maximum allowable compressive stresses in rub-ble stonework, due to combined live and dead loads, shall not exceed one hundred and forty (140) pounds per square inch when laid inPortland cement mortar, nor one hundred (100) pounds per squareinch in lime-cement mortar.The maximum allowable compressive stress in ashlar-masonry dueto combined live and dead loads shall not exceed the following limits:Maximum Unit Working Stresses(pounds per square inch)laid inUnit Lime PortlandCement CementMortar MortarGranite-_.---640 800Limestone-............ 400 500Marble_. -400 500Sandstone....-.. ... 320 400Coral Rock ... ~.-.. 150 200Sec. 2411. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS. The effects of eccen-tric loads and lateral forces shall be fully analyzed and allowancesmade for them in design. Concentrated loads shall be distributed soas not to exceed the allowable working stresses as specified in Sec-tion 2410 by more than twenty-five (25) per cent.NOTE: Wherever specifications or reference to Standards aremade in this Chapter, it shall mean such designated specifications andits subsequent amendments to date.CHAPTER 25WOOD(Quality and Design)Sec. 2501.. GENERAL The quality and design of all wood ex-cept finish and millwork, used in the construction of all buildings shall conform to the requirements of this Chapter.All members shall be so framed, anchored, tied and braced to-gether as to develop the maximum strength and rigidity necessary forthe purpose for which they are used. No member shall be stressedin excess of the strength of its details and connections.Workmanship in fabrication, preparation and installation of ma-terial shall conform throughout to good engineering practice.American Lumber Standards as set forth in "Simplified PracticeRecommendations, R16-29" of the United States Department of Com-merce, effective July 1, 1929, is hereby declared to be the basis for133

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the determination of minimum acceptable sizes, for the assignment ofullowable working stresses and quality of structural lumber for thepurpose of this Code. Manufacturers' association grades conforming tothese provisions shall be accepted as complying with the requirementsof this Code.Sec. 2502. DETERMINATION OF REQUIRED SIZES. All woodstructural members shall be of sufficient size and strength to carrytheir imposed loads safely and without exceeding the allowable work-ing stresses as specified in Section 2503 and 2504.In computations to determine the required size of timber membersthe net cross sectional area of actual size shall be used and not thenominal size. Sizes required by this Code shall be deemed to refer, to the nominal or commercial description of size unless stated in fractional minimums. American lumber standards dressed sizes shallbe accepted as conforming to nominal or commercial descriptions ofsizes.Sec. 2503. ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESSES. Allowable unitworking stresses for lumber shall be determined on the basis of the quality (Grade) of lumber used. The plans and specifications shallshow grades, quality and kind of lumber used in the design of thebuilding or structure.For the purpose of assigning Allowable Unit Working Stressesthree general classes of lumber shall be recognized as follows:(a) "STRUCTURAL LUMBER"(b) "YARD LUMBER"(c) "OTHER LUMBER"(a) STRUCTURAL LUMBER is (1) lumber manufactured and graded in accordance with any of the lumber association StructuralGrades conforming to the American Lumber Standards, or (2) lumber graded under the Structural Grade Examples of the American LumberStandards (Part IV-Simplified Practice Recommendations R16-29) andin either case adequately identified.Each piece of Structural Lumber shall be grade-marked and shallbear the trade-mark of the lumber association under whose rules thelumber is graded; provided, however, that the Building Inspector mayaccept a lumber manufacturer's Association Certificate of Grade in lieuof such grade and trade-mark.The allowable unit working stresses for each Grade of such lum-ber shall be as given in Table 1 of this Section. (b) YARD LUMBER is (1) lumber manufactured and graded in : accordance with the rules of a lumber association for "Yard Lumber,"or (2) lumber graded in accordance with the basic Grade Classifica-tions and with the Size Standards for "Yard Lumber" in AmericanLumber Standards. (Part Il-Simplified Practice RecommendationsR16-29.)184it

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YARD LUMBER shall be used for load-bearing purposes onl!after working stresses for the Grades used shall have been assignecby the Building Inspector. Such working stresses shall be assignecwhen evidence is furnished to the satisfaction of the Building Inspector,as to the Grade of the lumber. Such evidence may be either (1)"Grade-Marks" on the lumber when accompanied by an Association"Trade-Mark" or (2) a lumber Association. Certificate of Grade, or(3) in the absence of such identification, the Building Inspector maydetermine the Grade of the Lumber by visual inspection.The allowable unit working stresses for any Grade of "YARD LUMBER" shall be assigned by the Building Inspector as follows:He shall determine the maximum defects, present or permitted,in the lumber to be used. This determination may be made byinspecting the lumber or by referring to the "Grading Rules" of thelumber association under which the lumber was graded.He shall compare the effect of defects found or permitted inthe Grade of Lumber to be used, with the effect of defects per-mitted in the Grade Example for "Common" Structural Materialas set forth in American Lumber Standards. (Part IV-SimplifiedPractice Recommendations R16-29.) On the basis of such comparison he shall estimate the ratioof strength of lumber used to strength of lumber graded underthe Grade Example for "Common" Structural Material.This ratio shall be applied to the values in Table II for thesame species of lumber, and working stresses shall be assignedproportionately.(c) OTHER LUMBER is -All lumber which does not for anyreason, qualify as a Grade of "Structural Lumber" or "Yard Lumber"as defined hereinbefore.OTHER LUMBER shall be used for load-bearing purposes onlywhen approved by the Building Inspector.The allowable unit working stresses for such lumber shall be as-signed by the Building Inspector as follows:He shall inspect such lumber and determine the maximumdefects in any pieces thereof.He shall compare the effect of defects found with the effectof the defects permitted in the Grade Example for "Common"Structural Material as set forth in American Lumber Standards.On the basis of such comparison, he shall estimate the ratioof strength of lumber used to strength of lumber graded underthe Grade Example for "Common" Structural Material.135

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TABLE 1ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESSES FOR "STRUCTURAL LUMBER" AND TIMBERALL SIZES DRY LOCATIONAllowable Unit Stresses in lbs.ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESSES FOR LUMBER AND TIMBER per sq. in (a) for Joists or Planks.Beams and StringersEname Maximum Compmaon ModuloStress-grade and Species Equivalent Commercial Grade Rules under which graded Fiber i Horizontal PedleaofBending ShBbear lar to Or. Elastleit1000#f Western Red Cedar I Structural IWest Coast Lumbermens Assn. I 1000 I 100 I 200 10000001400#f Tidewater Red Cypress 1400#f Tidewater Red Cypress Southern Cypress I1400 120 I 300 12000001100#f Tidewater Red Cypress 1100#f Tidewater Red Cypress |Manufacturers Assn. 1100 100 I1800#f Dense Douglas Fir (Coast Region) Dense Select Structural West Coast Lumber1800 120 3801600#f Close Gr. Douglas Fir (Coast Region) Select Structural mens Assn. 1600 100 345 16000001200#f Douglas Fir (Coast Region) No. 1 Dimension 1200(b) 100 3251800#f Dense Douglas Fir (Inland Empire) I Select Structural 1800 120 380 16000001600#f Close Gr. Douglas Fir (Inland Empire) Structural (Western Pine Assn. 1600 80 3351200#f Douglas Fir (Inland Empire) Common Structural 1200 80 315 1500000S1100#f Eastern Hemlock I Select Structural INoortherndwoHemlockfg. Assn. 1100 70 I 300 11000001040f West Coast Hemlock I No. 1 Dimension !West Coast Lumbermens Assn I 1040(b)I 100 1 300 I 14000001800#f Dense Larch Select Structural I 1800 120 I 3801 I1600#f Close Gr. Larch Structural uWestern Pine Assn. 1600 100 346 13000001200+f Larch Common Structural t 1200 100 3251400#f Oak I Select Dimension INational Hardwood 1400 120 I1100#f Oak Common Dimension I Lumber Assn. 1100 100 I 500 116000002000#f Dense Longleaf Southern Pine Select Structural 2outhern000 120180i0#f. ". Prime Structural Southern Pine Assn. 1800 1201600f Merchantable Structural I 1600 120 380 16000001600#f Structural Sq. Edge & Sound I 1600 1201400#f No. 1 Structural I 1400 1002000#f Dense Shortleaf Southern Pine Dense Select Structural 2000 1201800#f Dense Structural 1800 1201600#f Dense Str. Sq. Edge & Sound Southern Pine Assn. 1800 120 380 16000001200#f Dense No. 1 Structural 1200 1001600#f Close Grained Redwood 1600#f Close Gr. Redwood I1600 80)1400C#f G e R1400#f Close Gr. Redwood alifornia Redwood 1400 80 267 12000001200#f .. 1200#f Close Gr. Redwood Assn. 1200 70(a) For stresses in compression parallel to grain, see following table 111, Sec. 2504. (b) With slope of grain not more than 1 in 10.

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TABLE 11Basis for Determining Allowable Unit Working StressesFor "Yard Lumber" and "Other Lumber"(From Recommendations of United States Forest Products Laboratoryfor Lumber Conforming to the Grade Example of "Common" StructuralMaterial in American Lumber Standards.) ALWAYS DRY LOCATIONSAllowable stress in Pounds per sq. in.CompressionExtreme ModY1mSPECIES Fibe Parallel to Horizontal tBendlng Short ular toColumns* GrainCypress,Tidewater Red.............. 1040 880 350 80 1,200,000Douglas Fir(Coast Region) ................. 1200 880 325 72 1,600,000Eastern Hemlock .... 880 560 300 56 1,100,000Oak, Commercial Redand W hite .............................. 1100 800 500 100 1,500,000Pine, Southern Yellow .1200 880 345 100 1,600,000*For Posts and Timbers 6"x16" and larger and with unsupportedlength not greater than 10 times least dimension.Sec. 2506 (n) :Rafters with contact ceiling to be sizes and spacing shown in RatterTable, as Flat 40#, based on Twelve Hundred (1200) pounds stress.Provide approved insulation between rafters and two inch by two inch(2"x2") furring strips spaced sixteen inches (16") on center at rightangles to rafters. Ceiling to be rated one (1) hour.137

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ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESSES FOR TIMBER COLUMNS AND COMPRESSION MEMBERSAllowable Unit stresses in Compression parallelto grain (columns)T 111 (c) in pounds per sq. in. of net cross-sectional area for ratios oflength-to-least dimension (Z/D) equalling.Equivalent Commercial Rules Under Which I com 1 5/41 /4 /dStress-grade and Species Grade Graded 2d I e ss_West Coast umber800 72 716 638 19 405 304 2 170 19800#c Western Red Cedar I Structural I men's Assn. 762 716 638 40 304 170 109100#c Tidewater Red Cypress 1000#c T. Red Cypre outhern Cypress 12000 886 8031000#c Tldewater Red Cypress 1000#c T. Red Cypress I S .outhern ..Cypress.. 1200 947 I 1003 82 622 486 136 268 1 206 132130Coast Region) Dense DouglasSelect Structural 1300 1235 1158 1030 82612 0#c Close Gr. Douglas Fir West Coast Lumber(Coast Region) Select Structural men's Assn. -1200 1148 1088 988 828 649 487 358 274 1751100#c Douglas Fir I 1100 1060 1015 937 811(Coast Region) -No. 1 Timbers --.i880#c Douglas Fir I 880 2860 837 796 705o R o 1(Coast Region) -No. 1 Dimension .....--1 880 2860 837 7961300#cO Dense Douglas Fir 1300 1I35 1156 1030 828 9 58 74 15(Inland Empire) Select Structural --..... ] 100 1132 1074 1030 828 64 487 37768 741200#c Close Or. Douglas Fir Structural ...... Western Pine Asn.... 1200 112 1074 99 77(Inland Empire)) Common Strutural 1100 1055 1013 914 774 608 457 336 257 1641100#c Douglas Fir (In. Emp.) Common Structural -...... -_1__I No. Hemlock and 700 678 11 446 33 246 188 121700#c Eastern Hemlock.-21 Select Structural --...... Hardwood Mg. .700 678 1 653 611 564 1 1 12720#c West Coast emlock-I No. 1 Dimension ..----. W Ct Lbermens Assnl 720 7061 688 660 615 49 1 448I 313 I 240 1531300c Dense Larch lect Structural -100 I 120 2 I 871300#c DeClose r. Larch .3.... e Structural ......-Western Pine Assn.. 1200 1122 1032 877 673 527 396 291 223 1421l00#c Larch Common Structural __... 1100 1041 970 851 )1100#c Oak -I Select Dimension .. National Hardwood 1100 1055 1 1013 914 774 1608 14567 1856 257 1641000#c Oak Common Dimension N.... Lumber Assn .......... 1000 967 927 860 755 I1400#c Dense Longleaf S. Pine Select Structural -. 1400 1319 1224 1064 8281300#c Dense Longleaf S. Pine Prime Structural .... _.-. 1300 1235 1158 1030 828 649 487 356 274 1751200#c Dense Longleaf S. Pine Merchantable Struct So. Pine Assn ..... 1000 1148 1088 988 828 I1200#c Dense Longleaf S. Pine Struct. Sq. Edge & Sd. 1000 971 936 878 7861000#c Dense Longleaf S. Pine No. 1 Structural -... ... .1000 97 1 936 8 81400#c Dense Shortleaf S. Pine Dense Select Struct .1400 1319 1224 1064 8281300#c Dense Shortleaf S. Pine Dense Structural -So. Pine Assn. 1300 1235 1158 1030 828 64 487 8 274 171200#c Dense Shortleaf S. Pine Dense Str. Sq Edge&d. 1200 118 1088 988 828 9 487 358 74 175900#c Dense Shortleaf S. Pine Dense No. 1 Structural 900 878 853 810 7421100#c Close r. Redwood 1.-4 1100#c CL Gr. Redwood California R. Assn. .. 1100 1030 948 810 622 486 365 268 206 1821000#c Close Gr. Redwood ,.. 1000*c Cl. Gr. Redwoodl 1000 947 885 780 I IFor stresses other than compression parallel to grain, see Table No. 1.NOTE: Values for Z/D ratio exceeding 11 were computed using the Forest Products Laboratory fourth.power.parabolic-Euler formula.

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Sec. 2504. ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESSES FOR COLUMNS.(a) The unit working stresses in compression with grain for columnswhose ratio of unsupported length to least dimension does not exceedten (10) (short columns) shall be not greater than that given in Sec-tion 2503.(b) For columns the ratio of whose unsupported length to leastdimension is greater than ten (10) (intermediate columns) thefollowing formula shall be used until the reduction in allowable stressequals one-third the stress for short columns:P 11 I 4 -= S 1 --A -3 Kdwhere P=Total load in poundsA=Area in square inchesP-=Unit compressive stressAS=stress in compression with grain for short columns1= Unsupported length in inchesd= Least dimension in inchesE = Modulus of elasticityK=The -at the point of tangency of thedparabolic and Euler curves, at whichP 2-S.A 3The value of K for any species and grade isK=2k1 E2 6SNOTE: For "Structural" lumber the value of "S" to be used isthe value given in Table 1 of Section 2503 for "Compression Parallelto Grain" for the respective Grades and Species.For "Yard Lumber" and "Other Lumber" the value of "S" to beused shall be assigned by the Building Inspector in the same manneras provided in Section 2503 (b) or 2503 (c).(c) For columns the ratio of whose unsupported length toIleast dimension (-) is greater than "K"d(long columns) the Euler formula below shall be used.P r 'E A(l)(d) Columns shall be limited in slenderness to -= 50.d1I3

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Se. 2505. FRAMING DETAILS; VERTICAL MEMBERS. (a)Wood columns and posts shall be squared at the ends; shall be pro-vided with metal base plates and approved anchors; shall be sup-ported in basements, or locations exposed to the weather, by footingsprojecting at least one (1) inch above the finished floors; shall besuperimposed on approved metal appliances where continuing throughmore than one story; shall not rest directly or indirectly on any floorbeams, except in cases where there is no column below.(b) Wood bolsters may be used to support a single floor or theroof beams only.(c) Wood preservatives shall be applied to column ends where necessary to protect against possible dampness.(d) Wood columns in basements when built in solid partitionsshall be open on at least two (2) sides unless columns meet the re-quirements specified in Section 2511 (i).(e) Wood posts, except for minor structures and as piles, shallnot be used as foundations below groundSec. 2506. FRAMING DETAILS; HORIZONTAL MEMBERS.(a) Girders or beams where entering or resting on masonry wallsshall have a bearing of at least four (4) inches with the under sur-face protected by a piece of asphalt or saturated felt or paper, or ametal bearing plate and such end shall be dipped or painted with cre-osote or an approved wood preservative.Where members meet at columns they shall be fitted around orbutted up close and held in place by metal strips of not less thanone-fourth by one and one-half inches (4"xll') in thickness, unlessthe post caps provide sufficient anchorage.(b) All built-up timbers shall have members bolted or spikedtightly together and contact faces thereof treated with approved woodpreservative.(c) Joists and rafter ends may be supported by a four inch byfour inch (4"x4") wood strip or cleat spiked or bolted to the girder,or larger member if required by the loading. Minimum joist or rafterbearing shall be four (4) inches.(d) Wood members entering masonry party fire walls shall beseparated from the opposite side of the wall and from beams enteringthe opposite side of the wall by four (4) inch masonry. The end ofthe joists, beams and/or girders shall be fire-cut to a bevel of notless than three (3) inches in their depth, and shall have the undersurface protected as specified in paragraph (a) above.(e) Where girders and beams enter masonry they shall be provided with wall plates, boxes and anchors of an approved type so ar-ranged as to leave an air space of not less than one (1) inch at sidesof member. Rigid boxes shall be provided in concrete walls. Theends of girders shall not be sealed in; provided that where ends oftimbers are well treated with creosote or other approved preservativesthey may be sealed in.140

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Where sills or plates are placed on masonry or concrete, theyshall meet the requirements of Section 2511 (i); shall be isolated fromthe masonry as specified in Section 2511 (f); sills shall be bolted asspecified in Section 2204, and plates bolted with not less than one-half('/) inch bolt securely embedded in the masonry and spaced notover six (6) feet apart.(f) Anchors for each tier of joists shall be provided where theyenter masonry walls and where they are parallel to masonry walls.Such anchors shall be of a standard type anchor and spaced not morethan four (4) feet apart. Such anchors shall, in all cases, occur onthe opposite end of the same run of joists and ends of joists shall belapped and spiked so as to form a continuous tie across the building.(g) The minimum permissible thickness of joists, rafters andstuds shall be of one and five-eighths (1%) inches.(h) Floor joists shall be supported by sill, girders, bearing parti-tions or exterior walls, and shall be anchored as specified in sub-section (f) of this Section. Where entering exterior stud walls, the joists shall extend through to the outer edge of the stud, and shall besupported by a ribbon not less than one by four (1"x4") inchesnominal size or larger member if required by the loading, let in thestuds if no plate is provided. Joists shall be well nailed to the sup-porting studs. Studs shall be doubled under the ends of doubledjoists.(i) Header joists over six (6) feet long and tail joists overtwelve (12) feet long shall be hung in approved stirrup irons or joists hangers.(j) Joists under bearing partitions and running parallel theretoshall be designed to carry the superimposed load and well spiked orseparated by solid bridging not more than sixteen (16) inches oncenters to permit the passage of pipes.(k) Wood cross bridging shall be placed between joists if thespan is over six (6) feet. The distance between bridging or betweenbridging and bearing, shall not exceed six (6) feet. Wood cross bridg-ing in dwellings may be one by four (1"x4") inches nominal size incross sectional area, but in other buildings shall not be less than oneby six (1"x6") inches nominal size.Metal cross bridging of equal or greater strength may be used inplace of the wood cross bridging.(1) Solid two (2) inch bridging shall be placed between floorjoists at all supports. Solid bridging shall be placed between joists a.the edge of flooring when attic Space is only partially covered.(m) Cutting of wood girders, beams or joists shall be limitedto cuts and bore holes not deeper than one-fifth (1-5) the beamdepth below its top located not further from the beam end than three(3) times the beam depth. Cuts in excess of above or bore holes141

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with a diameter more than two (2) inches are not permitted withoutspecial provisions for framing the beams approved by the BuildingInspector.Sec. 2506 (n)-Refer to Page 137.Sec. 2507. FRAMING DETAILS; STUD WALLS AND PARTI-TIONS. (a) Stud partitions shall be provided with soles or plates with dimensions not less than the studs where the partition studs do not rest on walls, sills, girders, beams, or do not pass through the floorto the top plates at the partition below.(b) In bearing partitions the top plate shall be doubled andlapped at each intersection. Joints in the upper and lower membersof the top plate shall be staggered not less than two (2) feet.(c) Studs in bearing partitions and walls shall not be less thantwo inches by four inches (2"x4") nominal size. Where a bearingpartition supports more than the weight of the roof and one floor thestuds shall be not less than two inches by six inches (2"x6") nominalsize or three inches by four inches (3"x4") nominal size except thatunderpinning may be of the same size as the studs immediately abovewhen such underpinning is not more than four (4) feet in height.(d) Where studs pass through from floor to floor they shall befire-stopped at point of passage through floors.(e) Angles at corners where stud walls or partitions meet shallbe framed solid so no lath can extend from one room to another.All exterior and main cross stud partitions shall be effectively andthoroughly angle braced.(f) Stud partitions containing plumbing, heating or other pipesshall be so framed and the joists underneath so spaced as to giveproper clearance for the piping. Where a partition containing suchpiping runs parallel to the floor joists, the joists underneath such par-tition shall be doubled and spaced to permit the passage of such pipes and shall be bridged with solid bridging. Where plumbing, heating orother pipes are placed in or partly in a partition necessitating thecutting of the soles or plates, a metal tie not less than one-eighth (%)inch thick and one and one-half (11) inches wide shall be fastened to the plate across and to each side of the openings with not lessthan four (4) sixteen penny (16-d) nails.(g) Openings in stud partitions and walls shall be framed aroundwith double studs at each side and double headers across the top rest-ing on the short stud at each end. The double header shall be placedon edge and shall be trussed above for all openings over four (4) feetin width or where more than two (2) studs are cut away.(h) Wood lath, furring or framing shall be placed not less thantwo (2) inches from any chimney, .and not less than four (4) inchesfrom the back of any fireplace.(i) Where wood partitions and masonry walls join, the studabutting the masonry shall be doubled and bolted with three (3)one-half (t/2) inch galvanized bolts, one to be embedded in tie beam,142

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one in mid-section, and one near the bass. The end of plate abuttingmasonry wall shall be anchored to end studs and to plate on masonrywall in an approved manner.Sec. 2508. ROOF FRAMING. (a) Valley rafters shall be notless than one and five-eighths by five and one-half inches (1%"x51%")in size. Roof sheathing shall have a minimum thickness of twenty-fivethirty-seconds (25/32) of an inch.Stripping to be not less than one by four (1"x4") inch nominalsize, set not more than eight (8) inches on center and nailed with not less than two eight penny nails to each supporting rafter.(b) Flashing shall be placed around openings in and extensionsof mechanical appliances or equipment through the roof. (c) Anchors for joists and rafters shall be provided where theyenter masonry walls, where they are parallel to masonry walls, andwhere they rest on plates as specified for joists in section 2506 (f).(d) Parapets not less than six (6) inches shall be required onexterior walls of Type V construction, where the "flat-deck" type of roofframing is used; provided, however, that the parapet may be omittedon one end to provide proper roof drainage as specified in Section3206; and may be omitted when the building is more than five (5)feet from the property line or more than ten (10) feet from buildingson the same lot. Parapet for masonry exterior walls is specified inSec. 2935.(e) An air space of not less than eighteen (18) inches measuredfrom the top of the ceiling joist to the bottom of the roof rafter shallbe required oa the "flat-deck" type roof construction, to provide venti-lation.Sec. 2509. FRAMING DETAILS; TRUSSES. (a) Wood trussesand truss framing shall have all joints accurately cut and fitted togetherso that each bearing is true and drawn tight to the full bearing. Allsuch trusses shall be properly secured in place by lateral bracing.(b) Washers of sufficient size to distribute the loads properlyshall be used in connection with rods or metal members. Before a truesis loaded, the tension rods shall be well tightened. (e) Timber trusses shall be securely anchored to the wall atpoints of bearing.Sec. 2510. FIRE STOPS. (a) Fire Stops shall be provided atall intersections of interior and exterior walls with floors, ceilings androof in such a manner as to effectively cut off communication by firethrough hollow concealed spaces and prevent both vertical and hori-zontal drafts.(b) Furred walls shall have fire stopping placed immediatelyabove and below the junction of any floor construction with the wallsor shall be fire stopped the full depth of the joists.143

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(c) All stud walls or partitions shall have a continuous row ofbridging or fire stopping which shall form a complete and effectiveseparation in the entire width of partition at the point, placed in sucha manner that there shall be no concealed air space greater than seven(7) feet in any dimension. Fire stops shall be the full width of the studding and sufficiently stiff to act as lateral bracing for the individ-ual studs.(d) Stair stringers shall be fire-stopped at least once in the mid-die portion of each run, and shall be fire-stopped by a header beam atthe top and bottom, so as to effectively prevent the passage of fire. Full width fire blocking shall be placed between studs along and in line with the run of stairs adjoining such partitions.(e) When sliding doors are pocketed in partitions, such pocketsshall be completely fire-stopped at end, sides, top and bottom.(f) All spaces between chimneys and wood framing shall besolidly filled with refuse mortar, loose cinders or other incombustiblematerial placed in incombustible supports.(g) All fire-stopping as required in this Section shall be notless than one and five-eighths (1%") inches in thickness and not lessin width than the enclosed space within the partition except as pro-vided in paragraph (f) hereof for chimneys.Sec. 2511. TERMITE PROVISIONS. Whenever the Building In-spector has knowledge of the existence of termites in any buildingor structure, he shall have the power, and it is his duty to notify,the tenant, the agent, or owner of such building or structure in writingto take the necessary measures for the extermination of termites fromany such building or structure within a reasonable length of time, notto exceed sixty (60) days. Any tenant, agent, or owner failing tocomply with such notice shall be deemed guilty of violating the pro-visions of this Ordinance and shall be subject to all the penalties pro-vided herein.(a) Before any new building is erected all stumps and rootsshall be removed from the soil to a depth of at least twelve (12)inches below the surface of the ground in the area to be occupiedby the building.(b) The exterior walls of, and all wood posts supporting girdersin wood frame buildings, shall be placed on masonry or concretefoundation walls or piers.(c) All masonry for foundation purposes shall be laid in Port-land cement mortar. Portland cement mortar shall be composed ofone part cement, three (3) parts of sand by volume, with an allow-able addition of lime, putty, or hydrated lime as specified in Section 2409. (d) The top of every masonry or concrete foundation, wall orpier which supports and is in contact with wood construction of anykind shall be not less than six (6) inches above the final grade level of144

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finished surface of any ground adjacent thereto (except as providedin the case of slabs). Masonry or concrete foundation walls shall inall cases extend at least as high as the top of any adjacent concreteor masonry slab which is supported by either natural ground or earthfill.CLEARANCE. (e) Floor joists shall have a clearance of notless than eighteen (18) inches between the bottom of the joists andthe surface of the ground underneath. The ground underneath shall be leveled or smoothed off so as to maintain a reasonably even surfaceunder the entire area covered by the floor joists.WOOD SILLS. (f) All wood sills and plates in contact withmasonry or concrete shall be of the grade and kind of lumber specifiedin paragraph (i) of this Section, and shall be isolated from suchmasonry or concrete with eighty-five (85) pound slate covered roofingor twenty-four (24) gauge galvanized iron or other approved material.WOOD FURRING. (g) All wood furring in contact with ma-sonry, also all wood foundation screen vents shall be treated four sideswith approved preservative.(h) Reserved.(i) TYPE OF LUMBER. Lumber permitted in the above loca-tions shall have physical properties equal to eighty-five (85) per centor better Heart Long Leaf Southern Yellow Pine, or No. 1 CommonTidewater Red Cypress, or No. 1 common all heart Port Orford Cedar,Western Red Cedar or Cypress, the heart common grade of Redwood, orthe No. 1 common grade of any lumber which is treated with approvedpreservative by any method that will thoroughly impregnate the woodthrough the sap to the heart. Brush treatment is not approved, exceptthat it is required on end cuts and all other cuts in timber treated asspecified above.(j) Wood posts or columns shall not extend through or be placeddirectly on concrete floors. They shall be supported on concrete float-ings extending at least two (2) inches above the finished floor or may be placed on a corrosion-resisting metal plate at least one thirty-second(1/32) of an inch thick and not smaller than the base of post ofcolumn.(k) Where timbers extend into a masonry wall at a point belowthe level of the ground outside of the wall, metal wall boxes shall beprovided on the end and all surfaces of the timber within one (1)foot of the end shall be painted with at least two (2) coats of hotcoal tar creosote or other approved wood preservatives.FOUNDATION WALL VENTS. (1) Solid foundation walls under the first floor joist of all Type II buildings (except such spaceas is occupied by a basement or cellar) shall be provided with venti-lated openings to insure ample ventilation, and such openings shallbe covered with non-corrosive wire mesh of not less than sixteen (16)145

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mesh per lineal inch. Such ventilated openings shall be proportioned on the basis of not less than two (2) square feet for each fifteen (15)lineal feet or major fraction thereof of all exterior foundation wallsdistributed on not less than three (3) sides to produce adequate cross-ventilation in at least one direction.(m) All wood forms which have been used in placing concrete,if within the ground or less than eighteen (18) inches above theground, shall be removed before a building is occupied or used forany purpose. Tops of footings shall be at a level with the surface ofthe grade.(n) Loose or casual wood shall not be stored in direct contactwith the ground under any building, and this space must be thor-sughly cleaned of all blocks of wood and other debris.CHAPTER 26REINFORCED CONCRETE(Quality and Design)Sec. 2601. SCOPE. (a) These regulations cover the use of reinforced concrete in any structure to be erected under the provisionsof the building code of which they form a part. They are intendedto supplement the general provisions of the code in order to providefor the proper design and construction of structures of this materialIn all matters pertaining to the design and construction where thesespecific regulations are in conflict with other provisions of the code,these regulations shall govern.Sec. 2602. PERMITS AND DRAWINGS. (a) Drawings andtypical details of all reinforced-concrete construction showing the sizesand position of all structural members, metal reinforcement, and thelive-load used in the design shall be filed with the department as apermanent record before a permit to construct such work shall beissued. All calculations made may be required by the department tobe submitted with the drawings. Sec. 2603. SPECIAL SYSTEMS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE.(a) The sponsors of any system of reinforced concrete which has beenin successful use, or the adequacy of which has been shown by test,and the design of which is either in conflict with these provisions ornot covered by them, shall have the right to present the data on whichtheir design is based to a "Board of Examiners for Special Construc-tion." This Board shall be composed of competent engineers, archi-tects and builders. The Board shall have the power to investigatethe data so submitted and to formulate rulings governing the designand construction of such systems, which ruling shall be of the sameforce and effect as the provisions of this code. This Board is to bedesignated as provided elsewhere in the code.146

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Sec. 2604. DEFINITIONS.AGGREGATE. Inert material which is mixed with Portland ce-ment and water to produce concrete; in general, aggregate consists ofsand, pebbles, gravel, crushed stone, blast-furnace slag, or similar ma-terials.ANCHORAGE. The embedment in concrete of a portion of areinforcement bar, either straight or with hooks, designed to preventpulling out or slipping of the bar when subjected to stress. (Theanchorage of tension reinforcement in beams includes only the em-bedded length beyond a point of contra-flexure or of zero moment.)BLAST-FURNACE SLAG. The non-metallic product, consistingessentially of silicates and alumino-silicates of lime, which is developedsimultaneously with iron in blast furnaces.COLUMN. An upright compression member the length of whichexceeds three times its least lateral dimension.COLUMN CAPITAL. An enlargement of the upper end of a re-inforced concrete column designed and built to act as a unit with thecolumn and flat slab.COLUMN STRIP. A portion of a flat slab panel one-half panelin width occupying the two quarter-panel areas outside of the middlestrip. (See Middle Strip.)COMBINATION COLUMN. A column in which a structural steelsection, designed to carry the principal part of the load, is wrapped with wire and encased in concrete of such quality that some additionalload may be allowed.COMPOSITE COLUMN. A column in which a concrete coreenclosed by spiral reinforcement and further reinforced by longitudinalbars encases a structural steel or cast iron column designed to carrya portion of the load.CONCRETE. A mixture of Portland cement, fine aggregate,coarse aggregate and water. (See Mortar.)CONSISTENCY. A general term used to designate the relativeplasticity of freshly mixed concrete or mortar.CRUSHED STONE. Bedded rock or boulders which have beenbroken by mechanical means into fragments of varying shapes andsizes.DEAD-LOAD. The weight of the permanent parts of the structureDEFORMED BARS. Reinforcement bars with closely spacedshoulders, lugs or projections formed integrally with the bar during roll-ing so as to firmly engage the surrounding concrete. Wire mesh withwelded intersections not farther apart than twelve inches in the directions of the principal reinforcing and with cross wires not smaller thanNo. 10 may be rated as a deformed bar. DIAGONAL BAND. In a four-way flat slab system a group ofbars covering a width approximately 0.4 the average span, symmetrical147

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with respect to the diagonal running from corner to comer of thepanel.DIAGONAL DIRECTION. A direction parallel or approximatelyparallel to the diagonal of the panel of a flat slab.DIRECT BAND: In a four-way flat slab system, a group of barscovering a width approximately 0.4 ll, symmetrical with respect to the line of centers of supporting columns.DROPPED PANEL. The structural portion of a flat slab which isthickened throughout an area surrounding the column capital.EFFECTIVE AREA OF CONCRETE. The area of a section whichlies between the centroid of the tension reinforcement and the com-pression surface in. a beam or slab, and having a width equal to thewidth of the rectangular beam or slab, or the effective width of theflange of a Tee beam.EFFECTIVE AREA OF REINFORCEMENT. The area obtainedby multiplying the right cross-sectional area of the metal reinforce-ment by the cosine of the angle between its direction and that for which the effectiveness of the reinforcement is to be determined.FLAT SLAB. A reinforced-concrete slab generally without beams orgirders to transfer the loads to supporting members.FOOTING-A structural unit used to distribute wall or columnloads to the foundation materials.GRAVEL-Rounded particles larger than sand grains resultingfrom the natural disintegration of rocks. (See Sand.)LAITANCE. Extremely fine material of little or no hardnesswhich may collect on the surface of freshly deposited concrete ormortar, resulting from the use of excess mixing water, usually recog-nized by its relatively light color.LIVE-LOAD. Loads and forces other than the dead-load.MIDDLE STRIP. A portion of a flat slab panel one-half panel inwidth, symmetrical with respect to the panel center line and extending through the panel in the direction in which moments are being con.sidered.MORTAR. A mixture of Portland cement, fine aggregate, andwater. (See Concrete.)NEGATIVE BENDING MOMENT. That moment which exists be-tween a support of a slab or beam and the point of inflection on eitherside of the support.NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT. Reinforcement so placed as toStake tensile stress due to negative bending moment.PANELED CEILING. A paneled ceiling refers to a flat slab inwhich approximately that portion of the area enclosed within the in-tersection of two middle strips is reduced in thickness.PANEL LENGTH. The distance in either rectangular directionbetween centers of two columns of a panel.148

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PEDESTAL. An upright compression member whose height doesnot exceed three times its least lateral dimension.PEDESTAL FOOTING. A column footing projecting less thanone-half its depth from the faces of the column on all sides and havinga depth not more than three times its least width.PLAIN CONCRETE. Concrete without metal reinforcement.PORTLAND CEMENT. The product obtained by finely pulverizingclinker produced by calcining to incipient fusion an intimate and prop-erly proportioned mixture of argillaceous and calcareous materials, withno additions subsequent to calcination excepting water and calcined ouncalcined gypsum.POSITIVE BENDING MOMENT. That moment which exists atall other points in beams or slab except where negative moments exist.POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT. Reinforcement so placed as totake tensile stress due to positive bending moment.PRINCIPAL DESIGN SECTION. The vertical sections in a flatslab on which the moments in the rectangular directions are critical.(See Section 2667.)RATIO OF REINFORCEMENT. The ratio of the effective areaof the reinforcement cut by a section of a beam or slab to the effectivearea of the concrete at that section.RECTANGULAR DIRECTION. A direction parallel to a side ofthe panel of a flat slab.REINFORCED CONCRETE. Concrete in which metal is embeddedin such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces. SAND. 'Small grains resulting from the natural disintegration ofrocks or the artificial crusher. (See Gravel.)SCREEN. A metal plate with closely spaced circular perforations.(See Sieve.)SIEVE. Woven wire cloth with square openings. (See Screen.)STRUT. A compression member other than a column or pedestal.SURFACE WATER. By the term "surface water" is meant allwater carried by the aggregate except that held within the aggregateparticles themselves by absorption.WALL BEAM. A reinforced-concrete beam which extends fromcolumn to column along the outer edge of the wall panel.WATER-CEMENT RATIO. By the water-cement ratio is meantthe total quantity of water entering the mixture including the surface water carried by the aggregate, expressed in terms of the quantity ofcement. The water-cement ratio shall be expressed in U. S. gallons persack (94 lbs.) of cement. Sec 2605. MATERIALS AND TESTS. (a) The tests called forin these regulations when ordered in accordance with the provisions ofthis chapter by the Building Inspector or his authorised representativesshall be arranged for by the owner or his representative. No responsi.149

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bility for the expense of these tests shall attach to the Department ofBuilding. Such tests shall be made in accordance with the standardmethod of test covering the particular material under consideration, ofthe American Society for Testing Materials in effect on the date of theadoption of these regulations, except as noted herein.(b) All such tests shall be made by competent persons. Thecompetency of the persons making the tests shall be judged by their training and experience. The Building Inspector may disapprove forjust cause those whose records show technical incompetency. Copies of the results of all tests shall be kept on file in the office of theBuilding Inspector for a period of two years after the acceptance ofthe structure. Tests shall be made on any material entering into con-crete or reinforced-concrete construction when there is reasonable doubtas to its suitability for the purpose.(c) The Building Inspector or his authorized representative shallhave the right to require reasonable tests of the concrete from time totime to determine whether the materials and methods in use are suchas to produce concrete of the necessary quality. Specimens for suchtests shall be taken at the place where concrete is being deposited, andshall be taken, cured and tested in accordance with the "StandardMethod of Making Compression Tests of Concrete" (Serial Designation:C 39-27) of the American Society for Testing Materials.Sec. 2606. LOAD TESTS. (a) The Building Inspector or hisauthorized representative shall have the right to order the test under load of any portion of a completed structure, when the conditions havebeen such as to leave reasonable doubt as to the adequacy of thestructure to serve the purpose for which it was intended. Such testsshall not be required to be made on any concrete construction whichis less than 60 days old.(b) In such tests, the member or portion of the structure underconsideration shall be subject to a superimposed load equal to one andone-half times the live load plus one-half of the dead load. This loadshall be left in position for a period of twenty-four hours before removal.If, during the test, or upon removal of the load, the member or portionof structure shows evident failure, such changes or modifications as arenecessary to make the structure adequate for the rated capacity shallbe made, or where lawful, a lower rating shall be established. Thestructure will be considered to have failed to pass the test if withintwenty-four hours after the removal of the load the slabs or beams donot show a recovery of at least 75 per cent of the maximum deflectionshown during the twenty-four hours while under load.Sec. 2607. INSPECTION. (a) All concrete work shall be in-spected by the Architect or Engineer responsible for its design or bya competent representative responsible to the Architect or the Engineer.A record shall,be kept of such inspection which shall cover the quantityand quality of concrete materials, including water, the mixing andplacing of the concrete, and the placing of the reinforcing steel. The150

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inspection record shall also include a complete record of the progress of the work and of the temperatures, when these fall below 40 deg. F.,and of the protection given to the concrete while curing. These recordsshall be available for inspection by the Building Inspector at all timesduring the progress of the work and shall be preserved for two (2)years after the acceptance of the structure.Sec. 2608. PORTLAND CEMENT. (a) Portland Cement shallconform to the "Standard Specifications and Tests for Portland Cement"(Serial Designations: C9-30) of the American Society for TestingMaterials.S:r. 2609. CONCRETE AGGREGATES. (a) Concrete aggregates shall consist of natural sands and gravels, crushed rocks, crushed air-cooled blast-furnace slag, or other inert materials having clean, uncoatedgrain of strong and durable minerals. Aggregates containing soft,friable, thin, flaky, elongated or laminated particles totaling more than3 per cent, or containing shale in excess of 11/2 per cent, or silt andcrusher dust finer than No. 100 standard sieve in excess of 2 per centshall not be used. These percentages shall be based on the weight of the combinedaggregate as used in the concrete. When all three groups of thesedeleterious materials are present in the aggregates, the combined amountsshall not exceed five (5) per cent by weight of the combined aggregate.(b) Aggregates shall not contain strong alkali or organic material which gives a color darker than the standard color when tested inaccordance with the "Standard Method of Test for Organic Impuritiesin Sands for Concrete" (Serial Designations: C 40-27) of the American Society for Testing Materials.(c) The maximum size of the aggregate shall be not larger thanone-fifth of the narrowest dimension between forms of the member forwhich the concrete is to be used nor larger than three-fourths of theminimum clear spacing between reinforcing bars. By maximum size of aggregate is meant the clear space between the sides of the smallestsquare opening through which 95 per cent by weight of the materialcan be passed. Sec. 2610. WATER. (a) Water used in mixing concrete shall be clean, and free from strong acids, alkalis, or organic materials.Sec. 2611. METAL REINFORCEMENT. (a) Metal reinforcement shall conform to the requirements of the "Standard Specification for Billet-Steel Concrete Reinforcement Bars" of Intermediate Grade,(Serial Designation: A 15-35, or for "Rail-Steel Concrete ReinforcementBars.") (Serial Designation: A 16-35 of the American Society forTesting Materials.) The provision in these specifications for machiningdeformed bars testing shall be eliminated.(b) Wire for concrete reinforcement shall conform to the require-ments of the "Standard Specifications for Cold-Drawn Steel Wire forConcrete Reinforcement." (Serial Designation: A 82-34 of the American Society for Testing Materials.)151

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(c) Structural steel shall conform to the requirements of the"Standard Specifications for Structural Steel for Buildings." (SerialDesignation: A 9-24) of the American Society for Testing Materials.(d) Cast-iron sections for composite or combination columns shall conform to "Standard Specifications for Cast-Iron Pipe and SpecialCastings" (Serial Designation: A 44-04) of the American Society forTesting Materials.Sec. 2612. STORAGE OF MATERIALS. (a) Cement and ag-gregate shall be stored at the work in a manner to prevent deteriora. tion or the intrusion of foreign matter. Any material which has de-teriorated or has been damaged shall be immediately and completelyremoved from the work.Sec. 2613. CONCRETE QUALITY. (a) The working stressesfor the design of reinforced concrete structures shall be based uponthe minimum ultimate 28-day strength of the concrete to be used inthe structure in accordance with the values given in Section 2618. Allplans submitted for approval on the work shall clearly show thestrength of concrete for which all parts of the structures were designed.The strength of concrete shall be fixed in terms of the water-cementratio in accordance with one of the following methods:(1) By established results for average materials, as provided inSection 2614.(2) By specific test of materials for the structures, as provided inSection 2615.(b) By the water-cement ratio is meant the total quantity of waterentering the mixture including the surface water carried by the aggre-gate, expressed in terms of the quality of cement. The water-cementratio shall be expressed in U. S. gallons per sack (94 Ibs.) of cement.NOTE: Grade. This recommendation is in accordance with "Com-mercial Standard No. 1 (New Billet-Steel Concrete Reinforcing Bars")of the U. S. Department of Commerce, which establishes the intermediategrade as the single standard for billet-steel reinforcement. Until suchtime as existing stocks of structural and hard-grade billet-steel rein-forcement, meeting the requirements of A. S. T. M. SpecificationsA 15-14 are exhausted, these grades may be used with the unit stressesspecified in Section 2619.Sec. 2614. WATER-CEMENT RATIO FOR AVERAGEMATERIALS. (a) Where no preliminary tests of the materials to beused are made, the water-cement ratio shall not exceed the values inthe following table. The mixes shown in the tables are approximateonly, and may require adjustment to give proper workability.152

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ASSUMED STRENGTH OF CONCRETE MIXTURESApproximate MixVolume ofWater-Cement Portland Cement to SumRatio U. S. of Separate Volumes of Assumed Compressivegallons per 94-lb. fine and coarse AggreStrength at 28 Days insacks of cement gate as Measured Dry pounds per square inchPLASTIC CONCRETE8% 1:7 1,5007% 1:6 2,0006%s 1:5% 2,5006 1:4% 3,000Moderately Wet Concrete8% 1:6% 1,5007% 1:5% 2,00063 1:43/ 2,5006 1:4 3,000Note: In interpreting this table, surface water contained in theaggregate must be included as part of the mixing water in computingthe water-cement ratio. See Section 2617 for Mix.(b) During the progress of this work, a reasonable number ofcompression tests shall be made as may be required by the Building Inspector, but at least one specimen shall be tested for each 100 cu. yd.of concrete being placed. The tests shall be made in accordance withprovisions of Section 2616. Should the average 28-day strength fallbelow the minimum ultimate strength called for on the plans, the Building Inspector shall have the right to require a load test under the provisions of Section 2606.Sec. 2615. WATER-CEMENT RATIO BY TEST OF MATERIALS.(a) Where the water-cement ratios for the various strengths of concrete are to be established by test these tests shall be made in advance ofthe beginning of operations using the materials proposed and consist-encies suitable for the work and in accordance with the "StandardMethod of Making Compression Tests of Concrete" (Serial Designation:C 39-27) of the American Society for Testing materials, including theprovisions for curing in a moist room at 70 deg. F. and testing wetA curve representing the relation between the average 28-day strengthof the concrete and water-cement ratio shall be established for a rangeof values including all of the strengths called for in the plans. Thetests shall include at least four different water-cement ratios and atleast four specimens for each water-cement ratio. The water-cementratio to be used in the structure shall be that corresponding to a pointon the curve established by these tests representing a strength of con-crete 15 per cent higher than the minimum ultimate strength calledfor on the plans and satisfactory evidence shall be submitted to showthat these water-cement ratios are not exceeded. No substitution shall153

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be made in the materials being used on the work without additionaltests in accordance herewith, to show the new water-cement ratiosto be used.(b) During the progress of the work, a reasonable number ofadditional 28-day compression tests may be required by the BuildingInspector, but at least one specimen shall be tested for each 50 cubicyards of concrete of any one strength, and not less than two specimensof each strength of concrete for any one day's operation. Such testsshall be made in accordance with the provisions of Section 2616.Should the average strengths of the control cylinders shown by thesetests for any portion of the structure fall below the minimum ultimate28-day strengths called for on the plans, the Building Inspector shallhave the right to order a change in the mix of the water-cement ratiosfor the remaining portion of the structure and to require load testsas specified in Section 2606 on the portions of the building affected.Should the average strengths shown by the cylinders cured on the joband tested subsequent to 28 days fall below the required strength, theBuilding Inspector shall have the right to require conditions of tem-perature and moisture necessary to secure the required strength.Sec. 2616. FIELD TESTS OF CONCRETE. (a) Field tests ofconcrete, when required, shall be made in accordance with the "Stan-dard Method of Making Compression Tests of Concrete" (Serial Desig-nation: C 39-33 of the American Society for Testing Materials) withthe following exceptions:(1) Two sets of samples of concrete for test specimens shall betaken as the concrete is being delivered at the point of deposit, carebeing taken to obtain a sample representative of the entire batch.(2) One set designated as control cylinders shall be placed undermoist curing conditions at approximately 70 deg. F. within 24 hoursafter molding and maintained therein until tested.(3) The second set, designated as job cylinders, shall be keptas near to the point of sampling as possible and yet receive the sameprotection from the elements as is given to the portions of the structurebeing placed. Specimens shall be kept from injury while on the work.They shall be sent to the laboratory not more than 7 days prior to thetime of test and while in the laboratory shall be kept in the ordinary air at a temperature of approximately 70 deg. F.(b) All specimens and tests shall be made by a properly qualified person or testing laboratory, who shall furnish the Building Inspectorwith a report, certified in the presence of a notary public, showing theresults of tests and stating that they were made in accordance withthe provisions of this Code.Sec. 2617. CONCRETE PROPORTIONS AND CONSISTENCY.(a) The proportions of aggregates to cement for concrete of anywater-cement ratio shall be such as to produce concrete that will workreadily into the corners and angles of the form and around the reinforcement without excessive puddling or spading and without permitting154

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the materials to segregate or free water to collect on the surface.The combined aggregate shall be of such composition of sizes that whenseparated by the No. 4 standard sieve, the weight retained on the sieveshall not be less than one-third nor more than two-thirds of the totalnor shall the amount of coarse material be such as to produce harshnessin placing or honeycombing in the structure. When forms are removed,the faces and corners of the members shall show smooth and soundthroughout.(b) The methods of measuring concrete materials shall be suchthat the proportion of water to cement can be accurately controlledduring the progress of the work and easily checked at any time bythe Building Inspector or his authorized representative.(c) CONCRETE MIX. For all concrete work not supervised bya designing engineer or approved by a testing laboratory, or when themethods of proportioning the concrete ingredients are not subject togreater accuracy, the minimum concrete quality recognized by theBuilding Inspector shall be 2000 pounds strength proportioned as fol-lows: One (1) cubic foot or one (1) sack of cement, two and one-half(21/) cubic feet of sand as specified in Section 2609 and four (4)cubic feet of coarse aggregate mixed one and one-half (1) minutesin a machine mixer with sufficient water to make a plastic mix withno free water.Sec. 2618. ALLOWABLE 'UNIT STRESSES IN CONCRETE.(a) The unit stresses in pounds per square inch on the concrete tobe used in the design shall not exceed the following values, where f'.equals the minimum ultimate strength at 28 days:Building code requirements for reinforced concrete A.C.I. (American Concrete Institute) 318-47 DTD. Sept., 1947 -Adopted as part ofbuilding code.-See page 311 .166

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Allowable Unit StressesFor any When strength of con-Strength crete is fixed by theof conWater-Cement Ratio inrete as Accordance with Sec-fixed by tion 2614DESCRIPTIONtest inaccord-ance f= f.= 3000 lbwith Sec2000 lb. 2500 lb. '=n=15 n12 n=10n=30,000',.Flexture /eExtreme fibre stress in compression(/) .......................... .......... ..... 0.40 .800 1000 1200Extreme fibre stress in compressionadjacent to supports of continu-ous or fixed beams or of rigidframes (f.) ...................................... 0.45'. 900 1125 1350Shear: vBeams with no web reinforce-ment and without special an-chorage of longitudinal steel(v.) ...........0..... 0.02f, 40 50 60Beams with no-web reinforcement,but with special anchorage oflongitudinal steel (v,) .... 0.03f'.) 60 75 90Beams with properly designedweb reinforcement but withoutspecial anchorage of longitud-inal steel (v) 0.06f', 120 150 180Beams with properly designedweb reinforcement and withspecial anchorage of longitud-inal steel (v) 0.09'. 180 225 270For conditions determining the useof greater shear values see Sec-tion 2664 (e)Flat slabs at distance d from edgeof column cap or drop panel(u.) 0.03/'. 60 75 90Footings where longitudinal barshave no special anchorage (v.)0.02f, 40 50 60Footings where longitudinal barshave special anchorage (,). 0.03/'. 60 75 9011

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Bond: s.In beams and slabs and one-wayfootings:Plain bars (u.) ... .... 0.041'. 80 100 120Deformed bars (u.) .. 0.05f/. 100 125 150In two-way footings:Plain bars (u.) .................. 0.03/'. 60 75 90Deformed bars (u.) .-.-.. 0.0375f,' 75 94 112(Where special anchorage is provided (See Section 2664)double these values in bondmay be used.)Bearing: I.Where a concrete member has anarea at least twice the area inbearing (f.) .......Axial compression: /. 0.25/1. 500 625 750In columns with lateral ties(f.) -......... ........... 0.225'. 450 563 675In columns with continuousspirals enclosing a circularcore:*p=0.01.... 300+0.14/'. 580 650 7200.02 .300+0.18'. 660 750 840Ratio of longitudinal 0.03 -300+0.22'. 740 850 9600.04..... 300+0.26/'. 820 950 1080reinforcement 0.05 ..-. 300+0.30f'. 900 1050 12000.06 .300+0.34'. 980 1150 1320(Spiral reinforcement not to be lessthan 1/ the longitudinal.)*Unit stress in spirally reinforced columns= [300+ (0.10+4p)f.].Sec. 2619. ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESSES IN REINFORCE.MENT. (a) The following unit stremsses in reinforcing steel shall notbe exceeded:TENSION:Intermediate grade billet steeL, (f.)=20,000 lb. per sq. in.Rail steel bars .-.... .............(/.)=20,000 lb. per sq. in.Web reinforcement .(/....-.... (,)=16,000 lb. per sq. in.Structural steel shapes ---...-.. ... _.... (/.)=18,000 lb. per sq. in.Other steel reinforcement 50 per cent ofthe yield point stress, but not to exceed...(f.) =20,000 lb. per sq. in.COMPRESSION:Bars ....i.Structural Steel section in composite columns..15,000 lb. per sq. in.Cast iron section in composite columns.. ......... 9,000 lb. per sq. hi.15?

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(See Section 2685 for stresses in structural steel and cast iron not encased in concrete).Structural Steel section in combination column (see Section2686).Until existing stocks of structural and hard grades of billet-steelreinforcement are exhausted, these grades, if conforming to the pro-vision of Section 2611, may be used with the following unit stresses:Structural Grade ._........f.._...... .(.) = 18,000 lbs. per sq. in.Hard Grade .................. .............. (/.) =20,000 lbs. per sq. in.MIXING AND PLACING CONCRETE.Sec. 2620. REMOVAL OF WATER FROM EXCAVATION. (a)Water shall be removed from excavations before concrete is deposited,unless otherwise directed by the Building Inspector. Any flow of waterinto the excavation shall be diverted through proper side drains to asump, or be removed by other approved methods which will avoidwashing the freshly deposited concrete. Water vent pipes and drainsshall be filled by grouting or otherwise, after the concrete has thoroughlyhardened.Sec. 2621. CLEANING FORMS AND EQUIPMENT. (a) Be-fore placing concrete, all equipment for mixing and transporting theconcrete shall be cleaned, all debris and ice shall be removed fromthe places to be occupied by the concrete, forms shall be thoroughly wetted (except in freezing weather) or oiled, and clay or cement tilethat will be in contact with concrete shall be well drenched (exceptin freezing weather). Reinforcement shall be thoroughly cleaned ofice or other coatings.Sec. 2622. Reserved.Sec. 2623. INSPECTION. (a) Concrete shall not be placed untilthe forms and reinforcement have been inspected by the Architect orEngineer responsible for the design or his authorized representative.Sec. 2624. MIXING. (a) The concrete shall be mixed until thereis a uniform distribution of the materials and the mass is uniform incolor and homogeneous. The mixer shall be of such type as to insurethe maintaining of the correct proportions of the ingredients. Themixing shall continue for at least one minute after all the ingredients are in the mixer.Sec. 2625. TRANSPORTING. (a) Concrete shall be handledfrom the mixer to the place of final deposit as rapidly as practicable bymethods which will prevent the separation or loss of the ingredients. Itshall be deposited as nearly as practicable in its final position to avoidrehandling or flowing. Under no circumstances shall concrete thathas partially hardened be deposited in the work.NOTE: Steel. Until existing stocks of structural and hard gradesof billet-steel reinforcement are exhausted, these grades, if conformingto the provision of Sec. 2611, may be used with the following unit stresses:Structural Grade --_...(/J.)=18,000 lb. per sq. in.Hard Grade -__ (f.)=20,000 lb. per sq. in.158

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(b) When concrete is conveyed by chuting, the plant shall be ofsuch size and design as to insure a practically continuous flow in thechute. The slope of the chute shall be such as to allow the concreteto flow without separation of the ingredients. The delivery end of thechute shall be as close as possible to the point of deposit. When theoperation is intermittent, the spout shall discharge into a hopper. Thechute shall be thoroughly flushed with water before and after each run;the water used for this purpose shall be discharged outside the forms.Sec. 2626. Reserved. Sec. 2627. PLACING.(a) When concreting is once started, it shall be carried on as acontinuous operation until the placing of the section or panel is com-pleted. Where construction joints are necessary, they shall be made inaccordance with Section 2636.(b) Concrete shall be thoroughly compacted by puddling withsuitable tools during the operation of placing, and thoroughly workedaround the reinforcement, around embedded fixtures, and into the corniceof the forms.(c) Where conditions make puddling difficult, or where the re-inforcement is congested, batches of mortar containing the same pro-portion of cement to sand used in the concrete shall first be depositedin the forms and the operation of filling with the regularly specifiedmix be carried on at such a rate that the mix is at all times plasticand flows readily into the spaces between the bars.(d) A record shall be kept on the work of the time and date ofplacing the concrete in each portion of the structure. Such recordshall be kept until the completion of the structure and shall be opento the inspection of the Building Inspector.Sec. 2628. CURING.(a) Exposed surfaces of concrete shall be kept moist for a periodof at least 7 days after being deposited. In hot weather, exposed con-crete shall be thoroughly wetted twice daily during the first week.Sec. 2629. DEPOSITING IN COLD WEATHER. (a) When de-positing concrete at freezing or near freezing temperatures, the concreteshall have a temperature of at least 50 deg. F., but not more than 120Deg. F. The concrete shall be maintained at a temperature of at least50 Deg. F. for not less than 72 hours after placing or until the concretehas thoroughly hardened. When necessary, concrete materials shall beheated before mixing. Dependence shall not be placed on salt or otherchemicals for the prevention of freezing. No frozen materials or mate-rials containing ice shall be used. Manure shall not be applied directlyto concrete when used for protection.FORMS AND DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION.Sec. 2630. DESIGN OF FORMS:(a) Forms shall conform to the shape, lines, and dimensions of themember as called for on the plans. They shall be substantial and suffi-ciently tight to prevent leakage of mortar; they shall be properly bracedor tied together so as to maintain position and shape and insure safety159

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to workmen and passersby. Temporary openings shall be provided where necessary to facilitate cleaning and inspection immediately beforedepositing concrete.Sec. 2631. REMOVAL OF FORMS. (a) The removal of formsshall be carried out in such a manner as to insure the complete safetyof the structure. Where the structure as a whole is supported on shores, removable floor forms, beams and girder sides, column and similar vertical forms may be removed within 24 hours, providing the concretehas hardened sufficiently that it is not injured. In no case shall the supporting forms be disturbed until the concrete has hardened sufficiently to permit their removal with safety. Shoring shall not be re-moved until the member has acquired sufficient strength to supportsafely its weight and the load upon it.Sec. 2632. CLEANING AND BENDING REINFORCEMENT.(a) Metal reinforcement, before being placed, shall be free fromrust, scale or other coatings that will destroy or reduce the bond. Re-inforcement shall be formed to the dimensions indicated on the plans.Cold bends shall be made around a pin having a diameter of four ormore times the least dimension of the bar.(b) Metal reinforcement shall not be bent or straightened in amanner that will injure the material. Bars with kinks or bends notshown on the plans shall not be used. Heating of reinforcement forbending will not be permitted.Sec. 2633. PLACING REINFORCEMENT. (a) Metal reinforce-ment shall be accurately placed and secured, and shall be supported byconcrete or metal chairs or spacers, or metal hangers. The minimumcenter to center distance between parallel bars shall be 2% times thediameter for round bars or 3 times the side dimension for square bars;if the ends of bars are anchored as specified in Section 2664, the center to center spacing may be made equal to 2 diameters for round barsor to 2t times the side dimension for square bars, but in no case shall the clear spacing between bars be less than 1 inch, nor less than 11/3times the maximum size of the coarse aggregate. Bars at the upper faceof any member shall be embedded a clear distance of not less than onediameter, nor less than 1 inch.Sec. 2634. SPLICES AND OFFSETS IN REINFORCEMENT.(a) In slabs, beams, and girders, splices of reinforcement shall not bemade at points of maximum stress without the approval of the Build-ing Inspector. Splices, where permitted, shall provide sufficient lap totransfer the stress between bars by bond and shear. In such splices,the bars shall be spaced at the minimum distance specified in SeecStion 2633.(b) Splices in column bars shall provide a lap of 24 diametersfor deformed bars and 30 diameters for plain bars.(c) Where changes in the cross-section of a column occur, thelongitudinal bars shall be sloped for the full length of the column oroffset in a region where lateral support is afforded. Where offset, the160

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slope of the inclined portion from the axis of the column shall not bemore than 1 in 6.Sec. 2635. PROTECTIVE COVERING OF CONCRETE. (a) Atthose surfaces of footings and other principal structural members inwhich the concrete is deposited directly against the ground, metal rein-forcement shall have a minimum covering of 3 inches of concrete. Atother surfaces of concrete exposed to the ground or weather, metalreinforcement shall be protected by not less than 2 inches of concrete.(b) In fire-resistive construction, metal reinforcement shall be pro-tected by not less than 1 in. of concrete in slabs and walls, and notless than 1%1 in. in beams, girders and columns, provided coarse aggre-gate is used, which is free from disruptive action under high tempera-tures, as, for example, limestone or trap rock; when impracticable toobtain aggregate of this grade, the protective covering shall be 12 in.thicker and shall be reinforced with metal mesh having openings notexceeding three inches placed 1 in. from the finished surface. Insimilar structures where the fire hazard is limited, the metal reinforce-ment shall not be placed nearer the exposed surface than 3/ in. inslabs and walls, or 1 in. in beams, girders and columns.(c) Cement or gypsum plaster, 3! in. or more in thickness (onmetal lath weighing not less than 212 lb. per sq. yd. when used ver-tically, nor less than three lb. per sq. yd. when used horizontally) maybe substituted for a part of the protective covering of concrete, pro-vided that only two-thirds of the thickness of the plaster be considered effective and the concrete protection shall in no case he reduced to lessthan 3 in.(d) Exposed reinforcement bars intended for bonding with futureextensions shall be protected from corrosion.Sec. 2636. CONSTRUCTION JOINTS. (a) Joints not indicatedon the plans shall be so made and located as to least impair thestrength of the structure. Where a horizontal joint is to be made, anyexcess water and laitance shall be removed from the surface after con-crete is deposited. Before depositing of concrete is resumed, the hard-ened surface shall be cleaned and roughened and all weak concreteremoved.(b) At least 2 hours must elapse after depositing concrete in thecolumns or walls before depositing in beams, girders, or slabs supported thereon. Beams, girders, brackets, column capitals, and haunches shallbe considered as part of the floor system and shall be placed monolithically therewith.(c) Construction joints in floors shall be located near the middle of spans of slabs, beams, or girders, unless a beam intersects a girderat this point, in which case the joints in the girders shall be offset adistance equal to twice the width of the beams. In this last case pro-vision shall be made for shear by use of inclined reinforcement.DESIGN-GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.Sec. 2637. ASSUMPTIONS. (a) The design of reinforced-concretemembers under these specifications shall be made with reference to161

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working stresses and safe loads. The accepted theory of flexure asapplied to reinforced concrete shall be applied to all members resist-ing bending involving the following assumptions;(1) The steel takes all tensile stress,(2) The ratio n of the modulus of elasticity of the steel tothat of the concrete shall he taken as follows (applies also for com-pression members):E, 30,000n=----1,000/'. f'Sec. 2638. NOTATION. (a) The symbols and notation used inthese regulations are defined as follows:a=width of face of column or pedestal;a=angle between inclined web bars and axis of beam.A= total area of top of pedestal, pier, or footing;A'=loaded area of pedestal, pier, or footing at the column base;A.=area of core of spirally-hooped column measured to the outsidediameter of the spiral;A,=gross area of tied columns with lateral ties;A.=effective cross-sectional area of metal reinforcement in tensionin beams or compression in columns; and the effectivecross-sectional area of metal reinforcement which crossesany of the principal design sections of a flat slab andwhich meets the requirements of Sec. 2671, 2673, 2674 and2675;A,=total area of web reinforcement in tension within a distance ofs (measured perpendicular to the direction of the web re-inforcement bar), or the total area of all bars bent up inany one plane;b=width of rectangular beam or width of flange of T-beam;b'=thickness of web in beams of I or T sections;b,=dimension of the dropped panel of a flat slab in the directionparallel to I,;c=diameter in feet of column capital of a flat slab at the underside of the slab, or dropped panel. No portion of thecolumn capital shall be considered for structural purposes which lies outside of the largest 90 cone that can be in-cluded within the outlines of the column capital;c=projection of footing from face of column or pedestal;d=depth from compression surface of beam or slab to center oflongitudinal tensile reinforcement;EK=modulus of elasticity of concrete in compression;E.=modulus of elasticity of steel in tension or compression=30,000,000 lb. per sq. in.;162

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.= compressive unit stress in extreme fiber of concrete in flexureor axial compression in concrete in column;f'.= ultimate compressive strength of concrete at age of 28 days;/f,=compressive unit stress in metal core;/.=tensile unit stress in longitudinal reinforcement;f,=tensile unit stress in web reinforcement;h= unsupported length of column;1= moment of inertia of a section about the neutral axis for bend-ing;1= span length of beam or slab (generally distance from center tocenter of supports); for special cases, see Sec. 2642 andSec. 2670;l= span length of flat slab panel (usually expressed in feet) cen-ter to center of columns, in the direction in which mo-ments are considered. (See Sec. 2668);1,=span length of flat slab, center to center of columns, perpen-dicular to the rectanglar direction in which moments areconsidered;M= bending moment or moment of resistance in general;M.= sum of positive and negative bending moments at the prin-cipal design sections of a panel of a flat slab (see Sec.2668);,r=E./E,=ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel to that of con-crete;2,= sum of perimeters of bars in one set;p=ratio of effective area of tensile reinforcement to effective areaof concrete in beams=A./bd; and the ratio of effectivearea of longitudinal reinforcement to the area of the con-crete core in columns;p.=permissible unit stress on pedestal, pier, or footing when thefull area is loaded;P=total safe axial load on column whose length does not exceed11 times its least cross-sectional dimension;P'=total safe axial load on long column;r.=permissible unit working stress in concrete over the loadedarea of a pedestal, pier, or footing;R=least radius of gyration of a section;s= spacing of stirrups measured perpendicular to the direction ofthe stirrup;t=thickness of flange of T-beam;t,=thickness of flat slab without dropped panels; or the thickness of flat slabs, including dropped panels where one is used;y=thickness of flat slab with dropped panels at points away fromthe dropped panel;163

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au=bond stress per unit of area of surface of bar;v=shearing unit stress;v= unit shearing stress permitted on the concrete of the web; thevalue depending on the anchorage of the longitudinal reinforcement;V=Total shear; V'=excess of the total shear over that permitted on the concrete;w=uniformly distributed load per unit of length of beam or slab;w=upward reaction per unit of area of base of footing;w'=uniformly distributed dead and live load per unit of area ofa floor or roof (in flat slabs usually expressed in poundsper square foot);W= total dead and live load uniformly distributed over a singlepanel area (in flat slabs usually expressed in pounds andincludes the dead weight of any raised or depressed por-tions).Sec. 2639. DESIGN LOADS. (a) The provisions for designherein specified are based on the assumption that all structures shall bedesigned for all dead-and live-loads coming upon them, the live-loads tobe in accordance with the general requirements of the Building Code ofwhich this forms a part, with such reductions for girders and lowerstory columns as are permitted therein.Sec. 2640. WIND LOADS. (a) Provisions shall be made forwind loads in accordance with the general provisions of the Code ofwhich this forms a part. In designing the members to resist windloads, the allowable unit stresses for dead-and live-loads and wind loads may be increased to 150 per cent of the allowable values specified inSec. 2618 and 2619, but the section shall not be less than that requiredif the wind load be neglected.FLEXURAL COMPUTATIONS AND MOMENT COEFFICIENTS.Sec. 2641. FORMULAS FOR FLEXURE. (a) Computations offlexural resistance of reinforced-concrete beams and slabs shall be basedon the assumptions of Sec. 2637. The customary formulas or theirequivalent shall be used.Sec. 2642. SPAN LENGTH. (a) The span length of freely sup.ported beams and slabs shall be the clear span plus the depth of beamor slab, but shall not exceed the distance between centers of thesupports.(b) The span length for continuous or restrained beams built toact integrally with supports shall be the clear distance between facesof supports.(c) For continuous or restrained beams having brackets built toact integrally with both beam and support and of a width not less than the width of the beam and making an angle of 45 degrees or morewith the horizontal, the span shall be measured from the section wherethe combined depth of the beam and bracket is at least one-third morethan the depth of the beam. No portion of such a bracket shall be164

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considered as adding to the effective depth of the beam. Bracketmaking an angle of less than 45 degrees with the horizontal may beconsidered as increasing the effective depth of the beam, but not asdecreasing the span length.(d) Maximum negative moments are to be considered as existingat the ends of the span, as defined above.Sec. 2643. DEPTH OF BEAM OR SLAB. (a) The depth ofthe beam or slab shall be taken as the distance from the centroid ofthe tensile reinforcement to the top surface of the structural slab. Anyfloor finish not placed monolithic with the floor slab shall not be in-cluded as a part of the structural member. When the finish is placedmonolithic with the structural slab in buildings of the warehouse orindustrial class where the finish is subjected to unusual wear fromtrucking or other causes, there shall be placed an additional depth of1/ in. over that used in the design of the member.Sec. 2644. POINT OF INFLECTION. (a) For the purpose ofthese regulations, the point of inflection in beams and slabs of equalspans symmetrically loaded shall be assumed to be located at the fifthpoint of the span as defined in Sec. 2642.Sec. 2645. DISTANCE BETWEEN LATERAL SUPPORT. (a)The clear distance between lateral supports of a beam shall not exceed32 times the least width of compression flange.Sec. 2646. REQUIREMENTS FOR T-BEAMS. (a) In T-Beamconstruction the slab shall be built integrally with the beam. Theeffective flange width to be used in the design of symmetrical T-beamsshall not exceed one-fourth of the span length of the beam, and its over-hanging width on either side of the web shall not exceed eight timesthe thickness of the slab nor one-half the clear distance to the nextbeam.(b) For beams having a flange on one side only, the effective over-hanging flange width shall not exceed one-twelfth of the span lengthof the beam, nor six times the thickness of the slab, nor one-half theclear distance to the next beam.(c) Where the principal reinforcement in a slab which is con-sidered as the flange of a T-beam (not a rib in ribbed floors) is paral-lel to the beam, transverse reinforcement shall be provided in the topof the slab. This reinforcement shall be designed to carry the loadon the portion of the slab assumed as the flange of the T-beam. Thespacing of the bars shall not exceed five times the thickness of theflange, or in any case 18 in.(d) Provision shall be made for the compressive stress at the sup-port in continuous T-beam construction, care being taken that the pro-visions of Sec. 2633, relating to the spacing of bars, and Sec. 2627 (c)relating to the placing of concrete shall be fully met. In no case shallthe area of steel in compression at any cross-section adjacent to the support exceed 2 per cent of the cross-sectional area of the stem of thebeam in that section.165

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(e) The overhanging portion of the flange of the beam shall notbe considered as effective in computing the shear and diagonal tensionresistance of T-beams.(f) Isolated beams in which the T-form is used only for the pur-pose of providing additional compression area, shall have a flangethickness not less than one-half the width of the web and a total flangewidth not more than four times the web thickness.Sec. 2647. RIBBED FLOOR CONSTRUCTION. (a) Ribbedfloor construction includes floor systems of ribs and slabs placed mono-lithically in which the ribs are not farther apart than 36 in. face to face.The ribs shall be straight, not less than 4 in. wide, nor of a depthmore than 3 times the width.(b) Where removable forms or fillers not complying with (c) areused the thickness of the concrete slab shall not be less than 1/12 ofthe clear distance between ribs and in no case less than 2 in.(c) When burned clay or cement tile are used and concrete isplaced on the top of such tile, it shall not be less than 1% in. in thick-ness, nor less than one-twelfth of the clear distance between ribs. Whenthe tile is so placed that the joints in alternate rows are staggered,the webs of the tile in contact with the ribs may be included in calcula-tions involving shear or negative bending moment. No other portionof the tile may be included in design calculations. (d) Where the floor is subject to impact from moving loads, orto wear, the slab thicknesses shall be increased % in. If a floor or cover-ing % in. or more in thickness, not included in the structural slab, isused for a wearing surface, no increase need be made.(e) Where the slab contains conduits or pipes, the thickness shallnot be less than 1 in. plus the total overall depth of such conduits orpipes at any point. Such conduits or pipes shall be so located as notto reduce the strength of the construction.(f) Shrinkage reinforcement in the slab must be provided as required in Section 2652.Sec. 2648. Moment Coefficients for Freely Supported or SlightlyRestrained Continuous Beams or Slabs of Approximately Equal Span;Uniform Load;(a) Beams and slabs of approximately equal spans freely sup-ported or built to act integrally with beams, girders, or other slightlyrestraining support, or beams and slabs built into brick or masonrywalls in a manner which develops only partial end restraint, and carrying uniformly distributed loads shall be designed for the followingmoments at critical sections:(1) Beams and slabs of one span,Positive moment near center,8166

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(2) Beams and slabs continuous for two spans only,Positive moment near center,wliM=....._..... ............ _...........--.. .. (2)10Negative moment over interior support,wl'M=...._.......................... ....................... (3)8(3) Beams and slabs continuous for more than two spans,Positive moment near center and negative moment atsupport of interior spans,wl'M=----......... ........ ....... ....... ...... ........ (4)12Positive moment near center of end spans and negativemoment at first interior support.wlsM =--. ..... ..... ........... ................... ..... .. (5)10(4) Negative moment at end supports for cases (1), (2),and (3) of this section,wl'M=not less than_............... ....... ... .. .......(6)24Sec. 2649. MOMENT COEFFICIENTS FOR FULLY RESTRAINEDCONTINUOUS BEAMS OR SLABS OF APPROXIMATELY EQUALSPAN; UNIFORM LOAD: (a) Beams and Slabs of approximatelyequal spans built to act integrally with columns, walls or other restrain.ing supports and assumed to carry uniformly distributed loads, shall (except as provided in Sec. 2648) be designed for the followingmoments at critical sections:(1) Interior spans;Negative moment at interior supports except the first,wl'M=. --...............-................... ..... (7)12Positive moment near centers of interior spans,wl'M = ....._._.......... ..................... .. ........... ................ (8)16(2) End spans of continuous beams or slabs, and beams orslabs of one span;Where I/I is less than twice the sum of the values of 1/hfor the exterior columns above and below which arebuilt into the beams;Positive moment near center of span and negative mo-ment at first interior supports,wl'M=-............ ...... _...... .... .... ....... (9)12Negative moment at exterior supports,167

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w/'M =..._...................... ..... .... ..... ...... (10)12Where I/I is equal to or greater than twice the sum ofthe values of I/h for the exterior column above and be-low which are built into the beams;Positive moment near center of span and negative mo-ment at first interior support,wlM =. ....................... .. ...................... ........... (11)10Negative moment at exterior support,wlsM = -............................................................................................. (12)16(b) In this section, I represents the moment of inertia which forthose calculations, shall be computed on the assumption that the mem-ber is homogeneous, neglecting the reinforcement, but including thatportion of the concrete section outside of the reinforcement which isordinarily considered as fireproofing I and h are the span lengthand column height, respectively, as defined in Sec. 2642 and 2681.Sec. 2650. MOMENT COEFFICIENTS FOR CONTINUOUSBEAMS OR SLABS OF UNEQUAL SPAN OR WITH NON-UNIFORM LOADS: (a) Continuous beams with substantially unequal spans, orwith other than uniformly distributed loading, whether freely supportedor restrained, shall be designed for the maximum moments resulting fromthe most severe probable combination of loading and restraint. Provi-sion shall be made where necessary for negative moment near the cen-ter of short spans which are adjacent to long spans, and for the negative moment at the end supports, if restrained.Sec. 2651. COMPRESSION STEEL IN FLEXURAL MEMBERS.(a) Where it is necessary to introduce steel in compression in girders,beams, or slabs, such steel shall be thoroughly anchored by ties or stir-rups not less than 1/ in. in size which shall be spaced not more than8 in. apart over the distance where the compression steel is required.Sec. 2652. SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCE-MENT. (a) Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stresses normal to the principal reinforcement shall be provided in floor androof slabs where the principal reinforcement extends in one directiononly. Such reinforcement shall provide for the following minimumratios of reinforcement area to concrete area, but in no case.shall suchreinforcing bars be placed farther apart than five times the slabthickness nor more than 18 in.:Floor slabs where plain bars are used..... ........................... ................. 0.0025Floor slabs where deformed bars are used .................................0.002Floor slabs where wire fabric is used, having welded in-tersections not farther apart in the direction of stressthan 12 in................. .......... .............0.0018168

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Roof slabs where plain bars are used.... .... ...... ..........0.003Roof slabs where deformed bars are used.............. ..0.0025Roof slabs where wire fabric is used, having welded intersections not farther apart in the direction of stress than 12 in. ...... ..... .._...... ... ._.._ ........ ... _...._..... ... 0.0022*Sec. 2653. FLOORS REINFORCED IN TWO DIRECTIONS. (a) Concrete floors supported on four sides by beams, girders, or walls,and reinforced in two directions, shall be designed as follows, usingmoment coefficient given in Sections 2648-2649-2650, as required, ex-cept as indicated under (e).(b) If the length of the slab exceeds one and one-half times itswidth, the entire load shall be carried in the short direction.(c) In case of square panels and uniformly distributed load, one-half the live-and dead-load may be assumed as being resisted byeach cross band.(d) In rectangular panels of length L and breadth B, the portionof the load which shall be assumed as being supported by the slab in the short direction shall be equal to (L 1) times the total load.(B 2)The remainder of the load shall be assumed as being supported by theslab in the long direction. The reinforcement in the long directionshall in no case be less than that specified in Sec. 2652 for shrinkageand temperature reinforcement.(e) In placing the reinforcement account may be taken of thefacts that the moment is less in the portions of the band which areadjacent and parallel to the supporting beams. In the one-quarter widthof band parallel and adjacent to the beams, the computed moment maybe reduced 50 per cent.(f) Beams supporting such slabs shall be assumed to take theportion of the load as determined in (b), (c) or (d) without advan-tage of any reduction in live-load permitted in other sections of thisCode. The total load for each beam shall be assumed as uniformlydistributed.(g) In slabs other than ribbed floor construction or flat slabs,the principal reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart than twotimes the slab thickness, nor shall the ratio of reinforcement be lessthan specified in Sec. 2652-(a).*The committee feels that this section may be too conservative. However, the additional investigation necessary to determine properdesign methods requires more time than has been available.Sec. 2654. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION. Shearing Unit Stress: (a) The shearing unit stress (v) in reinforced-concrete beams shall be computed by formula (14):8Y,= ...................-................ (14)7 bd169

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When the value of the shearing unit stress computed by formula(14) exceeds the unit shearing stress (v.) permitted on the concrete ofthe web (See Section 2618-A), web reinforcement shall be provided tocarry the excess.(b) For beams of I or T section b' shall be substituted for b informula (14).(c) In tile and joist construction, b may be taken as a widthequal to the thickness of the concrete web plus the thickness of thevertical webs of the concrete or clay tile in contact with the joist asin Sec. 2647.Sec. 2655. TYPES OF WEB REINFORCEMENT: (a)Web re-inforcement may consist of:(1) Vertical stirrups or web reinforcing bars;(2) Inclined, stirrups or web reinforcing bars forming anangle of 30 deg. or more with the axis of the beam.(3) Longitudinal bars bent up at an angle of 15 deg. ormore with the axis of the beam.(b) Stirrups or bent-up bars to be considered effective as webreinforcement shall be anchored at both ends, according to the provi-sions of Sec. 2665.Sec. 2656. STIRRUPS. (a) Area of steel required in stirrupshall be computed by formula (15).V'.A ,= .................-......-...... .... ... ......... ..-. ... ... (15)14000dSec. 2657. SPACING OF STIRRUPS. (a) Where the shearingstress is not greater than 0.061'. the distance between two successivestirrups measured perpendipular to the direction of the stirrup shallnot exceed %d, and where unit shearing stress exceeds 0.06/'., it shall not be greater than %d.Sec. 2658. BENT-UP BARS. (a) Where there is a series ofparallel bent-up bars at varying distances from the support, they shallbe considered as inclined stirrups .and the area required determinedfrom formula (15).(b) Where bent-up bars in a single plane are used for web re-inforcement, the required area of the bar shall be computed by for-mula (16).V'A = ... ............. .... ............... .. ..... ..... ...... ........ ............... (16)16,000s in a (c) In formula (16), V' shall not exceed 0.0351', bd nor a be lessthan 15 deg. Only the center three-fourths of .the inclined portion ofsuch bar or group of bars shall be considered effective in resisting shear. Between the face of the support and the area reinforced bythe bent-up bar, other web reinforcement shall be provided, except thatwhen the distance is less than d/2 and the beam is designed for uniformload only, such additional reinforcement need not be provided.170

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Sec. 2659. COMBINED WEB REINFORCEMENT. (a) Wheretwo or more types of web reinforcement are used in conjunction, thetotal shearing resistance of the beam shall be assumed as the sum ofthe shearing resistances computed for the various types separately. In such computations the shearing resistance of the concrete shall be in-cluded only once.Sec. 2660. SHEARING STRESS IN FLAT'SLABS. (a) In flatslabs, the shearing unit stress on a vertical section which lies at a dis-tance t-1/ in. from the edge of the column capital and parallel withit, shall not exceed the following values when computed by formula (14)(in which d shall be taken as t--%lt in.):(1) 0.03'. when at least 50 per cent of the total negative rein-forcement passes directly over the column capital;(2) 0.0251'. when 25 per cent of the total negative reinforcement passes directly over the column capital (which is theleast that shall be permitted);(3) For intermediate percentages, intermediate values of the shear-ing unit stress shall be used.(b) In flat slabs the shearing unit stress on a vertical sectionwhich lies at a distance of t,-1'A in. from the edge of the droppedpanel and parallel with it shall not exceed 0.03f'. when computed byformula (14) (in which d shall be taken as tr--l1 in.). At least 50per cent of the cross-sectional area of the negative reinforcement in two-column strips must be within the width of strip directly above thedropped panel.Sec. 2661. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN FOOTINGS.(a) The shearing unit stress computed by formula (14) on a vertical section, which lies at a distance d from the face of the supported column or pier and parallel with it, shall not exceed 0.02f. for foot-ings with straight bars, nor 0.03f. for footings in which the bars are anchored at both ends by adequate hooks or otherwise specified inSection 2664.(b) In footings supported on piles, the critical section for diago-nal tension shall be considered the distance d/2 from the face of thecolumn or pedestal and any piles whose centers are at or within this section shall be excluded in computing the shear.Sec. 2662. BOND AND ANCHORAGE: COMPUTATION OFBOND STRESS IN BEAMS. (a) Where reinforcement is used toresist tensile stresses developed by beam action, the bond stress shallbe taken as not less than that computed by formula (17).8Vu= ......... -......... ......-(17)7Zod(b) For continuous or restrained members, the critical sectionfor bond for the positive reinforcement shall be assumed to be at thepoint of inflection, that for the negative reinforcement shall be assumedto be at the face of the support, and at the point of inflection.171

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For simple beams, or at the outer ends of freely supported end spansof continuous beams, the critical section for bond shall be assumed to be at the face of the support.(c) Bent-up longitudinal bars which, at the critical section, arewithin a distance d/3 from horizontal reinforcement under considera-tion may be included with the straight bars in computing ..Sec. 2663. ORDINARY ANCHORAGE REQUIREMENTS. (a)Tensile negative reinforcement in any span or a continuous, restrained, orcantilever beam, or in any member of a rigid frame, shall have a lengthof anchorage beyond the face of the supporting member sufficient todevelop the full maximum tension at an average bond stress not greaterthan 0.04f'., for plain bars, or 0.05f'. for deformed bars. Within anysuch span, not less than one-third of the negative reinforcements shallextend along the tension side of the beam at least to or beyond thepoint of inflection, and any bars not so extended shall be bent downat an angle of not more than 45 deg. with the axis of the member andmade continuous with the positive reinforcement or anchored in a regionof compression.(b) Of the positive reinforcement in continuous beams, not lessthan one-fourth the area shall extend at the same face of the beam intothe support to provide an embedment of ten or more bar diametersbeyond the face of the support.(c) For non-continuous beams not less than one-half the area ofpositive reinforcement shall extend at the same face of the beam intothe support to provide an embedment of ten or more bar diameters.Sec. 2664. SPECIAL ANCHORAGE REQUIREMENTS. (a)Where increased shearing or bond stresses on account of special anchor-ages are permitted as specified in Section 2618, anchorage of all re-inforcement as required in Section 2663 shall be increased to conformwith the requirements of (b), (c), (d) and (e) of this section.(b) In continuous and restrained beams, anchorage beyond pointsof inflection of at least one-third the area of the negative reinforcementand beyond the face of the support of at least one-third the area of thepositive reinforcement, shall be provided to develop one-third of theallowable working stress in tension at average bond stresses not to ex-ceed 0.04f. for plain bars nor 0.05Y. for deformed bars.(c) In footings, all bars shall be anchored by means of hooks atthe end of the bar. The total length of bar shall be the width of thefooting plus 20 bar diameters. The outer face of the hook shall not beless than 3 in. nor more than 4 in. from the face of the footing.(d) In simple beams, or at the outer ends of freely supportedend spans of continuous beams, at least one-half of the tensile reinforce-ment shall extend along the tension side of the beam to provide ananchorage beyond the face of the support for one-third of the allowableworking stress in tension at an average bond stress not to exceed0.04'. for plain bars, nor 0.05f'. for deformed bars.172

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(e) In cases where the design of unusual members involves theuse of unit shearing stresses in excess of 0.09f ,, values up to0.12f,, maybe used, providing the requirements of this section are fully met, thatthe members in which these stresses are used shall be specially desig-nated on the plans and that these members shall be constructed under the personal supervision of the designing engineer who shall notify the Building Inspector at least one day in advance of the placing of theconcrete in such member. When required by the Building Inspector, thedesigning engineer shall submit an affidavit certifying that he haspersonally supervised the construction of these members and that thedesign and construction were in all respects as called for on the plans and in conformity with the provisions of this code.Sec. 2665. ANCHORAGE OF WEB REINFORCEMENT. (a)Web reinforcement shall be anchored at both ends by one of the follow-ing methods or combination thereof, but only anchorage meeting the requirements of (1), (2) or (3) shall be used for shearing unit stressesin excess of 0.08f/e.(1) Providing continuity with the main longitudinal reinforcement.(2) Bending around the longitudinal bar or steel shape;(3) A hook which has a radius of bend not less than 4 times the diameter of the web bar;(4) A length of embedment sufficient to develop the stress in the stirrup by bond as provided below, provided also that the otherend of the stirrup is anchored as in (1).(b) The end anchorage of a web member not bearing on the longi-tudinal reinforcement shall be such as to engage an amount of con-crete sufficient to prevent the bar from pulling out. In all cases thestirrups shall be carried as close to the upper and lower surfaces asfireproofing requirements permit.(c) The stress in a stirrup or web reinforcement bar shall notexceed a value equal to the surface area of the bar embedded withinthe upper or lower one-half of the beam multiplied by 0.04'. for plainbars, or 0.05f'. for deformed bars, except that when wire fabric is usedfor web reinforcement it shall have welded intersections not farther apart than 6 in., but in no case shall the stress exceed 16,000 lb. per sq. in.Sec. 2666. FLAT SLABS: LIMITATIONS. (a) The term flatslabs as used in these regulations refers to concrete slabs, having re-inforcement bars extending in two or four directions, without beams orgirders to carry the load to supporting members.(b) The moment coefficients, moment distribution, and slabthicknesses specified herein are for a series of slabs of approximately iuniform size arranged in three or more rows of panels in each direction, and in which the ratio of length to width of panel does not ex-ceed 1.33.(c) Slabs with paneled ceiling or with dropped panels shall beconsidered as coming under the requirements herein given, provided the178

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dropped panel shall have a length or diameter in each direction paral-lel to a side of the panel of not less than 0.35 of the panel length inthat direction, and provided further that the depth of the thicker portion of the slab does not exceed one and one-half times the depth of the remainder of the slab.(d) For structures having a width of less than three rows ofpanels, or in which irregular panels are used, an analysis shall be madeof the moments developed in both slabs and columns. When so required,computation shall be submitted to the Building Inspector for approval.Sec. 2667. PANEL STRIPS AND PRINCIPAL DESIGN SEC-TIONS. (a) For convenience of reference, a flat slab panel shallbe considered as consisting of strips as follows: A MIDDLE STRIP one-half panel in width symmetrical with respect to the panel center line and extending through the panel inthe direction in which moments are being considered;A COLUMN STRIP one-half panel in width occupying the two-quarter panel areas outside of the middle strip.When considering moments in the direction of the width of thepanel, the panel is similarly divided by strips, the widths of which areeach one-half the length of the panel.(b) The critical sections for moment calculations are referred toas principal design sections and are located as follows:SECTIONS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT. These shall betaken along the edges of the panel, on lines joining the colmun cen-ters, and following the circumference of the column capital.SECTIONS FOR POSITIVE MOMENT. These shall be takenon the center lines of the panel. GENERAL CASESec. 2668. MOMENTS IN INTERIOR PANELS. (a) Thenumerical sum of the positive and negative moments in the directionof either side of a rectangular panel shall be not less than that givenby formula (19).2cM,=0.09W1 (1--).........................................-----------........ (19)31where M.=sum of positive and negative bending moments atthe principal design sections, in the direction inwhich the length is given by i. This moment is infoot-pounds when c and I are in feet and W is inpounds.(b) The moments in the principal design sections shall be thosegiven in the following table of moments, except that the maximumnegative moment in the column strip may be greater or less than thevalues given in the table of moments by not more than 0.03M., pro-vided that the sum of the moments on the principal section remainsequal to Mo, and provided further that the moment in each of thethree other critical design sections be modified by not more than0.01M..174

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MOMENTS TO BE USED IN DESIGN OF FLAT SLABSFor Interior Panels Fully ContinuousGeneral Case: All values of c: M. given by formula (19)Flat Slabs without Dropped Flat Slabs with DroppedStrip Panels PanelsNegative I Positive Negative PositiveSlabs with 2-Way ReinforcementColumn Strip -M.=0.46Mo +M =0.22M -M. =0.50Me +M. =020LMMiddle Strip -Mm=0.16Mo +M.=0.16M -M= .15Moj M,. =0.15M.Slabs with 4-Way Reinforcement--------Column Strip I-Me =0.50MeI+M. =0.20M.I-M =0.54MoI+M, =0.19M.Middle Strip -M.=0.10M. +M.=0.20Mo -M.=0.08Mo +M,=0.19M.(c) The width of section at the column head shall be taken as thewidth of the dropped panel where used or half the width of panel whereno dropped panel is used.(d) The band width in the two-way system shall be such as toprovide reinforcement over the entire one-half panel width. (e) The band width for the direct bands in the 4-way system shallbe approximately 4/10 of the panel width at right angles to the direc-tion of the band (0.41,) and for the diagonal bands approximately 0.4of the average span length. In proportioning the reinforcement in thissystem, it shall be assumed that reinforcement in the direct hand re-sists the entire positive moment for the column strip and the two diago-nal bands resist the entire positive moment for the middle strip.Reinforcement for negative moment for the column strip shall includethe area of reinforcement for negative moment in the diagonal bands,multiplied by the cosine of the angle between the diagonal band andthe axis of the direct band considered, plus the full area of the rein-foreement for negative moment in the direct band. The negativereinforcement for the middle strip shall be provided independently ofthe diagonal bands.Sec. 2669. Moments in Interior Panels--Special Case, c = 0.225times the average span length:Sec. 2669. MOMENTS IN INTERIOR PANELS. (a) For theparticular case where c is equal to 0.225 times the average span length(the average of the distances center to center of columns on the twosides of the panel), formula (19) reduces to formula (19a).M=0.065WL ..-.-. ...................... (19a)(b) For two-way slab, the values of M. may be obtained fromformula (19a) and the distribution taken from the table in Sec. 2668-(b).(c) For the four-way slab with dropped panel, the following tableof coefficients may be used in computing the reinforcement required in each of the bands, provided that I for the direct bands shal be thecenter to center distance between columns in the direction in which175

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the band extends, and for the diagonal bands the average value of 1 forthe two direct bands of the panel. The moments in the table are those on SECTIONS at RIGHT ANGLES to the direction of the respectivebands:BAND LOCATION AMOUNTDirect ...... ................................... Center .............. .............. +0.012 W ....Diagonal ......................----------.Center .....Center .......................... +0.009 W1Direct .................................................At column head ............ -0.020WIDiagonal .................. ....--......At column head .......... --0.011I1Top band across direct band ........Between Columns ...... -0.005W1Sec. 2670. THICKNESS OF SLABS AND DROPPED PANELS.(a) For slabs without dropped panels, using concrete of 2,000 lb. persq. in. ultimate strength, the total thickness of the slab tl, in inches,shall be not less than the value given by formula (20).Ct,=0.038 (1-1.44--) 1 V w' +11 ..... _............. (20)where w'=uniformly distributed dead and live-load, lb. per sq. ft.(b) For Slabs with dropped panels, using concrete of 2,000 lb. persq. in. ultimate strength, the total thickness in inches at poitts beyondthe dropped panel shall be not less thant,=0.02 I V w' +1 ......... ..-------(21)(c) The dropped panel shall have a thickness not greater than1.5t, nor less than 1.25t,. The side or diameter of the dropped panelshall not be less than 0.35 times the side of the panel in the parallel direction.(d) In determining minimum thickness by formulas (20) and(21), the value of I shall be the panel length center to center of thecolumns, on the long side of the panel. For concrete of 2,000 lb. persq. in. ultimate strength, the slab thickness t, or t, shall in no casebe less than 1/32 for floor slabs, and not less than 1/40 for roof slabs. (e) Where concretes of higher ultimate strengths than 2,000 lb.per sq. in. are used, the thickness given by formulas (20) and (21)and the limiting thicknesses may be reduced by multiplying by thefactor8-/ 2,000in which fr is the ultimate strength of the concrete to be used.Sec. 2671. LIMITING PERCENTAGES OF REINFORCEMENT.9 (a) The ratio of reinforcement for negative moment in the columnstrip shall not exceed the values of p calculated for balanced rein-forcement, that is, the amount of reinforcement for which both thesteel and concrete are stressed to the full amount permitted by Sec.2618 and 2619. Any reinforcement in excess of this amount shall not be included in the calculation. In computing the ratio of reinforcement for176

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negative moment in the column strip, the width of section shall be takenas in Sec: 2668 (c). In the case of four-way design, the steel area shall consist of the area of steel for negative moment as defined in 2668 (e).(b) The ratio of flat slab reinforcement in any strip shall notbe less than .0025. Bars shall not be spaced farther apart than 11/times the slab thickness.Sec. 2672. POINT OF INFLECTION. (a) In the middle stripthe point of inflection for slabs without dropped panels shall be as-sumed at a line 0.331 (1-c) distant from the center of the span and forslabs with dropped panels 0.31 distant from the center of the span.(b) In the column strip, the point of inflection for slabs with-out dropped panels shall be at a line 0.33 (1-c) distant from thecenter of the panel and 0.3 (1'-c) for slabs with dropped panels.Sec. 2673. ARRANGEMENT OF REINFORCEMENT AT COLUMN HEADS TWO AND FOUR WAY SYSTEMS. (a) In bothtwo and four-way systems, provision shall be made for securing thereinforcement in place so as to resist properly not only the criticalmoments, but also the moments at intermediate sections. The fullarea of steel required for negative moment at the column head shallbe continued in the same plane close to the upper surface of the slabto the edge of the dropped panel, but in no case less than a distance0.21 from the center line of column. Lapped splices shall not be per-mitted at or near regions of maximum stress except as described inSec. 2633. Sec. 2674. ARRANGEMENT OF REINFORCEMENT-TWO-WAYSYSTEM. (a) For column strips at least four-tenths of the area ofsteel -required at the section for positive moment in the column stripshall be of such length and so placed as to reinforce the negativemoment section at the two adjacent column heads. These bars, andany other bars for negative reinforcement shall extend into the ad-jacent panel to a point at least 0.051 beyond the point of inflection.Not less than one-third of the bars used for positive reinforcement inthe column strip shall extend into the dropped panel at least twentydiameters of the bar, but not less than 12 in. or in case no droppedpanel is used, shall extend to within 0.1251 of the center line of thecolumns or the supports. The balance of the bars for positive rein-forcement in the column strip shall extend at least 0.331 on eitherside of the center line of panel. (b) For the middle strip at least one-half of the bars for positivemoment shall be bent up and extend over the main bands at both sidesof the panel to a point at least 0.251 beyond the center line of columns.The location of the bands shall be such that for a distance 0.151 for slabs with dropped panels, (or 0.1251 for slabs without dropped panels),on each side of the center line of columns, the full reinforcement re-quired for negative moment will be provided in the top face of theslab. The full reinforcement for positive moment in the middle stripshall extend in the bottom face of the slab to a point at least 0.31 oneither side of the panel center line, and at least 50 per cent of it shall177

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extend to points 0.3251 on either side of the panel center line for slabswith dropped panels, or 0.351 for slabs without dropped panels.Sec. 2675. ARRANGEMENT OF REINFORCEMENT-FOUR-WAY SYSTEM. (a) For direct bands, all provisions governing the placingof steel in column strips in two-way systems apply as well to thedirect bands in four-way systems.(b) For diagonal bands, at least four-tenths of the area of steelrequired at the section for positive moment shall be of such length and so placed as to reinforce the negative moment section at the twodiagonally opposite column heads. These bars and any other bars fornegative reinforcement shall extend into the adjoining panel to pointsat least 0.41 beyond a line drawn through the column center perpen-dicular to the direction of the band. The straight bars for positivemoment in the diagonal bands shall not be shorter than the longerstraight bars in the direct bands.(c) For negative moment in the middle strip, the required steelshall extend not less than 0.251 on either side of the column center line.Sec. 2676. Reserved.Sec. 2677. WALL AND OTHER IRREGULAR PANELS. (a)In wall panels and other panels in which the slab is non-continuouson one edge, the maximum positive moments on the principal designsections parallel to the discontinuous edge (reinforcement perpendicularto that edge) shall be increased by 25 per cent.(b) The positive moment reinforcement perpendicular to the dis-continuous edge shall extend to this edge and have an embedment ofat least 6 in. in spandrel beams or columns. All negative moment re.inforcement shall be bent or hooked at spandrel beams or columnsto provide adequate bond resistance.(c) At the wall or discontinuous edge the negative moment inthe column strip shall be taken as not less than 90 per cent and inthe middle strip not less than 621/ per cent of the correspondingmoments for a normal interior panel as given in the table of See.2668 (b).(d) Where there is a beam or a bearing wall at the center lineof columns in the interior portion of a continuous flat slab, the nega-tive moment at the beam or wall line in the middle strip perpendicularto the beam or wall shall be taken as 30 per cent greater than thenegative moment specified in Sec. 2668 (b) for a middle strip. The half column strip adjacent and parallel to and lying on either side ofthe beam or wall shall be designed to resist moments at least one-fourth of those specified in Sec. 2668 (b) for a column strip. Thebeam or wall in such cases shall be designed to carry a uniformlydistributed load equal to one-fourth of the panel load on either side in addition to the loads directly imposed upon it.Sec. 2678. PANELS WITH MARGINAL BEAMS. (a) In pan-els having marginal beam on one edge or on each of the two adjacentedges, the beam shall be designed to carry at least the load super-178

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imposed directly upon it, exclusive of the panel load. A marginal beam which has a depth greater than 1% times the minimum slab thick-ness, shall be designed to carry, in addition to the load superimposeddirectly upon it, a uniformly distributed load equal to at least % ofthe total live and dead load for which the adjacent panel or panelsare designed. Slabs supported by marginal beams on opposite edgesshall be designed as freely supported slabs for the entire load.(b) The half column strip adjacent to and parallel with marginal beams, having a depth not greater than 11 times the minimum slabthickness, shall be designed to resist half the moment specified for afull column strip.(c) In wall panels having exterior columns where brackets, (thefaces of which make an angle with the face of the column, projectedupward, of not more than 45 deg.) are used in place of capitals, thevalue of (c) in the direction in which the bracket extends may betaken as twice the distance from the center of the column to a pointwhere the structural portion of the bracket is 1% in. thick, and averaged with the value of (c) for an interior column capital in thecomputations for moment in formula (19). The value of (c) forcolumn strips parallel and adjacent to a non-continuous edge of a slabwhere either no marginal beam is used, or where the beam used is not deeper than 11 times the minimum slab thickness, should betaken as equal to the width of the wall column if no bracket is usedin this direction.(d) The value of (c) for column strips parallel and adjacent tomarginal beams having a depth greater than the thickness of the slabat the wall columns, shall ,if no bracket is used in this direction, betaken as equal to the width of the wall column plus twice the differ.ence between the depth of the beam and the depth of the slab through the dropped paneL This value of c is to be used in calculating the-M. and + M. for the half column strip parallel and adjacent to themarginal beams only. This half column strip should be designed toresist a moment at least one-fourth as great as that specified for acolumn strip in the Table of Moments.(e) It shall be permissible to omit the dropped panels at wallcolumns provided the design complies with the requirements of Section2668-b and 2671-a for slabs without dropped panels.Sec. 2679. OPENINGS IN FLAT SLABS. (a) Openings of anyshe may be cut through the floor in the area common to two inter-secting middle strips, provided the total positive and negative resistingmoments be maintained as required in Sec. 2668 (b) and that thestotal positive and total negative moments be redistributed between theremaining principal design sections to meet the new conditions.(b) In any area common to two column strips, not more thanone opening shall be allowed and the greatest dimension of such aopening shall not exceed 1/20 L179

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(c) In any area common to one column strip and one middlestrip, openings shall not interrupt more than one-quarter of the barsin either strip and the equivalent of the bars so interrupted shall beprovided by extra steel on both sides of the opening.(d) Any opening larger than described above shall be completelyframed on all sides with beams to carry the loads to the columns.REINFORCED-CONCRETE COLUMNS AND WALLS.Sec. 2680. LIMITING DIMENSIONS. (a) Unless designed aslong columns under the provisions of Sec. 2687, reinforced-concretecolumns shall not be longer than eleven times the least lateral dimension. Principal columns in buildings shall have a minimum diameteror thickness of 12 in. Posts that are not continuous from story tostory shall have a minimum diameter or thickness of 6 in.Sec. 2681. UNSUPPORTED LENGTH OF COLUMNS. (a) Theunsupported length of reinforced-concrete columns shall be taken as:(1) In flat-slab construction the clear distance between thefloor and under side of the capital;(2) In beam-and-slab construction, the clear distance betweenthe floor and the under side of the shallowest beamframing into the column at the next higher floor level;(3) In floor construction with beams in one direction only,the clear distance between floor slabs;(4) In columns supported laterally by struts or beams only,the clear distance between consecutive pairs (orgroups) of struts or beams, provided that to be con-sidered an adequate support, two such struts or beamsshall meet the column at approximately the samelevel and the angle between the two planes formedby the axis of the column and the axis of each strutrespectively is not less than 75 deg., nor more than105 deg.(b) When reinforced-concrete brackets are used at the junctionof beams or struts with columns, the clear distance between supportsmay be considered as reduced by the depth of the bracket, provided thewidth of the bracket is at least equal to that of the beam and not lessthan one-half of the column.Sec. 2682. DESIGN OF SPIRAL COLUMNS. (a) The permis-sible axial load on columns reinforced with longitudinal bars and closelyspaced spirals enclosing a circular core, shall not be greater than thatdetermined by formula (22):P=A, [1+(n-1) p] ,_.... ._...--._.._. _....(22)in which A, is the area within the outer circumference of the spiralhooping, and the values of fJ are as given in Sec. 2618, or as maybe found for intermediate values of p by interpolation, or in general,by the formula:f.=[300+ (0.10+4p) /'.] .---.... .... ....-.... ...... (22a)(b) The longitudinal reinforcement shall consist of at least six180

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bars of minimum diameter of 1/ in., and of an effective cross sectionalarea not less than 0.01, nor more than 0.06 of that of the core. Thenumber of longitudinal bars concentrated in the ring at the peripheryof the core shall be governed by the spacing requirements of Section2633-a. If all the bars cannot be placed at the periphery of the core,the bars within shall be stayed at intervals of 24 in., and shall not be nearer to the outer ring than two-tenths times the core diameter.When the ratio of reinforcement in a spirally reinforced column isgreater than 0.04, special placing drawings illustrating the proper dis-tribution of steel shall be submitted with the detail plans. Splices in longitudinal reinforcement shall provide a lap of at least 24-bar diam-eters for deformed bars, and 30 diameters for plain bars.(c) The ratio of the spiral reinforcement shall be not less thanone-fourth the ratio of the longitudinal reinforcement. Spiral reinforcement shall consist of evenly spaced continuous spirals held firmlyin place and true to line by at least three vertical spacer bars. At theends of all spirals and at points of splice, the outside diameter shallbe maintained. The spacing of the spirals shall not be greater thanone-sixth of the diameter of the core and in no case more than 3 in.(d) Reinforcement shall be protected everywhere by a coveringof concrete cast monolithic with the core which shall have a minimum thickness of 1% in.Sec. 2683. DESIGN OF COLUMNS WITH LATERAL TIES.(a) The permissible axial load on columns reinforced with longitudinalbars and separate lateral ties shall not be greater than that determinedby formula (23):P=0.225f'. A [1+--(n-1) p] .....-.. .......__.._....(23)(b) The ratio of longitudinal reinforcement shall not be lessthan 0.005 nor shall the ratio considered in the calculations be more than 0.02 of the total area of the column. The longitudinal reinforcement shall consist of not less than four bars of minimum diameter of% in., placed with clear distance from the face of the column not lessthan 2 in., nor more than 3 in. Splices in longitudinal reinforcementshall providea lap of at least 24-bar diameters for deformed bars,and 30 diameters for plain bars.(c) Lateral ties shall be at least %1 in. in diameter spaced notmore than 12 in. apart. In columns of rectangular section, cross tiesshall be arranged to afford support to the vertical bars at intervalsnot greater than the shorter side of the section, but such interval neednot be less than 12 in. in any case.Sec. 2684. BENDING IN COLUMNS. (a) The bending momentsin interior and exterior columns shall be determined on the basis ofloading conditions and end restraint, and shall be provided for in thedesign.(b) In flat-slab construction, the least dimension of the columnshall be not less than one-fifteenth of the average center to center span,nor less than 16 in. For known eccentric loads or unequal spacing181

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of columns, computations of moments shall be made accordingly. Wallcolumns in flat-slab construction shall be designed to resist a bendingmoment of W1/35. Any counter moment due to the weight of the struc-ture that projects beyond the column center line may be deducted from the moment computed as just described. Resistance to the bendingmoments shall be divided between the columns immediately above andbelow in direct proportion to the values of their ratios of 1/h. (See Sec. 2649 and 2681.)(c) The recognized methods shall be followed in calculating thestresses due to combined axial load and bending. The column sectionshall not be less than that required where axial load alone is consid-ered. The limiting combined unit stresses shall be as follows:(1) Columns with spiral reinforcement, [300+ (0.10+4p) f'.]+0.15f'..(2) Columns with lateral ties 0.3 Pf. The total amount ofreinforcement considered in the computations shall notbe more than 4 per cent of the total area of thecolumn.(3) Tension in longitudinal-reinforcement due to bending onthe column shall not exceed 16,000 lb. per sq. in.(d) Where the allowable unit stress in columns is increased (toprovide for combined axial load and bending) and wind loads are alsoadded, the total shall still come within the allowable values specifiedfor wind loads in Sec. 2640.Sec. 2685. COMPOSITE COLUMNS. (a) The permissible loadon composite columns in which a structural steel or cast-iron columnis thoroughly encased in a concrete core reinforced with not less than0.02 nor more than 0.04 longitudinal reinforcement in the form of barsarranged at the periphery of the core, nor less than 0.01 of spiralreinforcement meeting the requirements for spirals of Sec. 2668 (c),shall be based on a certain unit stress for the steel or cast-iron section,plus a unit stress of 0.251'e on the net area of the concrete within the outer circumference of the spiral hooping enclosing the core. Thelongitudinal and spiral reinforcement ratios stated shall be based on thetotal core area enclosed within the outer circumference of the spiralhooping.(b) The unit compressive stress on the steel section shall notexceed 15,000 lb. per sq. in. Where the steel section is required tocarry construction or other loads prior to its encasement in concrete,the stress shall not exceed that given by formula (24)l 18,000h2 ......... ....................... -(24)1+--18.000R2(c) The unit stress on the cast-iron section shall not exceed 9,000lb. per sq. in. Where the cast-iron section is required to carry con-182

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struction, or other loads prior to its encasement in concrete, the stressshall not exceed that given by formula (25):hf= 12,000-60....(R ............... ........... ........................ ........ (25 )(d) The unit stress on the longitudinal reinforcement shall beO.25nf'..(e) The diameter of'the cast-iron section shall not exceed one-half the diameter of the core, nor shall its total area exceed 12 percent of the core area, (area included within outer circumference of thespiral hooping). The dimension of the structural steel section shall be'such as to provide at least 3 in. between the spiral and the corners of thesection and its area shall not exceed 12 per cent of the core area.Metal columns shall be accurately milled at splices and positive pro-vision shall be made for alignment of one column above another. Thespiral reinforcement shall be not less than 0.01 of the volume of thecore, and shall conform in quality, spacing and other requirements tothe provisions for spirals in Sec. 2682 (c).(f) In composite columns, provision shall be made at the baseto transfer the load from the middle section at safe unit stresses inaccordance with Section 2692. The base of the metal section shall bedesigned to transfer the load from the entire composite column to thefoundation, or it may be designed to transfer the load from the metalsection only, provided it is so placed in the pier or pedestal as to leaveample section of concrete above the base for the transfer of the loadfrom the reinforced-concrete section of the column by means of bond on the vertical reinforcement, and by direct compression from the con-crete. At the top of the metal section, provision shall be made toreceive the full load to be transferred to the metal section at this point.At points in the structure below this, where the load on the metalsection is increased, positive means, consisting of cast or built-up brackets rigidly attached to the metal -section, shall be provided toreceive the increase in load.(g) Ample section of concrete and continuity of reinforcementshall be provided at the junction with beams or girders. The area ofthe concrete between the spiral and the metal column shall be not lessthan that required to carry the total floor load of the story above onthe basis of a stress in the concrete oT 0.35f', unless special bracketsare arranged on the metal column to receive directly the beam or slabload.Sec. 2686. COMBINATION COLUMNS. (a) Structural steelcolumns of any rolled or built-up section wrapped with the equivalentof No. 8 U. S. standard gage wire spaced 4 in. on center and encasedin concrete not less than 2 in. thick overall of metal except rivetheads and connections will be permitted to carry a load equal to(1 + A. /100A.) times permissible load for unencased steel columns.(b) The permissible load for unencased steel columns shall bedetermined by formula (24), provided the structural steel column act-183

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ing independently of the concrete shall have sufficient capacity to carryall dead loads which w:ll be placed thereon, and provided the qualityof the concrete is such that it shall show a compressive strength ofat least 2.000 lb. per sq. in. at 28 days when tested in accordance withSec. 2605 (c).Sec. 2687. LONG COLUMNS. (a) The permissible workingload on the core in axially loaded spiral or composite columns which* have a length greater than 50 times the least radius of gyration of thecolumn core (50R) shall not be greater than that determined by for-mula (26).P' h -= 1.50 -............ .......................... ............................. ......... ........... (26)P 100R(b) The permissible working load on axially-loaded tied columns,which have a length greater than 40 times the least radius of gyrationof the column section (40R), shall not be greater than that determinedby formula (26a)P' h -= 1.33 -.... .......... .......... ............ ... ................................... (26a)P 120R(c) The radius of gyration of a column shall be computed from the concrete area used in design and the transformed section of the longitudinal steel area; that is, the actual area of steel multiplied by n.FOOTINGS.Sec. 2688. LOADS. (a) Footings resting directly on soil or onpiles shall be proportioned as to area or number of piles on the basisof the total column load plus the weight of the footing itself. Forcomputation of moments and shears, an upward reaction per unit areaor per pile shall be based on the total column load (not includingthe weight of the footing itself) divided by the area or by the numberof piles.Sec. 2689. SLOPED OR STEPPED FOOTINGS. (a) Footingsin which the thickness has been determined by the requirements forshear as specified in Sec. 2661, may be sloped or stepped between thecritical section and the edge of the footing, provided that the shearon no section outside the critical section exceeds the value specified,and provided further that the thickness of the footing above the rein-forcement at the edge shall not be less than 6 in. for footings on soil,nor less than 12 in. for footings on piles. Sloped or stepped footingsshall be cast as a unit.Sec. 2690. BENDING IN FOOTINGS. (a) The critical section for bending in a concrete footing which supports a concrete columnor pedestal, shall be considered to be at the face of the column orpedestal.. Where steel or cast-iron column bases are used, the momentin the footing shall be computed at the middle and at the edge of thebase; the load shall be considered as uniformly distributed over thecolumn or pedestal base.(b) -The bending moment at the critical section in a square foot-ing supporting a concentric square column, shall be computed from184

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the load on the trapezoid bounded by one face of the column, thecorresponding outside edge of the footing, and the portions of the twodiagonals. The load on the two corner triangles of this trapezoid shallbe considered as applied at a distance from the face equal to six-tenthsof the projection of the footing from the face of the column. Theload on the rectangular portion of the trapezoid shall be considered asapplied at its center of gravity. The bending moment is expressed byformula (27).wM=-(a+l.2c) c2 .. ....... ............ (27)2(c) For a round of octagonal column, the distance a shall betaken as equal to the side of a square of an area equal to the areaenclosed within the perimeter of the column.Sec. 2691. SHEARING AND BOND STRESSES. See Sec. 2661,also 2662 to 2665.Sec. 2692. TRANSFER OF STRESS AT BASE OF COLUMN.(a) The compressive stress in longitudinal reinforcement at the baseof a column shall be transferred to the pedestal or footing by dowels.There shall be at least one dowel for each column bar, and the totalsectional area of the dowels shall not be less than the sectional areaof the longitudinal reinforcement in the column. The dowels shallextend into the column and into the pedestal or footing not less than30 dianAeters of the dowel bars for plain bars, or 24 diameters for de-formed bars.(b) The permissible compressive unit stress on top of the pedestalor footing directly under the column shall be not greater than thatdetermined by formula (28).3 Ar.=p. ......... -(28)A'(c)The value of p. shall not exceed 0.25/' for plain concrete.When lateral reinforcement in the form of spiral or hoops is provided,the value of p. for the area within the spiral may be increased(1+2.5np') times that for plain concrete, but no area outside the outer face of the spiral shall be considered. Where piers are designedas columns, the value of p. shall be computed by the proper columndesign formula.(d) In no case shall the total load computed by formula (28)be taken as greater than the load computed, using a stress equal to p.,on the gross area of the pedestal, pier or footing at a point belowspecial reinforcing provided at the top.(e) Where the loaded area is not central on the top of thepedestal pier, or footing, the total area A shall not bhe taken as greaterthan the area of the largest circle that can he drawn about the loadas a center and lying entirely within the top of the pedestal, pier orfooting.(f) Where lateral reinforcement is provided to increase the value185

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of p., shall extend to within 3 in. of the top of the pedestal, pier orfooting and to a depth equal to the diameter of the spiral, and the loaded area shall lie at the center of the spiral or hoops. The pitchof the spiral or the spacing of the hoops in the clear shall not be lessthan 2 in., nor more than 5 in. The designed pitch shall be maintainedby at least four spacers securely fastened to each spiral turn or hoop.The ratio of lateral reinforcement shall not exceed 0.015.(g) In sloped or stepped footings, A may be taken as the area ofthe top horizontal surface of the footing or as the area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid or cone contained whollywithin the footing and having for its upper base the loaded area A', andhaving the slopes of 1 vertical to 2 horizontal.See. 2693. PEDESTALS WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. (a)The allowable compressive unit stress on the gross area of a concen-trically loaded pedestal or on the minimum area of a pedestal footingshall not exceed 0,25/"', unless reinforcement is provided and themember designed as a reinforced-concrete column.(b) The depth of a pedestal or pedestal footing shall not begreater than three times its least width and the projection on any sidefrom the face of the supported member shall not be greater thanone-half the depth. The depth of a pedestal whose sides are slopedor stepped shall not exceed three times the least width or diameter ofthe section midway between the top and bottom. A pedestal footing supported directly on piles shall have a mat of reinforcing bars havinga cross-sectional area of not less than 0.20 sq. in. per ft. in each direc-tion, placed 3 in. above the top of the piles.CHAPTER 27STEEL AND IRON(Quality and Design)Sec. 2701. QUALITY AND DESIGN. The quality and design ofall structural steel and iron used in buildings shall conform to therequirements specified in this Chapter.(a) Structural steel shall be of such quality as to conform toStandard Specifications for Structural Steel for Buildings, A. S. T. M.,Designation A9-33, of the American Society for Testing Materials.(b) Cast steel used in buildings and/or structures shall be of suchquality as to conform with the Standard Specifications for Steel Cast.ings, A. S. T. M., Designation A27-24, of the American Society forTesting Materials.(c) Cast iron used in buildings and/or structures shall be of suchquality as to conform with the Tentative Specifications for Gray IronCastings, A. S. T. M., Designation A48-32T, of the American Society forTesting Materials.186

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(d) All structural steel shall be tested in accordance with theabove specifications when deemed necessary by the Building Inspectorand copies of such tests shall be filed in the office of the BuildingInspector. No structural steel shall be used in any building or strue-ture which does not comply with the above requirements or for whichno test results have been filed with the Building Inspector. All steeltests shall be made by competent testing laboratories and at the expenseof the owner.(e) The computations and design shall be properly made so thatthe unit working stresses specified in this Chapter are not exceeded.The structure and its details shall possess the requisite strength andrigidity for proper stability and the design of every structural frameshall be such as to admit of a rational analysis according to well established principles of mechanics and sound engineering practice.(f) All structural steel sections shall be straight and true and anysections so damaged as to affect its proper carrying capacity shall notbe used in the construction of any building.Sec. 2702. ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESSES. All parts of thestructure shall be so proportioned that the sum of the maximum staticstresses in pounds per square inch shall not exceed those specifiedin this Section.(a) Tension:Rolled Steel, on net section....-----. ..18,000Cast Steel, on net section _16,000Cast Iron, on net section ----(Not allowed)(b) Compression, on short lengths or where lateral deflec-tion is prevented:Rolled Steel -18,000Cast Steel. .--------16,000Cast Iron -------10,000On greoss section of structural steel columns:P= 18,0002 1+18,000.'with a maximum of .... ----..-.15,000For main compression members, the ratio 1/r shall not exceed onehundred and twenty (120) and for bracing, struts and similar memberstwo hundred (200).On gross sections of steel pipe columns, with square or fixed ends:P=1,000--351/rwith a minimum gross diameter of five (5) inches.On east iron columns, with square or fixed ends:P=9,000--40/rwith a minimum gross diameter of six (6) inehes and with the ratio1/r never in excess of seventy (70).187

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In the foregoing formulae P equals the maximum unit working stressin pounds per square inch; 1 equals the unsupported length of thecolumn or compression member in inches; and r equals the least radiusof gyration of the column or compression member.(c) Bending. On extreme fibers of rolled shapes, and build-upsections, net section, if lateral deflection is prevented, 18,000. When theunsupported length of L exceeds fifteen (15) times b, the width of the* compression flange, the stress in pounds per square inch in the lattershall not exceed F in the following formula:20,000F=--L2 1+----2,000bsThe laterally unsupported length of beams and girders shall in no casexceed forty (40) times b the width of the compression flange.Girders, beams, lintels and similar members may be laterally bracedby joists, tie rods or similar members anchored thereto so as to laterallystay such members in both directions. Two or more cast iron or steelseparators rigidly joining such members together shall be considered aslateral support if the length of flanges between separators does notexceed 40 b.On extreme fibers of pins, when the forces are assumed as actingat the center of gravity of the pieces..... -.... ....-....-..... 27,00(d) Shearing. On pins ........... -.. .... ..... ................13,500On power-driven rivets .........................--.... 13,500On turned bolts in reamed holes with aclearance of not more than one-fiftieth(1/50) of an inch.. ---..--..-..-13,500On hand-driven rivets ......... ............10,000On unfinished bolts ....-....... ........... .10,000On the gross area of the webs of beams and girders, where h, theheight between flanges in inches, is not more than sixty (60) times tthe thickness of the web in inches....-....--................ 12,000On the gross area of the webs of beams and girders if the web is notstiffened where h, the height between flanges in inches, is more thansixty (60) times t, the thickness of the web, the maximum shear persquare inch, S/A shall not exceed.18,000h21+------7,200tsin which S is the total shear, and A is the gross area of web in squareinches.Double Shear and Single ShearBEARING. Shear Shear On pins .... ..--...----..................30,000 24,000188

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On power-driven rivets -.--30,000 24,000On turned bolts in reamed holes-..._.... 30,000 24,000On hand driven rivets_..... ._. .._......20,000 16,000On unfinished bolts _.. ... _..._......_20,000 16,000On ends of web stiffeners._. .. _...... See Section 2704 (e)(f) Combined Stresses: For combined stresses due to wind andother loads, the permissible working stress must conform to 2307 (d).Members subject to both direct and bending stresses shall be soproportioned that the greatest combined stresses shall not exceed theallowed limits.All members and their connections which are subject to stressesof both tension and compression due to the action of live loads shall bedesigned to sustain the stress giving the largest section, with fifty (50) per cent of the smaller stress added to it. If the reversal of stress isdue to the action of wind, the member shall be designed for the stressgiving the largest section and the connections proportioned for thelargest stress.(g) The load in pounds per linear inch on expansion rollers shall not exceed six hundred (600) times the diameter of the rollerin inches. Sec. 2703. ECCENTRIC LOADS. (a) Every member and com-bination of members shall be designed to provide for any stress dueto an eccentric load or force, whenever the increase in stress due toeccentric load or force exceeds ten (10) per cent of the stress due toa direct load or force on the member or members; but a memberframed directly to a central web of another member shall not be con-sidered an eccentric load or force in case the resultant of the loador force acts parallel with the said central web.(b) Where a structural member is directly connected or framedto the flange of another member by means of a web connection, thelever arm shall be taken as the distance in the direction of bendingfrom the neutral axis to the flange connection plus one-half ('A) inch;and in all other cases of an eccentric load or force, the lever arm shallbe taken as the distance in the direction of bending from the neutralaxis to the center line or center of bearing of the load or force.(c) Where an eccentric load or force acts parallel with the axisof a compression member, the stresses due to the eccentric action maybe provided for by adding to any direct load or force on the compressionmember an amount equal to M. K. as given in the following formula,and by then designing the compression member so that the maximumanit stress therein will not exceed that specified in Section 2702. M. K. equals A (Ps/S);in which formula M. K. equals an equivalent concentric load or force forany given eccentric load or force; A equals the cross sectional area ofthe compression member; P equals the amount of the eccentric load orforce in pounds; x equals the distance from the neutral axis of the com-189

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pression member to the line of action of the eccentric load or force;and S equals the section modulus of the compression member in thedirection of the bending.Sec. 2704. BEAMS AND GIRDERS. (a) Rolled beams shall be proportioned by the moment of inertia of their net section. Plategirders with webs fully spliced for tension and compression shall beso proportioned that the unit stress on the net section does not exceedthe stresses specified in Section 2702 as determined by the moment ofinertia of the net section.When two (2) or more rolled beams or channels are used to forma girder, they shall be so connected to each other as to properly dis-tribute the loads to be carried.(b) Built-up Girders. Plate, box and similar structural steelgirders shall be proportioned by the moment of inertia of their net sec-tions, or shall be proportioned by assuming that one-eighth (1/) of thegross area of the web or webs act as a part of the flanges thereofin the event that every joint in the web is spliced so as to transmit thestress therein.(c) Plate girder webs shall have a thickness of not less thanone, one hundred-sixtieth (1/160) of the unsupported distance betweenthe flanges. (d) Web splices shall consist of a plate on each side of the webcapable of transmitting the full stress through the splice rivets.(e) Stiffeners shall be provided on both sides of the webs ofbuilt-up girders over bearings and at points of concentrated lqading.Intermediate stiffeners shall be provided on both sides of the webswherever the thickness of the web is less than one-sixtieth (1/60) of theunsupported distance between flanges and shall not be spaced fartherapart in inches than the value of S in the following formula; and shallnot exceed six (6) feet in any case;/ 18,000AS=85t / -1V Vin which formula A equals the gross area of the web in inches; Vequals the total vertical shear on the web; t equals the thickness ofthe web in inches; and S equals the clear distance between stiffenersin inches; provided, however, that stiffeners need not be provided onboth sides of webs in case other adequate provision is made againstbuckling, torsion and for the transmission of all stresses.Stiffeners over bearings and at points of concentrated loading shallnot be crimped but shall be milled and fitted for bearing against theflange angles nearest the bearing load and shall be designed to dis-tribute the force from the reactions and concentrated loads into theweb. The bearing area of the ends of stiffeners shall be taken as theoutstanding portion of the leg of the stiffeners, excluding any chamferedportion thereof over the fillets of flange angles, and the bearing valueof such portion may be taken at not to exceed twenty-four thousand190

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(24,000) pounds per square inch; provided, however, that where fillersare provided between stiffeners and the web, equal in thickness to theradius of the fillet plus the thickness of the flange angle, the full areaof the end of the stiffener may be used, but the bearing value shall notbe taken at more than eighteen thousand (18,000) pounds per squareinch.Intermediate stiffeners need not bear against flange angles, andwhen girders are completely encased in concrete such stiffeners maybe cut off at the edge of the fillet of the flange angle.(f) Crane runway girders and the supporting framework shall beproportioned to resist a horizontal force equal to twenty (20) per centof the maximum wheel loads.(g) Rivets connecting the flanges to the web at points of directload on the flange between stiffeners shall be proportioned to carrythe resultant of the longitudinal and transverse shears.(h) The flange plates of all girders, unless stittened, shall belimited in width so as not to extend beyond the outer line of rivetsconnecting them to the flange angles more than six (6) inches ortwelve (12) times the thickness of the thinnest outside plate connected.(i) Beams, channels, girders and other members acting as skew-backs for floor arches shall be of ample strength and rigidity to with.stand the lateral thrusts in addition to all other loads they may sustain.Sec. 2705. THICKNESS OF MATERIALS. The minimum thick.ness of metal in structural steel shapes shall be one-fourth (/i) inchat every point and shall not be less 'than one-half (tA) inch at everypoint for any cast iron or cast steel member except as follows:Exceptions: (1) The webs of channels and I-beams, the edges ofrolled steel sections, steel joists, signs, skylight bars, non-bearing wallsand partitions, suspended ceilings, cornice brackets, steel studs, andsimilar steel shapes shall not be limited by the above thickness re-quirements.Sec. 2706. COMPRESSION SPLICES. The ends and abuttingjoints of all compression members shall be fully spliced, or where laterally supported and where no reversal of stresses is possible, may be facedto a plain surface parallel to the surfaces against which they bear andnormal to the line of stress, and be spliced sufficiently to hold the connected members accurately and firmly in place.Sec. 2707. NET SECTIONS. In calculating tension members, thenet section shall be used, and in deducting rivet holes they shall beassumed to be at least one-eighth (%) of an inch greater in diameter than the nominal diameter of the rivets.Pin-connected tension members shall have the section through the pin hole at least twenty-five (25) per cent in excess of the net sectionof the member, and a net section back of the pin hole equal to at leastseventy-five (75) per cent of that required through the pin hole. Sec. 2708. CONNECTIONS. Connections carrying calculatedstresses, except for lacing, sag bars or angles, hand rails, or beam con-191

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nections, shall not have less than two (2) rivets; or for field conn-tions not less than three (3) rivets .Members meeting at a joint shall have their lines of center ofgravity meet at a point if practicable; if not, provision shall be madefor any eccentricity.The rivets at the ends of any member transmitting the stresses into that member shall have their centers of gravity in the line of the center of gravity of the member; if not, provision shall be made forthe effect of the resulting eccentricity. Pins may be so placed as tocounteract the effect of bending due to dead load.When a beam or girder is connected to another member in sucha manner that such beam or girder acts as a continuous or fixed endbeam, proper provision shall be made for the bending moments at sucha connection.Where stress is transmitted from one piece to another, through aloose filler, the number of rivets shall be properly increased; tight-fitting fillers shall be preferred.All joints in riveted work, whether in tension or compression, shallbe so spliced as to properly transmit all stresses, except as provided inSection 2706.The minimum distance between centers of rivet holes shall be threediameters of the rivet but the distance shall preferably be not lessthan as specified in Table A.TABLE AMINIMUM DISTANCE FOR RIVETS OF41 inches I 1% inches4 inches 1/a inches3% inches 1 inch3 inches f Yainches22 inches 3 inches2 inches s$/ inches 1%3 inches '1 inchesNOTE.-The minimum distance between the center of the rivetsand edge of plates or angles shall be as in Table B.Maximum distance from any edge shall be twelve (12) times thethickness of plate, but shall not exceed six (6) inches.TABLE BMINIMUM DISTANCE I FOR RIVETS OF2'1 inches 14 inches2 inches 1s inches13% inches 1 inch1% inches /s inches11 inches 3/ inches11s inches % inches 1 inch 1/ inches192

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The maximum pitch in the line of stress of compression memberscomposed of plates and shapes shall not exceed sixteen (16) timesthe thinnest outside plate or shape, or twenty (20) times the thinnestenclosed plate or shape with a maximum of twelve (12) inches, andat right angles to the direction of stress the distance between lines ofrivets shall not exceed thirty (30) times the thinnest plate or shape.For angles in built sections with two (2) gage lines, with rivets staggered, the maximum pitch in the line of stress in each gage lineshall not exceed twenty-four (24) times the thinnest plate with a maxi-mum of eighteen (18) inches.Sec. 2709. RIVETS AND BOLTS. In proportioning rivets, thenominal diameter of the rivet shall be used. Rivets carrying calculated stresses, and whose grip exceeds five (5) diameters, shall have their number increased one (1) per centfor each additional one-tenth (1/10) inch in the rivet grip. Specialcare shall be used in heating and driving such rivets.Rivets shall be used for the connections of main members carryinglive loads which produce impact, and for connections subject to reversalof stresses.Finished bolts in reamed holes may be used in shop or field workwhere it is impractical to obtain satisfactory power-driven rivets. Thefinished shank shall be long enough to provide full bearing, and washersused under the nuts to give full grip when turned tight.Unfinished b6lts may be used in shop or field work for connectionsin small structures used for shelters and for secondary members of all structures such as purline, girts, door and window framing, alignmentbracing and secondary beams in floor.Sec. 2710. WELDED CONNECTIONS. (a) Fision welding maybe used (in place of riveting or bolting) for connecting structural steelor wrought iron parts or members to one another, but in no case shallthe stresses in joints exceed the allowable working unit stresses givenin the following table:Allowable Unit Working Stresses for Static LoadsTension in weld metal (butt welds). 13,00 lb per sq. in.Shear in weld metal (fillet welds) ..11,300 lb. per sq. m.Compression in weld metal 15,00 lbs. per sq. in.Maximum fibre stresses due to bending shall not exceed the valuesprescribed above for tension and compression, respectively. In designing welded joints, adequate provision shall be made for bending stresedue to eccentricity, if any, in the disposition or section of base metalparts.(b) The same proportional increase in the above working streamshall be allowed for the various given conditions as specified in parts(f) and (g) in Section 2702.(c) The elcirode wire shall conform to the American WeldingSociety Specification E No. I-A or E No. I-B as published December,193

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1921,,in the American Welding Society Bulletin No. 2, and its subsequentamendments.All portions of the members at the point of welding shall be com-pletely freed from rust, paint and other foreign matter by brushing thesurfaces with an iron brush, by chipping or by hammering.(d) The Building Inspector shall require the welding operatorto furnish evidence of his experience and competence in structural arcwelding and may require the welder to make sample butt welds. Suchsample welds must show an average tensile strength of forty-five thousand(45,000) pounds per square inch with no one sample developing atensile strength of less than forty thousand (40,000) pounds per squareinch.(e) Where electric spot or resistance welding is used, the portionof the members to be welded shall be thoroughly cleaned of rust, scaleor other foreign matter by pickling in a suitable acid before welding.Sec. 2711. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS. (a) Trusses preferablyshall be riveted structures and only when there are good reasons tojustify, such as where riveted field connections become unwieldy, maythey be designed as pin-connected structures.(b) All joints in rivited work, whether in tension or compression,shall be spliced as to properly transmit the stresses. (c) Bracing shall be sufficient to safely withstand wind and otherlateral forces when the building is in the process of erection as wellas after completion.(d) When two or more plates are in contact, they shall be stitchrivited with rivets not more than twelve (12) inches apart in eitherdirection.(e) The ends of beams, channels, girders and trusses that bearon masonry or reinforced concrete shall be so framed that the allow-able stresses for masonry or reinforced concrete shall not be exceeded,and anchors of ample size and strength shall be provided thoroughlyembedded in the masonry or reinforced concrete construction.(f) The ends of all beams, channels, girders, girts, purlins andsimilar members that meet on a beam, girder, truss, column or piershall be connected to each other by a strap or through the carryingmembers with not less than two (2) bolts or rivets each not less thanfive-eighths (%) of an inch in diameter in the end of each connectingmember.(g) Tie rods shall be proportioned to resist their respectivestresses, and holes for them shall be placed as near the spring of thearches as practicable.Sec. 2712. LATTICE. (a) Compression members of two or morepieces not connected by web or cover plates shall have their open sidesprovided with lattice or tie plates, and have tie plates as near each endas practicable, and at intermediate points where the lattice is interrupted. In main members the end tie plates shall have a length not less than the distance between the lines of rivets connecting them to flanges,194

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and intermediate ones not less than half this distance, and their thick-new shall be not less than one-fiftieth (1/50) of the same distance andthe rivet pitch shall not be more than four (4) diameters. The latticing of compression members shall be proportioned to resist ashearing stress at least equal to two (2) per cent of the direct stressin the member.(b) The minimum thickness for lattice bars shall be for singlelattice one-fortieth (1/40) and for double one-sixtieth (1/60) of thedistance between end rivets, and not less than one-fourth (1) inchin thickness.(c) The inclination of all lattice bars to the axis of the membershall not be less than forty-five (45) degrees and when the distancebetween the rivet lines in the flanges is more than fifteen (15) inches,the lattice shall be doubled. (d) Lattice bars shall be so placed that the ratio l/r of theflange included between their connections shall not be over three-fourths(3/) of that of the member as a whole, where I and r are as definedin Section 2702 (b).Sec. 2713. PINS AND PIN HOLES. (a) Pins shall be longenough to insure a full bearing of all parts connected upon the turned-down body of the pin.(b) Members packed on pins shall be held against lateral move-ment(c) Pin holes shall be reinforced by plates wherever necessary to give proper bearing. At least one plate shall be as wide as theprojecting flanges will allow. Where angles are used, this plate shallcontain sufficient rivets to distribute their portion of the pin pressureto the full cross section of the member.Sec. 2714. STEEL JOISTS. (a) Steel joists may be rolledstructural sections, sections built up of rolled structural sections, orshapes made from strip or sheet steel securely spot-welded together so asto form a cohesive structural unit, all of which shall have the general shape and contour of an I-Beam; or such steel joist may be of adeterminate truss design built up of rolled structural steel sectionseffectively fusion welded together as specified in part (f) of this Section.Joists other than those consisting of a single rolled structural steelsection with solid web shall not be used in the floor construction ofbuildings over eight (8) stories in height.(b) Steel joists shall be considered as secondary members of thestructural steel frame. They shall be designed to carry all dead, liveand other loads to which they may be subjected during the erectionand after the completion of the structure. Such secondary membersshall not be considered as affecting the vertical rigidity of the frame-work but they shall be designed and considered as carrying horizontal forces to such parts of the frame as are designed to carry these hori-sontal forces to the foundation.(c) Stresses in steel joists shall not exceed those specified inSection 2702 and no joist under its calculated load shall have a deflec-195

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tion exceeding one three-hundred-sixtieth (1/360) of the span. Bridgingshall be provided during the period of construction to adequately supportthe top chord or flange against lateral movement and such bridging shall be designed to hold each joist in a vertical plane. Permanentbridging shall be installed sufficient to laterally stay the joists and totransmit any horizontal forces in either direction perpendicular to thedirection of the joists. Such bridging shall consist of solid concrete sections, structural steel shapes or plates, portal bridging, diagonal rods,or other bridging which will provide equivalent stiffness. Any row ofbridging shall be capable of transferring five hundred (500) pounds from each joist to adjoining joists. The actual spacing of the joistscenter to center shall be determined by their capacity to sustain theloads which they carry and the allowable load carrying capacity of thefloor structure between members.(d) When used in buildings of Type I construction, steel joistsshall be connected to the supporting beams and/or girders by fusionwelding, riveting, bolting or rigid connecting. Fusion welds shall bemade on both sides of each bearing, shall be not less than one (1)inch in length measured from the starting end to the center of thefinishing crater, and shall have a minimum bead one-fourth (/4) inch. Riveting and bolting shall comply with the requirements of Section2709. When steel joists are supported on masonry or reinforced concrete,the end bearing shall be not less than four (4) inches in length andthe ends of such joists shall be provided with approved joist anchorsthoroughly embedded in the supporting masonry or reinforced concreteplaced at not to exceed six (6) feet center to center. Searing platessecurely welded, bolted or riveted to the joists shall be provided whenrequired by the design of the joist. In buildings over eight (8) storiesin height in which steel joisted floor construction is used, all connec-tions between steel joists and primary members of the structure shallbe approved standard connection angles and power-driven rivets orunfinished bolts as provided for light steel beams in the handbook, Steel Construction of the American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.,dated January, 1934; and its subsequent amendments.or sheet steel used to produce steel joists shall in nocase be less than seve ndths (.0072) of an inch in thickness.The flange width of such joists sh n ne-half (1/) their .3depth.(f) Trussed steel joists shall be so constructed that the lines offorce of all connected members shall intersect at a point, or properallowance shall be made in the design for any resulting stress. The joints of all trussed steel joists shall be made by connectingthe members directly to one another by fusion welds or by rivets ofsufficient capacity to develop the ultimate strength of the smallest connected member. When welds are used, each connection of memberto member shall be made with not less than two (2) welds, and eachweld shall be not less in length measured from starting end to thecenter of the finishing crater than twice the diameter of the smallest19G

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member connected, nor less in cross sectional area than one-fourth (A)of the cross sectional area of the smallest member connected. Weldsshall be located symmetrically on both sides of all connected membersso as to eliminate eccentricity at joints. When sections other thanround bars are used, the length and cross sectional area of the weldsshall be the same as those required for round bars of equivalent area.(g) Whenever deemed necessary by the Building Inspector, anywelded connections or welded joints shall be tested to not less thantwice the designed load by the manufacturer or user and such loadshall be sustained without any signs of failure. Should any signs offailure develop, the joist or joists shall be rejected and removed imme-diately from the premises.Sec. 2715. EXPANSION. Proper provision shall be made for ex-pansion and contraction.Sec. 2716. WORKMANSHIP. (a) All workmanship shall beequal to the best practice in modern structural shops.(b) Drifting to enlarge unfair holes shall not be permitted.(c) The several pieces forming built-up sections shall be straightand fit close together; and finished members shall be free from twists,bends or open joints.(d) Rolled sections shall not be heated in any manner which willimpair their strength or quality.(e) All steel castings shall be properly annealed.(f) Material may be punched one-sixteenth (1/16) inch largerthan the nominal diameter of the rivets, whenever the thickness of themetal is equal to or less than the diameter of the rivets, plus one-eighth (%) inch. When the metal is thicker than the diameter of the rivet,plus one-eighth (% inch, the holes shall be drilled or sub-punched andreamed.(g) The rivets are to be driven hot, and wherever practicable,by power. Rivet heads shall be of hemispherical shape and uniform in size throughout the work for the same size rivet, full, neatly finished,and concentric with the holes. Rivets after driving shall be tight,completely filling the holes, and with heads in full contact with thesurface. Rivets shall be heated uniformly and their temperature beforedriving shall not exceed 1950 deg. F., which is a light yellow color.An air hammer should not be used for driving after the temperature is below 1000 deg. F., which is a blood red color.(h) Compression joints depending upon contact bearing shall havethe bearing surfaces truly faced after the members are riveted. Allother joints shall be cut or dressed true and straight.(i) Gas cutting may be done under the following conditions: (1) The Contractor shall be required to satisfy the BuildingInspector as to his ability to produce satisfactory gas cuts. (2) Gas-cut edges shall be regular in contour.(3) Gas cutting may be used in the preparation of base metalparts for welding, provided the edges so cut are thoroughly cleanedafter cutting so as to expose clean metal.197

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(4) Gas cutting shall not be permitted to replace the millingof surfaces specified elsewhere in this Code.(5) Gas cutting shall not be permitted on any member whileit is carrying stress. This restriction shall not apply to detail cutting for the correction of minor fabricating errors, where theremovel of metal resulting from such gas cutting will not reducethe required strength of the member that is to be cut. (6) Gas cutting of holes in any member which has not beendesigned therefor shall not be permitted. Sec. 2717. PAINTING-PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL METALAGAINST CORROSION. (a) All metal structural work shall becleaned of all scale, dirt and rust, and be given one coat of paint atthe shop completely covering all exposed surfaces. After erection allsuch work shall be painted at least one additional coat of a shadedifferent from the first coat. This first coat of paint shall be made ofpigments which shall be chemically inert after application, and shallbe mixed with linseed or other drying oil. The amount of volatile mattershall be sufficient for easy spreading, and shall not injure the film ofthe paint. The paint must dry sufficiently hard within 24 hours so thatit will not rub off or abrade easily. When the steel reaches the job, allabraded or injured portions must be thoroughly recoated with the samematerial as the shop coat before the second coat is applied. The secondcoat of paint shall be such as will not act as a solvent of the first coat,and shall be mixed with a pigment which shall be inert after applica-tion, and the vehicle shall be one that will not saponify under the actionof cement mortar.(b) Surfaces of riveted work which come in contact with eachother shall be painted with two coats of paint before assembling.(c) All iron or steel, except steel sheet pile for bulkhead work, used in damp locations or under water shall be embedded in Portlandcement concrete. No paint shall be applied to the steel surfaces whichare to be encased in concrete.(d) Any structural steel work which may be so placed as to beinaccessible for inspection after erection, shall be thoroughly cleanedof all rust and encased in Portland cement concrete before it is renderedinaccessible.(e) Machine-finished surfaces shall be protected against corrosion.(f) Cast iron columns shall not be painted until after acceptanceby the Building Inspector.Sec. 2718. ERECTION. (a) The frame of all steel skeletonbuildings shall be carried up true and plupib, and temporary bracingshall be introduced wherever necessary to take care of all loads towhich the structure may be subjected, including erection equipment, and the operation of the same. Such bracing shall be left in place aslong as required for safety or deemed necessary by the BuildingInspector.198---

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(b) As erection progresses the work shall be securely bolted upto take care of all dead load, wind and erection stresses.(c) Wherever piles of material, erection equipment or other loadsare carried during erection, proper provision shall be made to take careof the resulting stresses.(d) No riveting or welding shall be done until the structure hasbeen properly aligned.(e) Rivets driven in the field shall be heated and driven with thesame care as those driven in the shop.(f) In the setting or erection of steel work the individual piecesshall be considered plumb or level when the error does not exceed 1to 500. For exterior columns and columns adjacent to elevator shaftsof multiple story buildings the error shall not exceed 1 to 1000 to thetotal heicht of the column.Steel construction manual adopted-See page 311PART VIICHAPTER 28DETAILED REGULATIONSEXCAVATIONS, FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONSSec. 2801. EXCAVATIONS. All excavations shall be protectedagainst danger to life and property by the person or persons causingthe excavation to be made.Permanent excavations shall have retaining walls of masonry orreinforced conorete, or interlocking steel piling.No excavation for any purpose shall extend within one (1) footof the angle of repose or natural slope of the soil under any footingor foundation unless such footing or foundation is first properly underpinned and/or protected against settlement.Sec. 2802. FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS. Footings andfoundations, unless specifically provided, shall be constructed of masonryor reinforced concrete or structural steel encased in concrete. Masonryunits used in foundation walls and footings shall be laid up in Portlandcement mortar. The base areas of all footings and foundations shall beproportioned as specified in Section 2306.Footings shall be so designed that the allowable bearing capacityof the soil in tons per square foot as given below shall not be exceededunless the particular soil on which the building is to be placed showsa greater bearing capacity than that specified in this Section. ROCK, if solid, with no pot holes_. ,$5 tons*ROCK, if pot holes are cleaned and filled with concrete_.3 tonsSAND, in Natural Bed (with no underlying unstable stratum.)Exposed water-front structures must have bottoms offootings on foundations at least one (1) foot belowmean low water, although at the discretion of the Building Inspector, this distance may be increased.2% tons19t

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Filled Land ........... ....................... ........ ton*The Building Inspector shall require Borings to indicate thatthe thickness of Rock below bottom of footings is at least 5 feet.Where the bearing capacity of the soil is not definitely known oris in question, the Building Inspector may require load tests or otheradequate proof as to the permissible safe bearing capacity at that par-ticular location. To determine the safe bearing capacity of soil it shallbe tested by loading an area not less than two (2) square feet to notless than twice the maximum bearing capacity desired for use. Suchdouble load shall be sustained by the soil until no additional settlementtakes place for a period of not less than forty-eight (48) hours in orderthat such desired bearing capacity may be used. Examination of sub-soil conditions may be required when deemed necessary.Foundations shall be built upon natural solid ground where pos-sible. Filled land, loam or soil containing organic matter shall not beused to support buildings exceeding one story in height, and suchbuildings must be Type V construction. Where solid natural ground does not occur at the foundation depth, such foundations shall be ex-tended down to natural solid ground or piles shall be used, unless there is a practically level fill of good ground which has been in place asufficient length of time to settle properly, when such fill may beused.Sec. 2803. PILES. (a) General Requirements. All piles used to support any building or part thereof shall be driven to a reasonablysolid bearing in such a manner as not to impair their strength. No pileor group of piles shall be loaded eccentrically. (b) Wood Piles. Wood piles shall be of Dade County pine o.other approved wood containing no evidences of decay. They shall bedriven green. The piles shall be free from short kinks or reverse bendsand shall have a uniform taper from butt to tip. A straight line drawnfrom the center of the butt to the tip shall lie wholly within the bodyof the pile. The diameter of wood piles at the point shall be not lessthan six (6) inches and at the butt shall be not less than ten (10)inches for piles eighteen (18) feet or less in length, and not less thantwelve (12) inches at the butt for piles more than eighteen (18) feetin length. No piles with spiral grain which exceeds one complete turnin forty (40) feet shall be used. All wood piles and capping shall becut off and/or placed below mean low water level or below lowestground water level; with the exception of creosoted piles as covered inthis Section.Creosoted piles of Douglas fir or Southern pine when treated withGrade 1 creosote under pressure with a full-cell creosote treatment com-plying with Specification No. 41-a or No. 39-a of the AmericanWood Preservers Association in such a manner as to provide a finalretention of not less than sixteen (16) pounds per cubic foot in Doug-las fir piling, and not less than twenty (20) pounds per cubic foot inSouthern pine piling, may be used as follows:200

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.1. Where the upper portion of the cresoted piling is to be exposedand available for inspection the cut-off may be above groundlevel or above water level. 2. Where the upper part of the creosoted piling will not be readilyavailable for inspection the cut-off shall be below ground levelbut may be above ground water level provided the tops of thecut-off piles are treated with three (3) coats of hot creosoteand capped with concrete so that no part will be exposed tothe air.No creosoted piling shall be used which has been so injured inhandling or driving as to penetrate the creosoted shell, except in thecase of bolt holes and unavoidable framing including the top cut-off,all of which shall be treated with three (3) coats of hot creosote.The Building Inspector may require any piles which are to be usedfor the support of permanent structures to be inspected by an approvedtesting laboratory or other qualified inspector satisfactory to the Building Inspector. This inspection shall include a certificate of inspection indi-cating whether or not the piles, creosote and method of treatment con-form to the requirements of this Code. Each pile shall be so markedor branded by the Inspector issuing the certificate of inspection as toidentify the pile with respect to conformity to the provisions of thisCode. Wood piles shall be spaced apart not less than two (2) feet six(6) inches, center to center.The allowable load on wood piles shall in no case exceed the valuesdetermined by the following formulae:For piles driven by drop hammer:1=2 wh/s--+0.1 ........--.-....... ......-.............---.......... .(2)For piles driven by steam hammer; operating at efficiency rec-ommended by the manufacturer:1-2 wh/s-+---01 .............-.. .....--.-... -..--...--.. (2)Where (L) equals the safe load in tons, (W) equals the weight ofthe hammer in tons, (H) equals the height of fall or stroke of thehammer in feet, (S) equals the average penetration in inches under thelast five (5) blows. The allowable load on a wood pile shall in no caseexceed twenty (20) tons for an untreated pile, or fifteen (15) tons fora creosoted pile.(c) Concrete Piles. Concrete piles shall be of material comply-ing with the requirements for Portland cement, fine aggregate, coarseaggregate and reinforced as specified in Chapter 26 and steel as speci-fied in Chapter 27. The maximum allowable working stress on anyconcrete pile shall not exceed twelve (12) per cent of the ultimatecompressive strength of the concrete used in the piles, determined bytests as specified in Chapter 26. The maximum allowable load on anypile shall not exceed such working stress multiplied by the average cross sectional area of the pile.EXCEPTIONS: When such pile is cast in a tight steel tube not less than five-sixteenths (5/16) inch thick, the allowable work-ing stress shall be not more than twenty-five (25) per cent of the201

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ultimate compressive strength of the concrete plus an allowablestress not to exceed seventy-five hundred (7500) pounds per square inch for the steel tube, not including in such latter computationthe outer one-sixteenth (1/16) inch of steel shell. In no case shall the value of such pile exceed fifty (50) tons.Concrete piles cast in place shall be made in such a manner asto insure the exclusion of any foreign matter and to secure a full-sizedshaft. The length of such piles shall be limited to not more thanthirty (30) times the average diameter, except that when cast in steeltubes with a thickness of not less than five-sixteenths (5/16) inch thelength of such piles shall be not greater than forty (40) times the aver-age diameter. The diameter of concrete-filled steel tubes shall be notless than ten (10) inches and such piles shall be driven to proper re-sistance. The diameter of other piles cast in place shall be not lessthan eight (8) inches at the point and shall have an average diameterof not less than eleven (11) inches.Pre-cast concrete piles shall be sufficiently cured to attain the ulti-mate strength upon which their use is based before driving. Such pilesshall be reinforced with a minimum of 1.2% of longitudinal reinforcing and one-quarter ('/) inch round hooping not over eight (8) inches oncenters in shaft of pile and three (3) inches on centers for a distance of eighteen (18) inches at head of point, and so handled as not to befractured in any manner which will affect their durability or strength.Pre-cast concrete piles shall have a size at the point of not less thanseven (7) inches, and an average size not less than ten (10) inches.The length of such piles when driven to rock shall be limited totwenty (20) times the average diameter and shall not exceed forty (40)times the average diameter in any other case.The allowable load on a concrete pile when driven by a drop ham-mer or by a steam hammer shall not exceed the values determined byFormulas No. 1 and No. 2, respectively, of this Section or the maximum values in paragraph C of this Section.Rolled structural steel piles shall comply with the requirements forstructural steel as specified in Chapter 27. The minimum thickness ofmetal shall be three-eighths (%) inch. The allowable load on a struc-tural steel pile shall be determined by the formulas given in paragraph(b) of this Section. In lieu of the determination of the allowable loadby formula, the pile may be required to carry a test load equal toone and one-half (1'A) times the load which the pile is to carry. (d) The safe bearing power of any pile shall be determined by aload test whenever deemed necessary and ordered by the Building In-spector. The test pile or piles shall be loaded to twice the design loadand the resultant settlement shall be measured until during a forty-eight(48) hour period no appreciable additional settlement takes place. Thetotal settlement in inches shall not exceed one one-hundredth (1/100)times the test load in tons where the foundations carry a structure con-tinuous over two or more spans nor twice this amount where thefoundation carries non-continuous spans.202..f --

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CHAPTER 29.WALLS AND PARTITIONS.Solid Masonry WallsSec. 2901. GENERAL PROVISIONS: SOLID MASONRY WALLS.Solid masonry walls shall be supported at right angles to the walls faceat such intervals that the wall panel within the vertical and horizontalsupporting members will not have an area greater than 256 sq. ft., butthe distance between vertical supports shall not exceed twenty (20)feet center to center. Such lateral support may be obtained by masonry cross walls, concrete piers, columns or buttresses for the vertical mem-bers and by floors, roof, or concrete tie beams for the horizontalmembers.Concrete columns shall be required at all corners and at invals as stated above, and may be the same thickness as .tor aminimum of eight (8) inches and shall ess than twelve (12inches in width, reinforced r (4) five-eighth-inch (%") con-tinuous vertical one-quarter (14) inch ties spaced on twelve(1 centers.A tie-beam of reinforced concrete designed in accordance with the Engineering Section of this Code shall be placed in all masonrywalls below each tier of floor or ceiling joists or over main interior horizontal frame and on top of walls forming a coping. This tie-beamshall have a minimum width of not less than eight (8) inches and the height shall be not less than twelve (12) inches, reinforced with notless than four, five-eighths inch (%") rods, two at the top and two atthe bottom.V-type beam Blk.-See page 311Coping beams may be a minimum of eight by eight (8"x8") inches,or sixty-four (64) square inches, reinforced with two (2) one-half (%) inch rods, and such coping shall be anchored to the tie-beamimmediately underneath with the equivalent of eight by twelve (8"x12")inch concrete struts reinforced with four (4), one-half inch (") rods;such struts to be spaced directly over columns below.2. In addition to the above, there shall be an eight (8) inch(8) inch or sixty-four (64) square inches n crete tierbeam, constructed in anner as above coping beam, ont end of gables. An ornamental finish above the uppermost beam or coping, asspecified above, shall be properly bended and coped as shall berequired by the Building Inspector. Bending and anchoring of horizontal and vertical framing membersto the wall shall be provided sufficient to resist the assumed wind forceacting in any direction. Floors and roof shall be so constructed andanchored to such walls as to form a continuous and sufficient anchor-age across the building from wall to wall Anchoring of wood framing to masonry walls shall be as specified in Sections 2506, 2507, 2508 and 2509. Piers or buttresses relied upon for lateral support shall have suf-203

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ficient strength and stability to transfer the wind force acting in eitherdirection to the ground. When walls are dependent upon floors fortheir lateral support, provision shall be made in the building to transferthe lateral force resisted by all floors to the ground.Corbels may be built into masonry walls to furnish bearings forjoists or other structural parts, but such corbels shall not exceed one-fourth (1/) the total thickness of the wall, and the projection foreach course in such corbel shall not exceed one-half (IA) inch. Corbel-ing of walls eight (8) inches or less in thickness shall not be allowed.All masonry units must be thoroughly wetted before placing samein the walls.Sec. 2902. WORKING STRESSES. The maximum allowable com-pressive stresses in solid masonry due to combined live, dead and otherloads shall not exceed those specified in Sections 2410 and 2411.Sec. 2903. THICKNESS OF EXTERIOR WALLS OTHER THAN SKELETON CONSTRUCTION. (a) The thickness of solid masonrywalls shall be sufficient at all points to keep the combined stresses dueto live, dead and other loads for which the building is designed withinthe limits specified in Sections 2410 and 2411 and as specified for windpressure in Section 2307.The minimum thickness of solid masonry exterior, bearing or partywalls shall be not less in thickness than specified in the following tableNo. 1; provided, that in no case shall the uppermost thirty-five (35)feet of such walls be less than twelve (12) inches in thickness, andeach successive thirty-five (35) feet or fraction thereof measured down-ward from the top shall be increased not less than foul (4) inches inthickness. Table No. 18th ...... ...... ............ 127th ........ ....... ......... .12 126th _............... ... 12 12 125th ............... ....... 16 12 12 124th 16............... 16 16 12 12 123rd ......... ..... 16 16 16 12 12 122nd ............. ........ 20 16 16 16 12 12 121st ........----... 20 20 20 16 16 16 12 12Basement ....................... 20 20 20 20 16 16 16 12 Stories --_-_ ...8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1Exceptions: (1) The top story exterior or bearing walls of abuilding not exceeding four (4) stories or fifty-five (55) feet inheight, or the wall of a one-story building of Group E, F or G maybe eight (8) inches; provided, that such eight (8) inch wall doesnot exceed twelve (12) feet unsupported height and that the roofbeams or trusses are so placed or constructed as not to developany direct thrust against the walL (2) Exterior walls for Group I buildings shall be as specifiedin part (c) of this Section.204

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(3) Solid masonry exterior bearing or party walls constructed as specified in part (d) of this Section may be of lesser thickness.(b) Non-bearing walls of masonry shall be not less in thicknessthan specified in Paragraph (c) of Table 3.(c) Masonry walls, either bearing or non-bearing, for Groups Hand I buildings not over three (3) stories in height shall not be lessin thickness than specified in Table No. 3, provided structural columnsat least 8" in thickness are poured integral with the masonry at inter-vals not greater than 16'-0" and also, provided the tie-beam as speci-fied in Section 2901 is poured at each floor and roof level.Table No. 33rd ._............... .... __.... 82nd ._._.... .__.. _......... 8 81st ....... .. -........... .... 8 8 8Foundation Wall_12(d) Where solid masonry bearing or non-bearing walls other thanfire walls or fire division walls are strengthened laterally by masonrybuttresses or cross walls the wall thickness specified in parts (a),(b) and (c) of this Section may be reduced between buttresses by one-half (1) the thickness added at the buttress, except that no part ofsuch buttressed wall shall be less than eight (8) inches thick. Buttressesshall be not less than one-eighth (%) the clear distance between themin width and their clear distance apart shall not exceed twenty-four(24) times the reduced wall thickness. Principal girders and trussesshall rest on the buttresses.In one-story buildings having walls not over sixteen (16) feet highto the under side of girders or trusses and pilastered as above providedfor an eight (8) inch wall between pilasters, such walls may be con-sidered as bearing walls for roof loads and parapet walls only. Allmaterials used in solid masonry walls shall conform in all respects tothe requirements for such materials in Chapters 24 and 26.Sec. 2904. BONDS. In all solid unit masonry walls at least everysixth course on both sides of the'wall shall be a header course or there shall be at least one full header in every seventy-two (72) squareinches of each wall surface. In walls more than twelve (12) inchesthick the inner joiuits of header courses shall be covered with anotherheader course which shall break joints with the course below. Blindheaders may be permitted in lieu of full headers.Where running bond is used, every sixth course on each face shallbe bonded into the backing by using a, full header course at rightangles to the face behind split brick. Toothing shall not be permitted.See. 2905. PIERS. The unsupported height of isolated piers shallnot exceed ten (10) times their least dimensions. Piers of solid unitmaonry shall be laid up in cement mortar. Walls in which the openings are of such an extent as to leave rela-tively narrow-sections eaeeding ten (10) feet in height shall have suchmarrow sections computed and constructed as for isolated piers.205

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Sec. 2906. CHASES AND RECESSES. There shall be no chasesin twelve (12) inch walls or less in thickness or within the required area of any pier, and no chase in any wall or pier shall be deeper thanone-third (1/3) the wall thickness. No horizontal chase shall exceedfour (4) feet in length unless otherwise reinforced, nor shall the hori.zontal projection of any diagonal chase exceed four (4) feet. No ver-tical chase shall be closer than two (2) feet to any pilaster, cross wall, end wall or other stiffener.Recesses for stairways or elevators may be made in walls, but inno case shall the walls at such points be less than the required thick-ness of walls of the fourth story above the ground floor unless reinforcedby additional piers, by steel or reinforced concrete girders or steel orreinforced concrete columns and girders, securely anchored to the wallson each side of such recesses. Recesses for alcoves and similar pur-poses shall have not less than eight (8) inches of material at the back.Such recesses shall not be more than eight (8) feet in width and shallbe arched over or spanned with lintels.The aggregate area of recesses and chases in the wall of any onestory shall not exceed one-fourth (1%) the whole area of the face ofthe wall in that story.No chases or recesses shall be permitted in fire or fire division wallsthat will reduce the thickness below the minimum specified iu thisCode.Openings for doors and windows shall have well-buttressed archesor lintels of masonry, or of metal with bearing at each end of not lessthan four (4) inches on the wall. On the inside of openings less thanfour (4) feet wide, in which the thickness of arches and lintels is lessthan that of the wall supported, timber may be used, which will restat each end not more than two (2) inches on the wall and be cham-fered or cut to serve as arch centers, only in case a relieving arch isturned above it.The maximum percentage of openings in the horizontal cross sec-tion of any wall shall not exceed fifty (50) per cent unless the wallis increased four (4) inches in thickness or such portions of the wallbetween openings shall be as required for piers in Section 2905.WALLS OF HOLLOW TILE. CONCRETE BLOCK OR TILE. HOLLOW WALLS OF BRICK AND HOLLOW MONOLITHICPLAIN CONCRETE WALLS.Sec. 2907. GENERAL PROVISIONS.HOLLOW WALLS. Walls of hollow clay tile, of concrete block ortile, hollow walls of solid masonry units and hollow monolithic plainconcrete walls shall be supported at right angles to the face at intervalsnot exceeding sixteen (16) feet, except at the discretion of the BuildingInspector. Such lateral supports may be in the form of cross walls, piers,or buttresses.Piers or buttresses relied upon for lateral support shall be of rein.forced concrete or structural steel and shall be poured, with the endsof the two spandrel wall sections to be used as forms for concrete.206

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All walls shall be adequately bonded to columns, piers and butt-reases. When walls are dependent on floors for their lateral support, provision shall be made in the building to transfer the lateral forceresisted by all floors to the ground.The general provisions relating to solid masonry walls shall applyto hollow walls as included in this Section; provided, that corbeling from hollow walls shall not be permitted except when such corbels areconstructed of solid masonry or reinforced concrete.When air spaces are built into the wall the area of such air spacescombined with the area of the cellular space in the tile used in theconstruction of the wall shall not exceed forty-five (45) per cent ofthe gross cross-sectional area of the wallMasonry walls composed of a combination of solid and hollowunits shall not be less in thickness than the minimum thickness requiredfor hollow walls as provided in Section 2909.All materials used in walls of hollow clay tile or concrete blockor tile, hollow walls of solid masonry units and hollow monolithic con-crete walls shall conform in all respects to the requirements for suchmaterials in Chapters 24 and 26. Glass building units shall not be used to carry other than theirown load, shall not be used in broken panels exceeding one hundred (100) square feet, and shall not be used in solid panels exceeding twohundred (200) square feet. The bonding and mortar shall be as re-quired by the Building Inspector.Sec. 2906. WORKING STRESSES. The maximum allowable com-pressive stresses in walls of hollow tile, concrete block or tile, hollowwalls of brick or hollow monolithic plain concrete walls due to combined live, dead and other loads shall not exceed those specified in Chapters24 and 26.Sec. 2909. THICKNESS AND HEIGHT OF WALLS OTHERTHAN SKELETON CONSTRUCTION. Walls of hollow clay tile and concrete block or tile, hollow walls of solid masonry units and hollowmonolithic concrete walls shall be not less in thickness than as speci-fied in the following table No. 4; provided, that in no case shall theuppermost twenty-five (25) feet of such walls be less than twelve (12)inches in thickness, and each successive twenty-five (25) feet or frac-tion thereof measured downward from the top shall be increased notless than four (4) inches in thickness. Table No. 48th 127th 12 126th 16 12 125t h 16 16 12 124th 20 16 16 12 123rd 20 20 16 16 12 122nd 24 20 20 16 16 12 121et 24 24 20 20 16 16 12 12Basement .... 28 24 24 20 20 16 16 12Stories 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1207

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Except that walls of Grade A hollow clay tile or Grade A orGrade A Special hollow concrete block or tile, as specified inSection 2406 and 2408, may be of the same thickness as solidmasonry walls when not exceeding two (2) stories in height, andsuch walls shall be laid in cement mortar proportioned as specifiedin Section 2409.One-story private garages and one-story residences may have* bearing and non-bearing walls of hollow tile, concrete block or tile,hollow brick or hollow monolithis plain concrete walls eight (8) inches thick.Sec. 2910. BOND. All hollow masonry units in a wall shall haveall contact surfaces solidly embedded in mortar and laid with a full bond.Where two (2) or more hollow units are used to make up the thick-ness of a wall the inner and outer courses shall be bonded at verticalintervals not exceeding three (3) courses by lapping at least one (1)cell completely over a cell of the unit below.Sec. 2911. BEAM SUPPORTS. For floors above the first story, the reinforced concrete tie-team required in Section 2907 shall act as asupport for all beams and joists, to which support the beams and joistsshall be anchored in accordance with Section 2506-f.Sec. 2912. PIERS. Hollow tile or concrete block or tile, exceptGrade A hollow clay tile and Special Hollow concrete block or tile,shall not be used for isolated piers, unless the cells are filled withcement grout or concrete and reinforced with not less than four (4)three-eighths (%") inch bars of sufficient length to be anchored intothe foundation. Isolated piers shall be laid up in cement mortar.Sec. 2913. CHASES AND RECESSES. Chases and recesses inwalls of hollow tile, hollow concrete block or tile, or in hollow wallsof brick shall not exceed in extent those permitted for solid masonrywalls under the same conditions. (See Sec. 2906.) Chases and re-ceases shall not be cut in walls of the above types, but may be builtin. No chases or recesses shall be permitted in fire walls that willreduce the thickness below the minimum specified in this Code.Reinforced tile lintels over openings made by filling the cells ofthe hollow units with cement mortar or concrete and inserting reinforc-ing bars may be used. Such lintels shall be computed as reinforcedconcrete beams on the basis of the enclosed concrete or mortar.REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS.Sec. 2914. GENERAL PROVISIONS: REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS. The general provisions ofChapter 26 of this Code shall apply to the design and construction of re-inforced concrete walls provided that where any conflict may occur theprovisions of this Article shall govern.Reinforced concrete bearing walls shall have a thickness of notless than one-twenty-fifth (1/25) of the unsupported height; provided,that approved buttresses, built-in columns or piers may be used in lieuof greater thicknesses.208

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Reinforced concrete walls shall be supported at right angles to the wall face at intervals not exceeding twenty-two (22) times the wallthickness in the top story or twenty-five (25) times the wall thicknesselsewhere. Such lateral support may be obtained by masonry or rein-forced concrete cross walls, piers, buttresses or built-in columns whenthe limiting distance is measured horizontally or by floors or roof whenthe limiting distance is measured vertically. Bonding and anchoringshall be provided between the wall and the supports to resist theassumed wind force acting in any direction. Piers, buttresses or built-in columns relied upon for lateral support shall have sufficient strengthand stability to transfer the wind force acting in either direction tothe ground. When walls are dependent upon floors for their lateral support, provision shall be made in the building to transfer the lateralforces resisted by all floors, to the ground. Anchoring of interior woodframing shall be as specified in Chapter 25.Corbeling of reinforced concrete walls for the support of beams,girders and other members shall be fully provided for in the design ofthe wall at that point.Sec. 2915. IN SKELETON CONSTRUCTION. The maximumallowable compressive stress in reinforced concrete walls due to com-bined live, dead and other loads shall not exceed 0.077' when the un-supported height of the wall is twenty-five (25) times the thickness,nor 0.15xf. when the unsupported height of the wall is fifteen (15)times the thickness or less with allowable stresses proportional betweenthose limits of height.Sec. 2916. WORKING STRESSES. THICKNESS OF WALLSOTHER THAN. The thickness of reinforced concrete bearing wallsshall be sufficient at all points to keep the combined stresses due todead, live and/or other loads for which the building is designed, withinthe limits specified in Section 2915. The minimum thickness of reinforced concrete bearing or partywalls shall be not less than the thickness specified in Table No. 5.Table No. 5 8th .__ 87th ..._ 9 86th .10 9 85th -. ._ 11 10 9 84th 12 11 10 9 8 3rd........ 13 12 11 10 9 8 2nd 14 13 12 11 10 9 81st 1.... 15 14 13 12 11 10 9' 8Basement 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 8Stories 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1Such reinforced concrete walls shall have not less than one-tenth(1/10) of one (1) per cent of reinforcement in each direction, hori-zontally and vertically and the steel shall be distributed equally toeach face of the wall with a maximum bar spacing of twenty-four(24) inches in each face.209

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Non-bearing walls of reinforced concrete complying with all theprovisions of this Section shall be of not less thickness than that specified in the following Table No. 6.Table No. 68th ........... 6........... ......... 67th ............... ..... ..... ..... 7 66th ................... ..... ..... 8 7 65th .......... ............... .9 8 7 64th ..................................... 10 9 8 7 63rd ...................... ........ 11 10 9 8 7 62nd .................................... 12 11 10 9 8 7 61st ...................... .. 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6Basement ........... 14 13 12 11 10 9 7 7Stories ........... _... 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1All such reinforced concrete walls shall be laterally supported bya reinforced concrete or fireproofed structural steel floor system whensupported from one side only and may be supported by combustiblefloors when supported laterally from both sides.Sec. 2917. PIERS. The unsupported height of piers of reinforcedconcrete walls shall not exceed ten (10) times their least dimensionsunless designed as reinforced concrete columns.Walls in which the openings are of such an extent as to leave rela-tively narrow sections exceeding ten (10) times their least dimensionin height shall be considered as piers.Sec. 2918. CHASES AND RECESSES. Chases and recesses shallbe as permitted in solid masonry walls in Section 2906.Openings for doors and windows shall have reinforced concretelintels designed as specified in Chapter 26, or fireproofed steel lintelsas specified in Chapter 27. STONE WALLS.Sec. 2919. QUALITY OF MATERIAL. Stones used in masonrywall construction shall be at least equal in strength to the minimum specified for plain concrete in Section 2405.Sec. 2920. WORKING STRESSES. The maximum allowable compressive stresses in rubble stonework due to combined live, deadand other loads shall not exceed those specified in Sections 2410and 2411.Sec. 2921. LATERAL SUPPORT AND THICKNESS. Rubblestone walls shall be four (4) inches thicker than is required for solidbrick or concrete walls of the same respective heights, but in no partless than sixteen (16) inches.The minimum thickness for walls or piers of ashlar masonry prop-erly bonded shall be the same as required for solid brick walls and piers under similar conditions.The lateral support for stone walls shall conform to the samerequirements specified for solid masonry walls in Section 2901.210

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Sec. 2922. BOND. Bond stones extending through the wall anduniformly distributed shall be provided to the extent of not less thantwenty (20) per cent of the area, and then shall be at least one bondstone for every five (5) stretchers.Sec. 2923. CHASES AND RECESSES. Chases and recesses instone walls shall not exceed in extent those permitted for solid masonry walls under the same conditions.VENEERED WALL.S.Sec. 2924. QUALITY OF MATERIAL Materials nused in veneer.ing of masonry and reinforced concrete walls shall conform in all re-spects to the requirements for such materials in Chapter 24 of thisCode. Stone, cellular architectural terra cotta, slab terra cotta, tilecast stone ashlar or other approved masonry materials used for veneer-ing shall be of the thicknesses set forth as follows:Stone not less than 3 inchesCellular architectural terra cotta. _not less than 3 inchesSlab terra cotta .-not less than 1r in.Brick (Clay, concrete or sand-lime) not less than 2 inchesHollow tile not less than 2 inchesCast stone not less than 2 inchesOther approved masonry not less than 3 inchesGlass or other vitreous materials used for decorative purposes shallbe of a thickness as shall be approved by the Building Inspector andshall be anchored as required in Section 2926.In stone ashlar, each stone shall have a reasonable uniform thick-ness, but all stones need not necessarily be of the same thickness.Sec. 2925. WORKING STRESSES. The maximum allowable com-pressive stress on the backing of veneered walls, due to combined liveand dead loads, shall not exceed those permitted for masonry of thetype which forms such backing. In no case shall the veneering beconsidered a part of the wall in computing the strength of bearingwalls, nor shall it be considered a part of the required thickness ofthe wall.Sec. 2926. ATTACHMENT OF VENEERING. When walls areveneered with brick, hollow tile, cellular architectural terra cotta, slabterra cotta, stone and/or cast stone, the veneering shall be tied intothe backing either by a header for every three hundred (300) squareinches of wall surface or by substantial, non-corrosive metal wall tiesspaced not farther apart than one (1) foot vertically and two (2)feet horizontally. Headers shall project at least three and threequarters (3%") inches into the backing and anchors shall be of sub-stantial pattern. Tile veneering not more than one (1) inch in thick-ness with individual units not exceeding twenty (20) inches in anyone dimension and having not more than two hundred (200) square inches of superficial area and having corrugations or scoring on theback side thereof, need not be anchored in accordance with the aboverequirements but shall be cemented solidly to the backing with oement211

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mortar so as to provide a continuous integral support to the backing.Glass or other vitreous materials used for veneering shall be of aquality as specified and anchored as approved by the Building In-spector, and as specified in this Section.GLASS VENEER. The minimum thickness of glass veneer shall be11/32". The maximum area of a single section of glass veneer shallnot exceed ten (10) square feet, when not more than 15' above the* level of the sidewalk, and shall not exceed six (6) square feet wheremore than 15' above the level of the sidewalk directly below.The maximum length of any section of glass veneer shall be 48inches.BACKING FOR GLASS VENEER. Glass veneer may be placedonly against substantial, rigid, incombustible surfaces of true plane,plumb and straight In no case shall the backing provide less rigidityand stability than that provided by one inch thick cement mortar onwire lath secured to studs spaced not more than 12 inches on centers.Studs may be of wood. Wood backing surfaces are forbidden regard-less of whether they are fireproofed.*SETTING OF GLASS VENEER. Glass veneer shall be set onlywhen -the backing is thoroughly dry and after the application of athorough and uniform approved bond coat. The bond coat shall besuch as to effectively seal the portions of the veneer backing to insure against the absorption of the vital properties of the mastic cement.An approved mastic cement shall be applied in bulk to the wallor to the back surface of the glass veneer, and the glass veneer shallbe applied to the backing with a substantial and uniform pressureover its entire area, sufficient to flatten out the mastic cement bulkto not less than 'A" and not more than %" thickness. Sufficientmastic cement shall be applied to insure that at least 50% of thetotal area of the section is bonded to the backing.The bond coat and the mastic cement shall be certified to be ofsuch composition as to insure an approved bond between the twomaterials.Abutting edges of glass veneer shall be ground square and uni-formly buttered with an approved pointing compound. All horizontaljoints shall be held to a thickness of 1/16" by an approved non-rigidsubstance or device.Where glass veneer extends to the sidewalk surface each suchsection shall rest on cushions of approved resilient material, placedso as to insure at least clearance above sidewalk. The joint be-tween the bottom edge of the glass section and the top of the sidewalkshall be caulked with a resilient waterproof compound.Where the height of the glass veneer between the sidewalk line, and the sill of show window is 16" high or over, the glass veneer shallcontain at least one horizontal joint between the top and bottom edges.In no case should glass veneer be set so as to extend below thelevel of the sidewalk. In case sidewalk is set above the bottom of212

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glass veneer after glass veneer is in place, an expansion joint of notless than 1 inch shall be provided between the outer face of the glassveneer and the edge of the sidewalk. This expansion joint space shallbe filled with a resilient caulking compound from the level of the side-walk to a depth of at least % inch below said level.On all glass veneer, starting on a line with the top of the bulk-head facing or at a maximum of 36" above the sidewalk line, themastic cement binding shall be supplemented by the use of approvedmetal shelf angles secured to the backing in a manner satisfactory tothe Building Inspector. Shelf angles shall be of not less than 18 U. S.Guage and not less than 2" in length. These angles shall be locatedin the horizontal joints in every second course; however, if two or morecourses total to less than 24", the angles may be set at vertical intervalsof 24" to 30".Glass Veneer on the exterior of structures may be used only inaccordance with the provisions of this Code:Where glass veneer is applied at an elevation greater than the sillsof the second story windows, the mastic cement shall be supplementedby the use of fastenings on each vertical or horizontal edge of eachsection of veneer. Fastenings shall be secured to the backing bymeans satisfactory to the Building Inspector. Fastenings shall not beless than 2" in length, and shall be of not less than No. 18 U. S.Guage. Fastenings shall be so designed as to furnish bearing supportand also hold the veneer in a vertical plane independently of themastic cement. Where glass veneer is confined between non-resilient materials atends, expansion shall be provided for by means of an expansion jointat each end of not less than t/" throughout the entire height of theveneer.All abutting edges on the plane face of glass veneer shall beground square. Mitres are prohibited except for wide angles.At terminations of structural glass installations, exposed edges areto be flashed water tight with approved metal and caulked with water-proof compound.Sec. 2927. HEIGHT OF VENEERED WALLS. Veneer on masonry or reinforced concrete walls other than panel walls shall not exceed forty (40) feet in height above foundations or other definite and secure supports. Where slab terra cotta is anchored by means ofsubstantial, non-corrosive metal ties, spaced as required in Section2926, and grouted or cemented solidly with cement mortar to providea continuous integral support to the masonry backing, and where flattile is anchored in accordance with the provisions in Section 2926 fortile veneer, this height limit does not apply.Where glass or other vitreous materials are used for decorativepurposes on walls facing or over public streets and arcades which areopen to the public, the height, size and anchorage shall be as requiredby Sections 2924 and 2926 and as approved by the Building Inspector.213

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FACED WALLS.Sec. 2928. QUALITY OF MATERIAL Material used in the backing and facing of faced walls shall conform in all respects to the requirements prescribed for such materials in Part VLSec. 2929. WORKING STRESSES. The maximum allowable compressive stresses on faced walls due to combined live, dead andother loads shall not exceed those permitted for masonry of the typeSwhich forms the backing. Where bonded to the backing as providedin Section 2931, the full cross section of the facing may be consideredin computing bearing strength.Sec. 2930. THICKNESS. Faced walls shall be not less in thick-ness than is required for masonry walls of the type which forms thebacking. Where bonded to the backing as provided in Section 2931the facing may be considered a part of the wall thickness.Sec. 2931. BOND. Solid unit masonry facing, or cellular archi-tectural terra cotta facing, with all voids filled solidly with masonryor concrete grout shall be bonded to wall of solid masonry or of hollowclay tile, or of concrete block or tile, with at least one (1) headercourse in every six (6) courses, or there shall be at least one (1)fall length header in every seventy-two (72) square inches of wallsurface.Stone ashlar facing, or cellular architectural terra cotta facingwith all voids filled solidly with masonry or concrete grout shall haveat least fifteen (15) per cent of the superficial area not less than three and three-fourths (3s%) inches thicker than the remainder ofthe facing to form bond units, which shall be uniformly distributedthroughout the wall.FIRE WALLS. FIRE DIVISION WALLS AND PARAPET WALLS. Sec. 2932. FIRE WALLS: SOLID MASONRY. Solid masonryand reinforced concrete fire walls shall be not less in thickness thanrequired for exterior bearing walls of corresponding height but neverless than twelve (12) inches thick when of solid masonry and eight (8)inches thick when of reinforced concrete, except that solid masonry firewalls for Group H and I buildings shall be not less than eight (8) inchesthick for the uppermost twentyfive (25) feet of height and shallbe not less than twelve (12) inches thick for the remaining lowerportion. No eight (8) inch fire wall shall be broken into subsequent to building, for the insertion of structural members, and a separation of not less than four (4) inches of solid masonry shall be providedin all fire and party walls between combustible members which mayenter such walls from opposite sides. Party walls which function also" as fire walls shall conform to the requirements of fire walls. No chasesor recesses shall be built into fire walls which will reduce the requiredminimum thickness. Fire and party walls shall be continuous fromfoundation to a point eighteen (18) inches above the immediate rooflevel and, when of masonry, shall be coped as required in Section2901, except that such walls in fire-resistive buildings need not extendabove the top of the roof beam.211

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Sec. 2933. HOLLOW FIRE WALLS. Hollow masonry fire wallsshall not be permitted as fire walls in Fire Zone No. 1.Fire walls of hollow clay tile, concrete block or tile shall be notless than sixteen (16) inches thick in any part, except that for GroupH and I buildings they may not be less than twelve (12) inches thick.Hollow walls of solid masonry units used as fire walls shall be notless than twelve (12) inches thick. No fire walls of the above typesshall be broken into, subsequent to erection, for the insertion of struc-tural members.When combustible or unprotected steel building members frameinto the hollow part of fire walls of thickness not greater than twelve(12) inches, they shall not project more than four (4) inches into the walls and shall be so spaced that the distance between embedded endsis not less than four (4) inches. The space above, below and betweensuch members shall be filled solidly with burnt clay materials, mortar, concrete or equivalent fire resistive materials, to a depth of not lessthan four (4) inches on all sides of the members.All open cells in tile blocks occurring at wall ends shall be filledsolid with concrete or cement mortar for at least a depth of six (6)inches, or closure tile set in the opposite direction shall be used.Party walls which function as fire walls shall conform to the re-quirements of fire walls. Parapet shall be constructed as specified inSection 2935, and when of masonry shall be coped as required in Sec-tion 2901.Sec. 2934. FIRE DIVISION WALLS. Fire division walls shallbe not less in thickness than required for exterior bearing walls ofcorresponding height and materials, except in skeleton constructionwhere they shall be not less than required for panel walls. Fire divisionwalls shall have a fire-resistive rating of not less than four hours.Sec. 2935. PARAPET WALLS. On all buildings, except onGroup H and I buildings three (3) stories or less in height, all ex-terior, fire or party walls shall project above the roofs as parapets;provided, that where such wall fronts on a street and where the roofconstruction is entirely of incombustible materials, such parapet wallmay be omitted; and provided, further, that for buildings twenty (20)feet or less in height or where the adjoining roof slopes more than twenty (20) degrees from the horizontal such parapet'walls may beomitted. All required parapet walls shall be not less than eighteen(18) inches above the roof immediately adjacent thereto and when ex-ceeding six (6) times their thickness in height shall be laterally sup-ported. All masonry parapet walls shall be coped as specified in Sec-tion 2901.On Group H and I buildings not more than three (3) stories high, exterior and fire walls shall extend above combustible roofs toa height not less than twenty-four (24) inches above the roof wherethe pitch of the roof does not exceed three (3) inches in twelve (12)inches. Where the pitch of the roof exceeds three (3) inches in215

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twelve (12) inches such walls may terminate at the upper side of roofboards.PARTITIONS.Sec. 2936. BEARING PARTITIONS. All interior bearing walls,which do not extend through more than one (1) story, except firewalls, fire division walls and party walls shall be considered as bearingpartitions.Solid masonry bearing partitions shall be not less than eight (8)inches thick and those of hollow clay tile, concrete block or tile orhollow walls of brick shall be not less in thickness than one-eighteenth(1/18) of the height between floors or floor beams but never less thaneight (8) inches.Sec. 2937. NON-BEARING PARTITIONS. Brick non-bearing par.titions shall be not less than three and three-fourths (3%) inches thickfor a height not exceeding twelve (12) feet between floors or floorbeams or roofs. Non-bearing partitions of hollow clay tile, concreteblock or tile, plain concrete, hollow walls of brick or gypsum block orother similar materials shall be built solidly against the floor and ceil-ing construction below and above and shall not exceed the followingunsupported heights. Thickness MaximumExclusive Unsupportedof Plaster Heights(Inches) (Feet)2 8* 3 12 4 15 6 208 25*Height or length.Solid or hollow non-bearing partitions of reinforced plaster shallhave a thickness of not less than one-sixtieth (1/60) of the unsup-ported height, but never less than one and one-half (1A) inches forsolid partitions nor have a shell thickness of less than three-fourths (%)of an inch for hollow partitions. Such partitions shall have verticalsteel or iron channels with a depth of not less than one-half (%) thethickness of the partition, made of not less than number twenty-four(No. 24) U. S. Gauge metal and spaced not more than twenty-four(24) inches o. c.Solid or hollow non-bearing partitions or reinforced gunite shallhave a thickness of not less than one-seventieth (1/70) of the unsup.ported height but never less than one and one-half (10%) inches forsolid partitions nor have a shell thickness of less than three-fourths (%)of an inch for hollow partitions. Vertical channels shall be installedin gunite partitions as specified for plaster partitions above.Sec. 2938. FOUNDATION WALLS. Solid masonry foundationwalls and those of concrete block or coursed stone shall be not less216

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in thickness than ten (10) inches thick unless otherwise specified inChapter 28; it is the intent of this Section that foundation walls formasonry exterior walls shall provide not less than four (4) inch bearing surface for wood joists and eight (8) inches to support unitmasonry, or a minimum thickness of twelve (12) inches; provided,however, that foundation walls for Type V construction may .be con-structed as specified in Section 2204; and provided further that whenexterior masonry walls are supported on reinforced concrete floor slabs designed in accordance with the engineering Sections of this Code andsupported on a reinforced concrete foundation wall, such foundationwall may be of a lesser thickness, but never less than eight (8) inches.When built of concrete cast in place, foundation walls shall be at leastas thick as the walls supported, but in no case less than eight (8)inches. When built of rubble stone, they shall be at least sixteen (16)inches thick. Rough or random rubble without bonding or level bedsshall not be used as foundations for walls exceeding thirty-five (35)feet in height nor shall coursed bonded rubble walls be used asfoundations for walls exceeding seventy-five (75) feet in height.Foundations for walls of hollow clay tile, concrete block or tileand hollow walls of brick, shall be of the same thickness, respectively,as required in the paragraph above, and shall be built of brick, stone,concrete (plain or reinforced), hollow clay tile, concrete block or tile or as a hollow wall of brick. Tile foundation walls shall be not lessthan twelve (12) inches thick.When the stresses due to earth pressure and super-imposed build-ing load exceed the maximum working stress permitted in this Codefor the materials used, and the additional stresses are not otherwiseprovided for, the wall thickness shall be increased to bring the stresseswithin the required limits.All foundation walls shall extend below the level of frost action, and shall not be constructed of gypsum.Materials for foundation walls shall be equal in quality in allrespects to those required for exterior bearing walls, except that mortarused for exterior foundation walls below grade shall be cement mortar.Foundations built of masonry units, whether hollow or solid, shall be sealed below any woodwork with a cement wash or equally effectiveseal.PANEL AND ENCLOSURE WALLS.Sec. 2939. PANEL AND ENCLOSURE WALLS. Panel and en-closure walls in skeleton framed buildings shall be not less than eight (8)inches thick if of solid brick, hollow clay tile, concrete block or tile,plain concrete or hollow walls of brick, nor less than one-twenty-fourth(1/24) the distance between supporting or enclosing members. Panel and enclosure walls of reinforced concrete shall be not less than six (6)inches thick and sufficiently reinforced to resist the wind pressure asspecified in Section 2307 from either direction. Panel and enclosurewalls of reinforced gunite shall be not less than four (4) inches thickand shall be reinforced as required for reinforced concrete walls.217

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Enclosure walls shall be securely fastened to the adjoining framingmembers.When panel or enclosure walls are built monolithic with columnsor bearing walls they may be reinforced to carry their own weight. MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS. Sec. 2940. ANCHORING OF WALLS. All walls shall be securelyanchored and bonded at points where they intersect and where theyabut or adjoint the frame of a skeleton framed building.When walls are not built at the same time the perpendicular jointshall be regularly toothed with not less than four (4) inch offsets andthe joint shall be provided with anchors not less than two inches bythree-eights inch (2"x%") metal with ends bent up not less than two(2) inches or with cross pins to form anchorage. Such anchorsshall be not less than three (3) feet long extending eighteen (18)inches in from each side of the joint and spaced not more than three(3) feet apart in the direction of the height of the wall.Reinforcing in concrete walls shall be extended not less than twenty-four (24) inches around all corners and wall intersections.Sec. 2941. USE OF EXISTING WALLS. An existing masonry wall may be used in the renewal or extension of the building providingit meets the requirements of this Code, and is structurally sound orcan be made so by reasonable repairs. Existing walls which arestructurally sound but which are of insufficient thickness when in-creased in height shall be strengthened by an addition of the samematerial not less than eight (8) inches in thickness laid up in Port-land cement mortar, or the wall may be built out with gunite to thethickness required for a new wall of that height. Foundations andlateral supports shall be provided as required for newly constructedwalls under similar conditions. All additions or linings shall be thor-oughly bonded into existing masonry by toothings to assure combinedaction of wall and lining. Such toothings shall be distributed uniformly throughout the wall and shall aggregate in vertical cross-sectional area not less than fifteen (15) per cent of the total verticalarea of the wall or lining.CHAPTER 30ENCLOSURE OF VERTICAL OPENINGSSec. 3001. ENCLOSURES; WHEN REQUIRED. Vertical open-ings are required to be enclosed in certain buildings depending uponthe occupancy of the building, height of building or the type of con-struction. The vertical openings required to be enclosed are specifiedunder Occupancy in Part III, and for stairways and ramps are spe-cifically included in Chapter 33.Sec. 3002. STAIRWAY, RAMP AND ELEVATOR ENCLOSURES.When stairways and/or ramps are required to be enclosed such enclos-ures shall also include a complete passageway not less in width at any218

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part than the required width of such stairway or ramp and such en-closure shall extend from the lowest point to the highest point required.All doors shall be of not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction,except that doors in buildings not more than three stories in heightof Types II, III, IV and V construction may be a solid wood slabdoor, not less than one and three-eighths (1%) inch thick at all points,but shall not be allowed in smokeproof towers as specified iii Section 3315, and all windows shall be of wire glass and metal frames andsash; except that when such openings face directly on a street or courtand are not within ten (10) feet of an adjacent lot line such protectionmay be omitted. All such doors shall be self-closing and be keptnormally closed. (See Paragraph 5 of this Section for elevator doors.)Walls and partitions enclosing stairways, ramps or elevators shallbe of not less than two-hour fire-resistive construction as specified inSection 4302; except as specifically provided in Sections 1907 and 2007, where one-hour fire-resistive construction is specified. See Section2210 for dwellings and garage apartments under Group I occupancy.When ramps are required to be enclosed, such enclosures shallconsist of a solid wall, as required for enclosures of vertical openingsand shall extend from floor to floor, separating the ramps from theremainder of the building. There shall be no opening in this wallother than the necessary door openings, and such openings shall beprovided with self-opening doors of one-hour fire-resistive construction. Walls or partitions enclosing stairs, ramps and elevators shall com-ply with the requirements for enclosure or vertical openings for thetype of construction.Enclosing walls or partitions around elevators shall be of masonry,conforming to the requirements for partitions based on the type ofconstruction of the building, with not more than two (2) openings foreach story. Such openings shall be not wider than the width of eleva-tor platform and not more than seven (7) feet, six (6) inches in height. Such elevator openings shall be protected by walls and doorsof not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction.Not more than two (2) elevators shall be allowed in one enclosure.Walls of not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction shall be re-quired between banks of two elevators.Sec. 3003. OTHER VERTICAL OPENINGS. All shafts, ducts,chutes and other vertical openings not covered in Section 3002 shallhave enclosing walls conforming to the requirements specified underType of Construction of the building in which they are located, and wherenot specifically required, shall have the inner vertical surfaces com-pletely covered with incombustible materials. Combustible material ofpartitions and floors through which the ducts pass shall be kept at least three (3) inches from the lining or be protected by not less thanthree-eighths (%) of an inch of plaster or one-fourth (1~) of an inchasbestos or plaster board. Openings between any ducts and the floorconstruction through which they pass shall be filled with mortar orother incombustible material supported by wire baskets that prevent the219

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passage of fire. All doors opening into such vertical shafts shall beof metal. Windows in such shafts shall be wire glass and metal framesand sash or such frame and sash may be of wood entirely clad withmetal of not less than twenty-six (26) gauge.CHAPTER S1.FLOOR CONSTRUCTION.Sec. 3101. GENERAL. Floor construction shall be of materialsand construction as specified under Occupancy in Part III and underTypes of Construction in Part V.All floors shall be so framed and tied into the framework andsupporting walls as to form an integral part of the whole building.Fire-resistive standards of floor construction are specified in Section 4303.The type of floor construction used shall provide means to keepthe beams and girders from separating by installing ties or bridging.Sec. 3102. CONCRETE FLOORS. Concrete rib slab floors shallbe not less than two and one-half (2t) inches thick and for solid floors shall be not less than four (4") inches thick. Topping whenpoured monolithic with the slab may be included as a structural partof the slab. Sleepers for the nailing of a wood floor shall not decreasethe required structural depth of the slab unless placed in the directionof span and then shall not be placed more than one-half (%) inchinto the slab. Concrete joists shall be solidly bridged for lateral sup-port as follows: One row of concrete bridging shall be placed in clearspans where joists are greater than twenty (20) feet in length.Sec. 3103. STEEL JOISTED FLOORS. Steel joisted floors shall consist of steel joists as specified in Section 2714. When used in TypeI or Type H buildings they shall have a reinforced concrete or gypsumslab not less than two and one-half (21%) inches thick placed on andsecured to the top thereof and a fire-resistive ceiling as specified inSection 4303 on the underside thereof, fully covering and protectingthe joists; provided when such joists are used in places where unpro-tected wood joists are permitted the steel joists need not be protectedwith fire-resistive materials as specified above. Fire-resistive ceilingsas specified in Section 4303 shall, except in the case of one-hourfire-resistive construction, be designed and constructed to support aload of not less than ten (10) pounds per square foot in addition toits own weight.The reinforced concrete or gypsum slab placed on and securedto the top of the steel joists shall be sufficiently reinforced to supportall dead, live and/or other loads between joists. Joists other thanthose consisting of a single rolled structural steel section with solid220

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web, shall be securely cross bridged at intervals not to exceed eight (8)feet along the joist length. The lateral unsupported length at the topchord of any steel joist shall not exceed forty (40) times the widthof any compression flange.Sec. 3104. MILL CONSTRUCTED FLOORS. Mill constructedfloors shall be not less than three (3) inches nominal spliced ortongued and grooved plank covered with one (1) inch nominal flooringlaid crosswise or diagonal. Top flooring shall not extend closer thanone-half (1/) inch to walls to allow for swelling in case the floorbecomes wet. Such one-half (1/2) inch space shall be covered by amolding fastened to the wall and so arranged that it will not obstruct the swelling or shrinking movements of the floor. Corbeling of ma-sonry walls under floor planks may be used in place of such molding.If laminated floors are used, at least two (2) laminations at thewall shall be omitted until after glazing and roofing has been com-pleted.Laminated floors consisting of planks not less than six (6) incheswide set on edge close together and spiked at about eighteen (18) inch intervals shall have the joints broken in such manner that no continuousline will occur across the floor and such flooring shall not be spikedto the supporting girders. Joints shall be made only at the supportsand at the quarter points with no more than two-thirds (2/3) of suchjoints away from supports. Joints between the planks of a laminated floor shall be made and' kept tight.The framing, fire cutting and anchoring of supported timbers shallcomply with the requirements of Chapter 25.Floor timbers shall be not less than six (6) inches nominal ineither cross sectional dimension.Sec. 3105. WOOD JOISTED FLOORS. Wood joisted floors shall be framed and constructed and anchored to supporting wood stud ormasonry walls as specified in Chapter 25. Wood joisted floors neednot be fire protected on the under side except where specifically re-quired under Occupancy in Part III, Location in Part IV or Type ofConstruction in Part V.Sec. 3106. PUBLIC TOILET FLOORS. All floors in Public ToiletRooms, Lavatories, water closet compartments, or any other inclosurewhere Plumbing Fixtures are used within the building, shall have a floorand base made of asphalt, glass, marble, vitrified tile, terrazo or otherimpervious or non-absorbent material as approved by the Building In-spector.Sec. 3107. PUBLIC GARAGE AND SERVICE STATIONGREASE DRAINS. Public Garages, Service Stations, AutomobileLaundries and all other places used for the washing, polishing andgreasing of Automobiles, shall have that portion of floor space providedwith approved grease drains or traps as required by the PlumbingDepartment of the City of Miami.221

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CHAPTER 32.ROOF CONSTRUCTION AND COVERING.Sec. 3201. GENERAL. Roof covering shall be as required underoccupancy in Part III, location in Part IV or Types of Construction inPart V. All roofs shall be so framed and tied into framework and sup-porting walls as to form an integral part of the whole building.PROTECTION OF SKY LIGHTS AND ROOFS. Where wallsare carried up above the roofs of adjoining buildings, proper means shallbe provided and used by the person erecting the walls for the protectionof the skylights and roofs of such adjoining buildings.Should the owner of such adjoining building refuse permission tohave his roofs and skylights protected, such refusal shall be reported inwriting to the Building Inspector, and it shall then be the duty of theowner refusing such permission to make his skylight and roofs safe at hisown expense. Such refusal by said owner shall relieve the owner orperson erecting the building from any responsibility for damage done topersons and/or property on or within the premises affected.Sec. 3202. CONSTRUCTION. The general requirements for con-struction of floors as specified in Chapter 31 shall apply to roofs exceptthat in Type II buildings the roof sheathing shall be not less than twoand one-half (2%) inches nominal in thickness and except that precastconcrete or gypsum roof slabs shall be not less than two (2) inches inthickness. Reinforced concrete slab roofs shall be constructed as speci.fled in Chapter 26.Roof trusses shall have all joints well fitted and shall have all ten-sion members well tightened before any load is placed on the truss.Diagonal and sway bracing shall be used to brace all roof trusses. Theallowable working stresses of material in trusses shall be as specified inChapters 25 and 27. The minimum net section of the members afterframing shall be used in determining the strength of the truss at anypoint.Roof rafters shall be anchored as required in Section 2208 or Sec-tion 2506 (f) or Section 2508 (c). Roof rafters shall be braced as speci-fied in Section 2208.An air space of not less than eighteen (18) inches measured fromthe top of the ceiling joists to the bottom of the roof rafter shall be re-quired on the "flat-deck" type roof construction, to provide ventilation.Sec. 3203. DESIGN. The design of the roof construction shall bein accordance with engineering regulations for the materials used.Sec. 3204. ROOF COVERINGS. Roof covering shall be requiredover all combustible roof construction and shall be of one of the classesspecified in Section 4305 as they are specified under Occupancy in PartIII, Location in Part IV and Types of Construction in Part V. (Seealso Section 104 (d) .)Sec. 3205. ACCESS TO ROOF. All buildings shall have accessprovided to the attic space and through the roof by means of a stair-22

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way or permanent ladder or a scuttle. The openings provided through the ceilings for such access to the attic space and through the roof shallbe not less than two feet by three feet (2'x3) and shall be located inthe hallway or corridor of all buildings except Group I and J. Allscuttles shall be securely kept in place by hooks or bolts. Scuttles inroofs with Class "A" or "B" roofing as specified in Chapter 43, shallhave the top and edges covered with an approved incombustible ma-terial, provided however, that this shall not prohibit such top and edgesbeing covered with the same roofing as is required for the capping sheetof the roof covering.Types III or V buildings, one or two stories in height shall havescuttle holes into the attic space and through the roof which are not lessthan eighteen (18) inches square.Sec. 3206. ROOF DRAINAGE. All buildings shall be providedwith metal water downspouts, which shall be connected to the storm sewer. Where there are no storm sewers, such downspouts shall be con.nected by pipes below surface to the street gutter. Where water is notdrained into the street gutter or storm sewer, a sump of not less thanthree feet by three feet (3xY) and of not less than four (4) feet indepth shall be required, said sump not to be placed closer than three (3)feet from footing. Detached dwellings may be exempt from the re-quirements of this Section at the discretion of the Building Inspector.The cross section or diameter of roof downspouts shall be de-termined by the total area of the roof to be drained and shall be not lessthan one (1) inch per one hundred fifty (150) square feet of roof sur-face and in no case less than four (4) square inches.If the roof is so constructed as to form a basin, the only outlet ofwhich is the roof water downspouts, the cross section or diameter ofthe roof water downspouts shall be increased one (1)' inch in diameter over that specified in the above paragraph. Wherever practical, roofoutlets other than the roof water downspouts shall be provided. Whereverpractical, roofs shall slope toward the street or storm sewer.WEEP HOLES. Where roof deck is enclosed by parapet walls,weep-holes of equal area as required for downspouts, shall be providedfor overflow in event roof drain becomes clogged.CHAPTER 33.STAIRS. RAMPS AND SMOKEPROOF TOWERS.Sec. 3301. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS. All exits as requiredfor buildings in this Code shall comply with the requirements specifiedin this Chapter for a stairway, ramp or smokeproof tower. Whereverstairways are mentioned, ramps may be substituted when constructed asspecified in Section 3310. A smokeproof tower constructed as specifiedin Section 3315 shall be considered as a required stairway as specified inSection 3309. Such smokeproof towers may be substituted for stair-ways wherever the latter are required in this Code.223

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All stairways shall be constructed of materials permitted for floorsas specified under Types of Construction in Part V for that type ofbuilding in which such stairways are located, except as specified -in See-tions 3315 and 3316. All stairways of wood construction shall be pro-tected on the under side by not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Chapter 43. Metal stairways entirely enclosed asspecified in this Chapter shall not be required to be fireproofed as re-quired for floors in Part V of this Code. The provisions of this Chaptershall not apply to Group I buildings except as specifically stated in Sec-tions 3302 and 3314.Elevators and escalators shall not be included in the calculations ofthe number of stairways required. Revolving doors shall not be con-sidered in calculating exit requirements. Sec. 3302. GENERAL DESIGN. All stairways and all platforms,landings and balconies forming a part of such stairway shall be de-signed to sustain an assumed live load of not less than one hundred(100) pounds per square foot. There shall be no variation in the width of treads in any flight andthe variations in heights of risers in any flight shall not exceed three-sixteenth (3/16) of an inch. All treads shall have a nosing of not less than one (1) inch.The surface material of stair treads and landings shall be such asnot to involve danger of slipping.An arrangement of treads known as winders shall be permitted inGroup I buildings or for monumental stairways which are not servingas a required means of exit but in no case shall any tread have a widthat any point less than eight (8) inches exclusive of nosing. Stairways and intermediate landings shall continue with no de-crease in width along the direction of exit travel, and not more than two(2) stairways may be combined at the second floor level with such com-bined width extending to the first floor level, provided that no less thantwo (2) stairways shall extend from the second floor level to the firstfloor or street level. Note: (This section shall not prohibit exterior fireescapes as provided in Section 3316.)See. 3303. ARRANGEMENT AND ACCESS. One-half of the re-quired number of stairways shall be continued their full width to and through the roof by means of a penthouse in all buildings three storiesor more in height with approved openings to roof, exit level and eachfloor; provided, that not more than two of the required number of stair-ways may terminate at the second floor level, and provided they leaddirectly to the street, alley or front of the building and that not morethan one stairway shall be required to continue to and through the roofwhen the roof has a slope of more than six (6) inches for each twelve(12) inches of horizontal projection. In two story buildings scuttlesnot less than two feet by three feet (2'x3') shall be provided to andthrough the roof. Stairways leading to roofs of buildings shall havesigns conspicuously placed with letters not less than four (4) inches inheight indicating such access at the ground floor level.224

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All stairways shall lead to the street directly or by means of a yard,court or fire-resistive passageway having a width at least equal to theaggregate widths of all the exits discharging into it; provided, they leaddirectly to a street, alley or front of the building and are provided witha balcony on the exterior of the building not less than three (3) feet wide and five (5) feet long. Such balcony shall be constructed of in-combustible materials and when the floor of such balcony is located morethan twelve (12) feet above the sidewalk directly below, such balconyshall be equipped with an approved counter-balanced stairway orladder.Where stairways discharge through the fire-resistive passagewayssuch passageways shall be not less than seven (7) feet in clear heightand with a width at least equal to the stairway or stairways served bysuch passageways. All openings into such passageways shall be pro-tected by one-hour fire-resistive doors as specified in Section 4304.All exits shall be so arranged as to make clear the direction ofegress to the exterior of the building and shall be so located that they are readily accessible and visible. When not visible to all occupants,adequate signs shall be provided to indicate their location. For build-ings with sleeping rooms, schools and places of detention, exits shall beso arranged that it is possible to go in either direction at any point in acorridor to an exit.Stairways shall abut on not more than one side of an elevator en-closure.No portion of any building shall be more than one hundred fifty(150) feet (along the line of travel) from the nearest exit, and no cor-ridor exit door shall be more than one hundred (100) feet (measured along the line of travel) from the nearest exit. In Group D and Hbuildings all doors providing egress from public hallways and all doorsproviding egress from the building shall open in the direction of exittravel.Sec. 3304. DOORS. Doors shall not open immediately on a flightof stairs but on a landing at least equal to the width of the door. Doors giving access to stairways shall swing with the direction ofexit travel. Vertical sliding doors and rolling shutters shall not be used.There shall be no obstructions on stairways or landings nor to the fullswing of doors. Swinging doors in their swing shall not reduce theeffective width of stairways or landings to less than thirty (30) inchesnor when open interfere with the full use of the stairs.All doors in exit enclosures or providing access to exterior stair-ways shall be self-closing and be kept normally closed and shall be ofnot less than one-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Section4304, except that doors facing a street and at street level may be un-protected wood. All doors shall be constructed and installed in a work-manlike and tight fitting manner.All doors used in connection with exits shall be so arranged as tobe readily opened from the side from which egress is made or from225

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both sides when the building is occupied. Locks if provided shall notrequire a key to operate from the inside.Sec. 3305. RAILINGS. All stairways shall have walls or wellsecured balustrades or guards on each side and handrails shall be placedon at least one side of every stairway and for stairways exceeding forty-four (44) inches in width shall have handrails placed on each side.Stairways over seven (7) feet wide shall be provided with one or morecontinuous intermediate handrails substantially supported and the num-ber and position of intermediate handrails shall be such that there isnot more than sixty-six (66) inches between adjacent handrails. Handrails and railings shall be placed thirty (30) inches above thenosing of treads and ends of handrails shall be returned to the wall.All handrails shall be constructed to withstand the pressure of sixteen(16) pounds per lineal foot applied to the handrail. All handrails shallbe securely fastened to the wall and there shall be a clearance behindevery handrail of not less than one and one-half (11) inch at everypoint.Sec. 3306. LIGHTING. Every stairway or other means of exitinto corridors and passageways appurtenant thereto shall be providedwith an adequate system of lighting, either natural or artificial Lights in the exit signs shall be kept burning at all times that the buildingserved by such stairways or exits is being used or occupied.Sec. 3307. DETAILED REQUIREMENTS. Stairways and landings, returns and passageways serving such stairways shall be not lessthan forty-four (44) inches wide; except, that for dwellings and whenserving mezzanines or not more than one family or one apartment inbuildings not exceeding two stories in height the required width may be reduced to not less than three (3) feet. All such widths shall be clearof all obstructions; except that handrails attached to walls may projectwithin the required width not more than three and one-half (3%)inches at each side when the stairway is forty-four (44) or more inchesin width and on one side when the stairway width is less than forty-four(44) inches. If newells project above tops of rails a minimum clearwidth of not less than that specified in this paragraph shall be providedbetween the face of the newell and the face of the wall or newell op-posite.The rise of stairways shall be not more than seven and one-half (7t ) inches and the tread exclusive of the nosing not less than ten(10) inches (maximum pitch 37 degrees), and there shall be not morethan seventeen (17) risers in any one run between landings; provided,that stairways in dwellings and stairways serving mezzanine floors mayhave a rise of not more than eight (8) inches and a tread exclusive ofthe nosing of not less than nine (9) inches. Rules governing construc-tion of hotels, apartment houses, rooming houses and restaurants, aspromulgated by the Hotel Commission of the State of Florida, governing occupancies, as specified in Chapter 13, prohibit more than thirteen (13)risers without a platform or platforms. LANDING. At the top .and bottom of every flight of stairs there226

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shall be a proper landing, which shall be level in every part and on thesame level as the floors of the building which they serve; shall have alength of not less than forty-four (44) inches, and a width of not lessthan the widest flight connected thereto, with a minimum of forty-four(44) inches. Width and length of all quarter landings shall be not less than therequired width of the widest flight connected thereto. The length ofthat part of any floor landing in front of the ascending or descendingflights connecting therewith, or both of them, except, at the exit level, shall be regulated in the same manner as a half landing, and the landingat the exit level shall be not less than four (4) feet in length; pro-vided, however, the size of any landing over which a door swings shallbe such that an arc with a radius equal to the width of the door plus theminimum required width of any connected flight, using the door hinge as a center, shall clear the newell post or the wall framing.The walls at the outer corners of landings shall be curved on aradius of at least two (2) feet, or a forty-five (45) degree splay not lessthan twenty (20) inches wide shall be provided to eliminate right anglecorners.Sec. 3308. STAIRWAY ENCLOSURES. (a) Enclosed interior stair-ways shall be constructed in accordance with Chapters 30 and 43 andshall be of not less than two-hour fire-resistive construction.(b) Smokeproof tower stairways shall be constructed in accord-ance with Section 3315.(c) Outside stairways shall be constructed as required in Sec-tion 3316.All required stairways and ramps in buildings three stories or morein height, including landings and parts of floors between stairwayswhich lie in the path of travel shall be enclosed as specified under Oc-cupancy in Part II, under Types of Construction in Part V, and inChapter 30; except that monumental stairways leading only from thestreet floor level to the mezzanine floor and second floor or basementand which do not constitute required means of exit in public buildingsor stores shall be exempted from the enclosure requirements.Exit enclosures shall not be used for storage in any manner what-soever and shall not contain any material or equipment liable to causefire, explosion or panic.At the top of every stairway enclosure a ventilating skylight with a horizontal area with not less than eight (8) square feet shall be in-stalled as specified in Section 3402, or in lieu of such skylight an equiva-lent window opening glazed with plain glass may be provided in thepenthouse walls. Fixed openings not less than five hundred (500)square inches in area shall be provided at the top of each stairway enclosure for ventilation.All parts of every stairway shall be kept in perfect repair at alltimes; sufficiently lighted by either natural or artificial lighting; nomirror shall be placed or maintained in any stairway at any time; andnothing shall be built or placed in any manner or location so that it will conceal any stairway door.227

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See. 3309. STAIRWAYS REQUIRED. The number of stairways provided for each use or occupancy shall be as required in the followingtabulation for three (3) story buildings. For two (2) story buildingsthe allowable area may be increased fifty (50) per cent. For buildings four (4) stories or more in height the allowable area shall be de-creased two (2) per cent per floor for each floor above the third floorto and including the eighth floor and shall be decreased one (1) percent for each additional floor above the eighth floor; provided, that inno case shall there be less than two (2) stairways serving each floor foreach building three (3) stories or more in height. Where the entirebuilding is sprinkled in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 38the allowable areas tabulated below may be increased thirty-three andone third (33 1-3) per cent. Elevators shall not be included in the calculations of the numberof stairways required. All buildings, except Group I buildings andbuildings in Division 1 and 2 of Group J, shall have not less than two(2) stairways from each floor.The number of required stairways for Group A, B and C buildingsis specified in Chapters 6, 7 and 8 respectively.NOTE: Basic Area for computing required number of stair-ways; provided, however, the distance of travel specified in Section3303 shall not be violated.BASIC AREA FOR COMPUTING REQUIRED NUMBER OFSTAIRWAYS.No. ofStairMaximum Areas for Types I and II Buildings (Sq. Ft.)waysre. Group D Group E Group F Group G Group Hquired Buildings Buildings Buildings Buildings Buildings2 Up to 8000 Up to 9000 Upto 12000 Up to 12000 Up to 90003 Up to 18000 Up to 20000 Upto 25000 Up to 25000 Up to 200004 Upto 28000 Up to 30000 Upto 40000 Up to 40000 Up to 300005 Up to 40000 Up to 40000 Upto 57000 Up to 60000 Up to 420006 Up to 54000 Up to 50000 Upto 76000 Up to 85000 Up to 560007 Up to 70000 Up to 60000 Upto 97000 Upto115000 Up to 720008 Up to 88000 Up to 70000 Up to 900009 Up to 108000 Up to 80000 Up to 11000010 Up to 90000Maximum Areas for Types III, IV and V Buildings (Sq. Ft.)2 Up to 8000 Up to 9000 Upto 12000 Up to 12000 Up to 90003 Up to 15000 Up to 17000 Upto 21000 Upto 24000 Up to 170004 Up to 24000 Up to 27000 Upto 32000 Up to 38000 Up to 260005 Up to 35000 Up to 38000 Upto 45000 Up to 56000 Up to 370006 Upto 48000 Up to 52000 Upto 60000 Upto 79000 Up to 500007 Up to 63000Up to 68000 Upto 77000 Up to 108000 Up to 650008 Up to 80000 Up to 86000 Upto 96000 Up to 82000Exceptions: (1) Group D buildings shall be provided with not228

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lees than one (1) smokeproof tower constructed as specified inSection 3315 when such building exceeds two (2) stories in height.(2) Group E-In automobile storage garages where a system of ramps continuous from the ground floor to top floor is used totransport automobiles from floor to floor, the number of stairwaysrequired shall be not less than one-half that shown in the abovetabulation.(3) Where one horizontal opening is provided, the allowableareas tabulated may be increased fifteen (15) per cent and wheremore than one such exit is provided, such areas may be increasednot to exceed twenty-five (25) per cent.Sec: 3310. RAMPS. Wherever stairways are required by this Code,ramps with a slope not greater than one (1) foot in eight (8) feet maybe substituted.Ramps shall comply with all the requirements for stairways as toconstruction, width, enclosures, landing, lighting and ventilation.Ramps shall be surfaced with an approved non-slip material.Handrails shall not be required where the slope of the ramp is lessthan one (1) foot in ten (10) feet.Sec. 3311. HORIZONTAL EXIT. A horizontal exit shall consistof one (1) or more protected openings through or around an exterior orfire wall or of one (1) or more bridges connecting two (2) buildings orparts of buildings entirely separated by fire walls.Openings used in connection with horizontal exits shall be protectedby one-hour fire-resistive doors as specified in Section 4304. If swing-ing doors are used there shall be adjacent openings with doors swingingin opposite directions, with signs on each side of the wall indicating theexit door which swings with the travel from that side.Such doors shall be kept continuously unlocked whenever the build-ing is occupied and shall be self-closing.Sec. 3312. SIGNS AND LIGHTING. Signs having white lightsnot less than five (5) inches high on a green field indicating location ofexits shall be provided not only at the exit but at other points in thebuilding wherever necessary to clearly indicate the direction of egress.Lights shall be kept burning during all times that the building is usedor occupied. Sec. 3313. PASSAGEWAYS AND CORRIDORS. Every buildingshall be constructed so that one (1) main corridor on each floor shallbe at least forty-two (42) inches in clear width, and the width of any such corridor which serves more than twelve (12) rooms shall be in-creased at the rate of one (1) inch for each additional room up to amaximum width of six (6) feet; provided such main corridor on eachfloor shall run through to the outside wall at each end, or it may turnat right angles at either or both ends, provided the distance from themain hall to the outside wall at any point is not more than the depth ofthe room facing the outside of the building, and provided further that229

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the main corridor, so turned, shall extend to an exterior wall adjacentto a street, alley or court, and that a door or window shall be providedin the said hall at the end of the main corridor.Sec. 3314. EXCEPTIONS. Stairways in Group I buildings, stair-ways serving only one apartment not above the second floor level, orstairways leading to mezzanine floors not exceeding one thousand (1000)square feet in area are exempted from the width, rise, tread and en-closure provisions in this Chapter but in no case shall such stairwayshave a rise of more than eight (8) inches and a tread exclusive of thenosing of less than nine (9) inches.Sec. 3315. SMOKEPROOF TOWER. (1) Where required. Asmokeproof tower consisting of a stairway with exterior access, entirelyclosed by masonry walls of not less than four-hour fire-resistive con-struction and floors and ceilings of not less than two-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Chapter 43 and constructed as specified in thisSection shall be required in every building of Group D, E, F, G and Hoccupancies three (3) stories or more in height. Smokeproof towersshall be installed in Group A, B and C buildings as specified in Chap-ters 6, 7 and 8, respectively.(2) Construction. The stairways, landings, platforms and balconies of smokeproof towers shall be constructed as required for stair-ways, except that they shall be of incombustible materials throughout, except for handrails which may be of wood. The enclosure shall extend from the street level to a penthouse on the roof of the buildingand shall be roofed over with incombustible materials. Light and ven-tilation shall be provided at the top of every such enclosure as requiredfor stairways.Balustrades on the vestibules and balconies shall be not less thanthree (3) feet and six inches (3'-6") in height. Exit lights shall beprovided as required in Section 3312.(3) Access and Egress. Access to the smokeproof tower shall beprovided from each story by means of vestibules open to the outside onan exterior wall or by means of balconies over-hanging an exterior wallbut not subject to severe fire exposure. Every such vestibule, balcony orlanding shall have an unobstructed length not less than the combinedrequired width of exit doors opening upon such balcony or landing andshall be directly open to a street, alley or yard or to an enclosed courtopen at the top and not less than fifteen(15) feet in width and six hun. dred (600) square feet in area.Access from the building to vestibules or balconies and to the en-closure shall be through doorways not less than thirty (30) inches widenor less than seventy-five (75) inches in clear height. These openingsshall be provided with self-closing fire-doors of not less than one-hourfire-resistive construction, as specified in Section 4302, swinging in the direction of exit travel; provided that clear wire glass not exceedingseven hundred and twenty (720) inches in area shall be provided in allsuch doors giving access to the enclosure from the balcony or vestibule. Where locks or latches are provided they shall be of an approved pres-30

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sure-release type and shall be so designed as to provide access from thebuilding at every floor and roof level.Stairways of smokeproof towers shall provide continuous uniformegress from the roof and all stories to street grade. Egress shall be pro-vided at the ground floor level either directly or through a passagewaynot less than forty-four (44) inches in clear width and eight (8) feetin clear height to a street, yard or alley not less than ten (10) feet inwidth. The walls of such passageway shall be of not less than four-hourfire-resistive construction and the ceiling and floor of not less than two-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Chapter 43. The walls ofany such passageway shall be unpierced throughout their entire length. (4) Location. Every smokeproof tower required by this Code shallbe located so as to furnish the best means of egress for the occupants ofthe building and access shall be provided thereto by means of a publicroom, public hall or passageway not less than thirty-six (36) inches inclear width and in no case shall access thereto be through another apart-ment, guest room, office or private room of any nature.Sec. 3316. OUTSIDE STAIRWAYS. Outside stairways of the re-turn platform or straight run type may be used as a required means ofexit for buildings not exceeding three (3) stories or fifty-five (55) feetin height but in no case shall such stairways constitute more than fifty(50) per cent of the required exit capacity. All outside stairways shall be located so as to lead directly to a street or alley or to a yard directlyconnected with a street or alley.The stairways, landings, platforms and balconies shall be constructedas specified for stairways in this Chapter, except that they shall be ofincombustible materials throughout; provided that stairways serving onlythe second floor may be constructed of combustible material, except inNo. 1 Fire Zone. Structural metal shall be not less than one-quarter(1/4) inch thick and shall be so framed as to permit ready access forinspection and painting. All windows and other openings adjacent tosuch stairways shall be provided with fixed metal covered sash and frames and wire glass or be provided with shutters or doors of one-hourfire-resistive construction as specified in Chapter 43.No part of any such outside stairway shall be within ten (10) feetof a lot line which does not form the boundary of a street or alley.CHAPTER 34.DOORS, WINDOWS AND SKYIGHTS.Sec. 3401. DOORS AND WINDOWS. Fire doors where requiredshall be as specified in Section 4304. All such doors shall be self-closingand if not kept normally closed shall be arranged to close automaticallywith the fusing of an approved fusible link.Windows required to have metal frames shall be constructed eitherof steel or wrought iron rolled shapes or of hollow galvanized sheet iroanas specified in Section 4304.231

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PLATE GLASS WINDOWS. Plate glass windows, except minortra facing on public streets or arcades, set in any first floor exter-ior wall, s be not less than one-fourth (%I") inch in thickness, shallbe not more th ninety-one (91) square feet (maximum of eighty-four(84") inches in hei and one hundred and fifty-six (156") inches inlength) in size without a oved division bars, and shall be set in ap-proved non-corrosive metal set If wood sill is used it shall be cov-ered with the same approved qua of non-corrosive metal, side railsshall be securely fastened with noncorr ve screws into side jambs ofnot less than one and one-eighth by three d one-half (l/ax3t") ninches and such jambs shall be securely fastene the masonry wall Mwith not less than three-eighth (%") inch expansion or approved asteel screw nails, not more than four (4) feet apart, an hen such .jambs are attached to wood members they shall be securely na orbolted in an approved manner. For floors above first floor these requirements may be increasedat the discretion of the Building Inspector.When wire glass is required, it shall mean glass the thickness ofwhich at the thinnest point shall not be less than one-fourth (1) ofan inch and in which a wire netting is embedded. Wire glass shallbe set with putty and metal stops.GUARD RAILS. Except in dwellings, all windows above thethird (3rd) flood line, the window stools shall not be less than three (3)feet above finished floor, provided however, that stools may be lessthan specified above if approved metal guard rails are placed across windows. Guard rails not less than three (3) feet above finished floorshall be provided for all other openings which do not open on balconies, porches or platforms, in accordance with Section 3501.Every window in every building more than three (3) stories in height shall be equipped with approved device or devices which shallpermit cleaning of the exterior of windows without danger to person orpersons cleaning such windows; such devices to be of such patternand construction as will reasonably and safely answer the purpose forwhich they are intended; provided, however, that if windows are ofsuch construction that they may be easily cleaned from the inside ofthe building, they need not be equipped with such devices.STORM SHUTTERS. All buildings now existing or hereaftererected shall be required to have approved storm shutters, capable ofwithstanding a wind pressure of at least thirty (30) pounds per squarefoot, for openings on that portion of the building facing public streetsor other public places, as a protection to the public from flying debrisduring windstorms; the construction and anchorage of which shall beapproved by the Building Inspector. See page 312Suitable place for storage of these shutters shall be provided onthe premises or any place of easy access where they may be trans-ported to the site within a reasonable time after notification of an im-pending windstorm.232

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It is not the intent of this Section to require that minor windowopenings, or solid doors which are provided with substantial bolting,or standard windows in a high and inaccessible place not readilyreached from the ground level, to be so protected; however, large win-dows, plate glass windows, and openings of similar character shall beprotected especially in business areas where the public gathers fortransaction of business and where the preservation of such structuresis deemed essential for the public good.It is not the intent of this Section to require residences of Group I Occupancy or other minor buildings in areas outside of businesscenters, to be so protected; however, such protection is recommended asa preservation for the structure and a safeguard against flying debrisduring such windstorms.Sec. 3402. SKYLIGHTS. All skylights constructed with metalframes shall be substantially built with interlocking seams. All sky-lights, the glass of which is set at an angle of less than forty-five (45)degrees from the horizontal, if located above the first story, shall beset at least one (1) foot above the roof. The curbs on which theskylight rests shall be constructed as required for inner court walls orfor masonry.When wire glass is required for skylights the size shall not exceedseven hundred and twenty (720) square inches in area or forty-eight(48) inches in any dimension in any one panel. All glass in skylightsshall be wire glass, except that skylights over vertical shafts extending through two or more stories shall be glazed with plain glass as speci-fied in this Section; provided, that wire glass may be used if ventila-tion equal to not less than onie-eighth (%) the cross sectional area ofthe shaft, but never less than four (4) feet, is provided at the top ofsuch shaft.Any glass not wire glass shall be protected above and below witha screen constructed of galvanized wire not smaller than No. 12 B.and S. gauge with a mesh not larger than one (1) inch. The screenshall be substantially supported below the glass.Skylights installed for the use of photographers may be constructed of galvanized metal frames and plate glass without wirenetting.Skylights in foundries or buildings in which acid fumes are pres-ent as an incident to the occupancy of the building, may be of wood,by special permission of the Building Inspector.Ordinary glass may be used in the roofs and skylights for greenhouses, provided the height of the greenhouse at the ridge does notexceed twenty (20) feet above the grade. The use of wood in theframes of skylights will be permitted in greenhouses outside of FireZones No. 1 and 2, if the height of the skylight does not exceed twenty (20) feet above the grade, but in other cases galvanized metal framesand galvanized metal sash bars shall be used.Glass used for the transmission of light, if placed in floors or283

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sidewalks, shall be supported by metal or reinforced concrete frames,and such glass shall be not less than one-half (%) inch in thickness.Any such glass over sixteen (16) square inches in area, shall havewire mesh embedded in the same or shall be provided with a galvanizedwire screen underneath as specified for skylights in this Section. Allportions of the floor lights or sidewalk lights shall be of the samestrength as is required by the Code for floor or sidewalk construction, except in cases where the floor is surrounded by a railing not lessthan three feet and six inches (3'-6") in height, in which case the con-struction shall be calculated for not less than skylight loads.PROTECTION OF SKYLIGHTS AND ROOFS. Where walls arecarried up above the roofs of adjoining buildings, proper means shall beprovided and used by the person erecting the walls for the protectionof the skylights and roofs of such adjoining buildings.Should the owner of such adjoining building refuse permissionto have his roofs and skylights protected, such refusal shall be reportedin writing to the Building Inspector, and it shall then be the duty ofthe owner refusing such permission to make his skylights and roofssafe at his own expense. Such refusal by said owner shall relievethe owner or person erecting the building from any responsibility fordamage done to persons or property on or within the premises affected.CHAPTER 35.BAYS AND BALCONIESSec. 3501. CONSTRUCTION. Construction of walls and floorsin bay and oriel windows shall conform to the construction allowedfor exterior walls and floors of the Type of construction of the buildingto which they are attached. The roof covering of a bay or oriel win-dow shall conform to the requirements for roofing of the main roofof the building.All exterior balconies attached to or supported by masonry wallsshall have brackets or beams constructed of wire, steel, concrete orother incombustible material. All railings for balconies or porchesshall be not less than three feet and six inches (3'-6") in height abovethe floor ot such balcony or porch. Balconies or porches shall bedesigned to support, in addition to their own weight, a live load of notlees than one hundred (100) pounds per square foot. Railings of bal-conies shall be designed to support a horizontal thrust of not less thantwenty (20) pounds per lineal foot of railing uniformly distributedalong its length.234

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CHAPTER 36.PENTHOUSES AND ROOF STRUCTURESSec. 3601. PENTHOUSES AND ROOF STRUCTURES. Bulk-heads or penthouses, when used only for the purpose of enclosing stair-cases on roofs, elevator machinery, water-tanks, ventilating apparatus,exhaust chambers or other machinery need not be considered in deter-mining the height of the building.No penthouse or other projection above the roof shall exceedtwenty-eight (28) feet in height above the roof when used as an en-closure for tanks or for elevators which run to the roof and in allother cases shall not extend more than twelve (12) feet in height abovethe roof. The aggregate area of all penthouses and other roof struc-tures shall not exceed twenty (20) per cent of the area of the roof. No penthouse, bulkhead or any other similar projection above the roofshall be used for manufacturing, business, habitation, offices or storage,except that they shall be permitted to be used for the making of blue-prints, photographic prints, for scientific observation, or summer houses;when used for private dwellings, they shall be considered as a floorof the building and such height shall then be computed in determiningthe allowable height of the building.Roof structures of Type I buildings shall be constructed with floors,walls and roof as required for the main portion of the building.Walls of roof structures parallel to and within four (4) feet ofthe exterior wall of Type II or III buildings shall be constructed thesame as the exterior wall of the story immediately below. Such wallshall project two (2) feet above the roof and two (2) feet beyond the sides of such roof structures, except that the side projection shall notbe required when the adjoining side walls are of masonry. Wallsother than those occurring within four (4) feet of an exterior wall on Type II or III buildings shall be of not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction. The restrictions of this paragraph shall notprohibit the placing of wood flagpoles or similar structures on the roofof any building.1. Supporting members of tanks installed in or on all new orexisting buildings shall be designed and constructed instrict conformity to the design regulations of this Code.2. In or near the bottom of each tank there shall be a pipeor outlet of adequate size, fitted with a suitable gate valve,to permit ready drainage of the tank in case of necessity.3. Coverings of tanks on roofs shall be of metal and shallbe securely fastened down. Hoops of wooden tanks shallbe of metal having circular cross section, and shall beequipped with take up turn buckles.Sec. 3602. TOWERS AND SPIRES. Towers or spires when en-closed shall have exterior walls as required for the building to whichthey are attached. Towers not enclosed and which extend more thanseventy-five (75) feet above grade shall have their framework con-235

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structed of iron, steel or reinforced concrete. No tower or spire shalloccupy more than one-fourth (1) of the street frontage of any build-ing to which it is attached and in no case shall the base area exceedsixteen hundred (1,600) square feet unless conforming entirely to theType of Construction requirements of the building to which it is at-tached and being limited in height as a main part of the building. Ifthe area of the tower or spire exceeds one hundred (100) square feetat any horizontal cross section its supporting frame shall extend di-rectly to the ground. The roof covering of spires shall be as requiredfor the main roof of the rest of the structure.Skeleton towers used as wireless masts and placed on the rpof ofany building shall be constructed entirely of incombustible materialsand shall be directly supported on an incombustible framework to theground. They shall be designed to withstand a wind load from anydirection as specified in Section 2307 in addition to any other loads.CHAPTER 37.CHIMNEYS AND HEATING APPARATUSSec. 3701. CHIMNEYS. Chimneys shall be constructed in con-formity with "A Standard Ordinance for Chimney Construction" rec-ommended by the National Board of Fire Underwriters, Fifth Edition,revised 1935 or as subsequently revised, except as specified in this Chapter. All chimneys shall be designed in accordance with the Engi-neering Section of this Code.The walls of all chimneys whether used for appliances using coal,coke, wood, gas or oil shall be built of brick, concrete, stone, hollowtile or clay or concrete or of concrete blocks; provided, that a metalsmokestack as specified in Section 3702 may be used.Flue linings shall be made of fire clay or other suitable refrac-tory clays adapted to withstand reasonably high temperatures and fluegases and shall have a softening point not lower than nineteen hun-dred and ninety-four (1994) degrees Fahrenheit. Flue linings shall benot less than five-eighths (5/%) of an inch in thickness and shall be built in as the outer walls of the chimney are constructed. All jointsand spaces between the masonry and lining shall be thoroughly slushedand grouted full as each course of masonry is laid. Cracked, brokenor otherwise defective linings shall not be used. Flue linings shallstart from a point not less than eight (8) inches below the center lineof smoke pipe intakes or in the case of fireplaces from the apex of thesmoke chamber and shall be continuous to a point not less than six (6) inches above the enclosing walls.Exceptions: Flue linings may be omitted in brick chimneysfor residence buildings provided the walls of the chimneys are notless than eight (8) inches thick and that the inner course shall beof fire brick with a fire resistance equal to that required for fluelinings.236

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,IB UICK AID FIAT FW3 LINIl49BD BRICE RED BRIMAMIELPLAN SSFILLFON GRADS .R.CORI.1 IS"I1 -"L 00TILCTION DOTO WAYSLLILTIK FIRPLACEMATERIAL METAL PLATbPO 0BRICK FRIKOFORM IN R 2'N RORIMDS CLI T n cB40SILLSTBOTll DAYEATILATOR PIR LAC AD AN LET I .APP i'HIO AD PIROPLAC COISTWSCTIO REI WCSSL236A

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PLANBLOCK CHIgIT MN 9" BLOCKAND FILLPIBRICK O 1/6"oc BOTH WAYSormB CEA OUT 6"oo BOTB WAYS8ECTIOWCOCRETb BLOCK PIRPLACESI3 BRICK .ID I rIR1 BRICKLAID FIWETERIOR W I OR INTERIORRR uFOR 0HIIRr IN COWCRBTE BLOCE WALL -INTIRIOR OR ETERIORDTAILOCIMEE AND FPIRPLACE COMTWCTIOW236B

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The walls of brick chimneys shall be not less than eight (8) inchesthick and shall be lined except as provided above. All brick workshall be laid with full mortar joints and shall be struck smooth whereexposed to the weather. No mortar lining shall be permitted. Brickset on edge shall not be permitted in chimney construction.Concrete chimneys cast in place shall be suitably reinforced ver-tically and horizontally. The walls shall be not less than eight (8)inches thick and shall have a flue lining as specified in this Section.Hollow blocks or building tile of clay or concrete shall not beused for the walls of an independent chimney but may be used for chimneys built in connection with exterior party walls of hollow unitsfor buildings not exceeding three (3) stories in height, provided theyshall be lined as specified above. The outer eight (8) inches of sucha wall may serve as the outside wall of the chimney. Chimneys shall extend at least three (3) feet above flat roofs andnot less than two (2) feet above the ridge of gable and hip roofs orthe high point of mansards nearest thereto.Chimneys shall be built upon solid masonry or reinforced con-crete foundations properly proportioned to carry the weight imposedwithout settlement or cracking. The chimney shall carry no load ex-cept its own weight and such load shall be transmitted to the founda-tion in such manner as to prevent the shearing or falling .off of anypart of the chimney.Flues shall be built as nearly vertical as possible and in no caseat an angle greater than thirty (30) degrees from the vertical.When any single flue has an effective area exceeding two hun-dred (200) square inches the wall shall be not less than eight (8)inches thick and shall have flue lining as specified in this section,except that when flues become too large for fire clay flue lining suchflues shall be lined with fire brick for a distance at least twenty-five(25) feet from the point of intake.There shall be but one connection to a flue irrespective of whetherthe fuel used be coal, coke, wood or oil. Ordinary and low pressureheating devices burning solid fuels shall have a minimum effectiveflue area of not less than the following, and such area shall be pro-vided by a flue having its short dimensions not less than two-thirds(2/3) the long dimensions.Small special stoves and heaters..... sq. inchesStoves, ranges and heaters... -. .sq. ichesFireplaces (at least 1/12 the fireplace bpening)-4"._0 sq. inchesWarm Air furnaces, steam and hot water boilers.....70 sq. inchesAll flues to which large ranges, heating furnaces, boilers, automaticgas water heaters or fireplaces are to be connected shall be subjectedto a smoke test before acceptance but the test shall not be made untilthe mortar has thoroughly seasoned. Such test shall be made by themason contractor in the presence of the Building Inspector.Sec. 3702. SMOKESTACKS. Masonry smokestacks (whether237

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radial or of other shapes) constructed for high temperatures, Incinera.tors, Boilers, Power Plants and other heavy industrial uses shall conformto a recognized Engineering Standard for such construction for the par-ticular use intended, shall conform to the requirements of Chapter 23 ofthis Code for wind stresses and to the Engineering Sections of this Codefor masonry, and shall comply with the requirements of Chapter 28of this Code as to foundation and soil loading.Steel or iron smokestacks may be used in place of brick chimneysspecified in Section 3701, in which case the thickness of the metalshall be not less than one-fourth (1) of an inch. Such stacks whenused for manufacturing, high pressure boilers, furnaces or othersimilar heating or manufacturing appliances shall be lined with firebrick for a distance of not less than twenty-five (25) feet from theplace where the smoke pipe enters and shall be protected on the out-side up to and through the roof of the building with eight (8) inchesof masonry or a metal shield which provides an eight (8) inch venti-lated air space between such shield and the steel or iron stack; pro-vided, that a metal smokestack when located inside of a vent shafthaving masonry enclosing walls not less than eight (8) inches thick andhaving an air space between the walls and the stack on all sides mayhave such masonry or metal shield protection omitted when placed out-side of the building.SMOKESTACKS SUPPORTS. All stacks shall be properly guyedwhen the height of the stack exceeds ten (10) times its least diameter.Guys to be secured to three way split collar on stack. At least oneround turn on collar bolt and twisted back on standing part of wire with loose end secured by clamp. Wire not less than one-quarter (14)inch pliable stranded of good quality. Bottom end of wire at deadmanequipped with setup turn buckle. SMOKESTACK CONSTRUCTION. Smokestacks constructed of notless than number ten (10) U. S. Gauge steel, with either welded orriveted joints, may be mounted directly upon industrial, heating and/orpower boilers which are designed to support the stack load. A clear-ance of not less than six (6) inches shall be maintained at all timesaround such smokestacks and any inflammable material within twelve(12) inches of such smokestacks shall be protected by one-fourth (/)of an inch of asbestos covered by sheet metal.Stacks not more than twelve (12) inches in diameter and nothigher than fifteen (15) feet shall be constructed of not less thantwenty (20) gauge U. S. Standard Sheet iron. Stacks larger thantwelve (12) inches in diameter and not higher than thirty (30) feetshall be constructed of not less than sixteen (16) gauge U. S. StandardSheet iron.Sec. 3703. GAS VENTS. Gas furnaces, gas water heaters andother gas appliances shall be vented, and in lieu of the chimney re-quired in Section 3701, be provided with a vent of unglazed fire clayor concrete tile pipe not less than one-half ('A) inch in thickness andhaving a sleeve or flange not more than twenty-four (24) inches apart238

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and at every joint in such vent pipe. Such sleeves or flanges shallproject at least three-fourths (s/) of an inch beyond the outer surfaceof the joint and shall securely join the section of such vent and alljoints shall be well cemented. The sleeves or flanges shall be securelyattached to the portions of the building or structure adjoining suchvents and act as a spacer to provide an air space around such vent,or such vent may be entirely enclosed in a galvanized iron pipe with such sleeves or flanges separating the outer pipe at least one-half (1)inch from the clay or concrete vent. The area of any flue or vent shallbe not less than the area of the largest vent connection inlet plusfifty (50) per cent of the areas of all other additional inlets, pro-vided that no gas flue or vent shall have an area of less than twelve(12) square inches and shall be not less than two (2) inches in anyinternal dimension. No vent connection inlet shall be located at the bottom or within one (1) foot of the bottom of any gas vent, andany two (2) inlets must be offset or staggered so that it will be im-possible for any horizontal plane to pass through any part of both inlets.ASBESTOS VENT PIPING. In place of unglazed fire clay or con-crete tile pipe an asbestos flue pipe approved by the National Board ofFire Underwriters may be used, either round or oval. The round fluepipe shall be tapered at both ends, and all fittings tapered on all lagsso that any two pieces may be joined together by the use of a taperedcoupling. For oval flue pipes the joints shall be formed with an ovalcoupling, which provides a space of three-sixteenths (3/16) inchesfor cementing. An approved flue pipe cement shall be used for alltypes of joints.GAS VENTS. A single galvanized or copper bearing metal ventconnection exposed to view in a room throughout its entire length maybe used to connect the appliance to the vent. Such metal vent con-nection shall be not less in diameter than the connection on the appli-ance and shall be maintained not less than six (6) inches distant fromany combustible portion of the building or the combustible materialshall be protected by not less than one-hour fire-resistive constructionas specified in Chapter 43.Every portion of a vent connection shall have a rise of not lessthan one (1) inch to the foot from the appliance to the chimney andthe length of such connection shall be no greater than the height of thevent from the point at which the vent connection enters to the top ofthe vent.Every vent shall extend in as nearly a vertical direction as possibleand be continuous from the gas appliance to the outside of the buildingand extend at least two (2) feet above any portion of the roof within fifteen (15) feet of said vent.No vent connection connected to any gas appliance having pilotprovision for automatic or remote control, shall be connected to anychimney flue which is used as a smoke flue for any stove, boiler,heater or other apparatus designed to burn wood, coal, oil or any fuelother than gas unless such pilot provision is so designed that the sup-239

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ply of gas to the main burners in connection therewith will be automatically shut off when combustion of gas is not taking place at thepilot.Sec. 3704. PATENT CHIMNEYS. Patent chimneys may be used,except for fireplaces, when complying with the requirements of thisSection.All patent chimneys shall be constructed with a flue lining enclosedin a metal outer casing which is so arranged as to provide not lessthan a one (1) inch air space between the flue lining and the casing.The flue lining shall be made of fire clay or suitable refractory claysadapted to withstand reasonably high temperatures and flue gases, shallhave a softening point not lower than nineteen hundred and ninety-four(1994) degrees Fahrenheit and shall be not less than one (1) inchin thickness. Such chimneys shall be built up from the floor levelon which they are used and in no case shall a stove pipe enter thebottom of a patent chimney nor shall such chimneys be used for fire-places.When such chimneys are erected on the outside of a building theyshall be supported by a substantial iron bracket attached to the studsor framework of the building with through bolts. When erected onthe inside of a building such patent chimneys shall be provided witha smokeproof clean-out of approved design at or near the floor. Thefloor on which they are placed shall be protected by not less than eight(8) inches of masonry or terra cotta set on a one-fourth (1/i) inchmetal plate. Partitions enclosing patent chimneys shall have an opening opposite the clean-out on the chimney for the purpose of cleaning theflue. All patent chimneys shall be built plumb and without bends.All joints in such chimneys shall be made with cement mortar andthe bands covering the joints shall be of not less than twenty-four (24)U. S. Gauge galvanized iron. All patent chimneys shall be bracedevery six (6) feet in their height by not less than sixteen (16) gaugewire secured to the chimney by locks or collars and extending in atleast three (3) directions. Not more than two inlets for smoke pipes will be permitted in anypatent chimney. When only one inlet is provided the flue shall benot less than six (6) inches in diameter and shall be not less than eight(8) inches in diameter where two inlets are provided. All galvanized iron used for the casing of patent chimneys shall be of twenty-four (24) U. S. Gauge riveted together with rivets not(f more than three (3) inches apart or seamed and with such seamssecured with rivets at the top and bottom of each section. There shallbe not less than one (1) inch clearance between the chimney and thecasing at all points and such casing shall be ventilated by not lessthan six (6), one (1) inch boles punched near the top of the chimneyabove the roof so as to permit the escape of hot air.Sec. 3705. SMOKE PIPES AND THIMBLES. All smoke pipes240

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shall be as short and straight as possible. Smoke pipes for furnaces, boilers or apparatus burning solid or liquid fuel shall be constructedof black iron of not less than twenty-four (24) U. S. Gauge or masonryand shall fit tightly into the chimney. Galvanized iron shall not beused.Smoke pipes shall enter the side of chimneys through a fire clayor metal thimble or a flue-ring of masonry. The top of smoke pipeintakes shall be set not less than eighteen (18) inches below sheetmetal ceilings, wood lath and plaster or exposed wood framing. Neitherthe intake pipe nor the thimble shall project into the flue. No wood-work shall be placed within six (6) inches of the thimble. When asmoke pipe enters a chimney breast through a studded off chimneypartition the thimble shall be kept six (6) inches clear of all wood-work.Sec. 3706. FIREPLACES. All fireplace walls shall be not lessthan eight (8) inches thick and if built of stone or hollow units shall be not less than twelve (12) inches thick. The faces of all such mini-mum thickness walls exposed to fire shall be lined with fire brick, soapstone, cast iron or other suitable fire-resistive material. When linedwith four (4) inches of fire brick such lining may be included in the required minimum thickness. All fireplaces shall be connected to aregulation chimney as specified in Section 3701.All fireplaces and chimney breasts shall have trimmer arches orother approved fire-resistive construction supporting hearths. Thearches and hearths shall be not less than twenty (20) inches widemeasured from the face of the chimney breast and not less than (12)inches wider than the fireplace opening on each side. The archesshall be of brick, stone or hollow tile not less than (4) inchesthick. A flat stone or reinforced concrete slab may be used to carrythe hearth instead of an arch if it be properly supported and a suit-able fill provided between it and the hearth. Hearths shall be of brick,stone, tile or concrete. Wood centering under a trimmer arch shall beremoved after the masonry has thoroughly set.False fireplaces for gas or electrical heaters shall not be con-structed in imitation of fireplaces unless complying with all the re-quirements for fireplaces. Gas and electrical space heaters may be installed in recesses not more than six (6) inches in depth, providedthe entire recess is constructed of incombustible material. Such re-cesses shall be labeled by means of a metal plate bearing the words"For Gas and Electrical Appliances Only."No heater burning solid or liquid fuel shall be placed in a fireplace which does not comply with the requirements of this Section.No such heaters shall be connected to a gas vent flue. No wood shallbe placed within eight (8) inches of the jambs or within twelve (12)inches of the top or arch of any fireplace opening. Sec. 3707. WARM AIR FURNACES. Warm air furnaces de-signed to burn solid or liquid fuel shall be encased in a double metalshield with an air space between and shall be protected with at least241

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thse (3) inches of sand on top and shall rest on masonry or concretefloors. No wood partitions shall be built within seven (7) feet ofthe front of four (4) feet of the sides of the outer shield of suchfurnaces, but the distance to the partitions at the side may be reducedto two (2) feet if they are covered with sheet metal or asbestos paperof not less than one quarter ('/) inch in thickness with the edgesand joints covered with twenty-six (26) U. S. gauge galvanized iron,or metal lath and cement plaster. The distance from the top shield ofsuch furnace to any ceiling or framing of wood above shall be not lessthan twenty-four (24) inches unless such wood ceiling or framing isprotected with not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction.Every furnace designed to burn solid or liquid fuel shall set upona masonry floor or be placed on a bed of not less than four (4) inchesof masonry, and every portion thereon including the smokepipe shall beat least two (2) feet from any combustible material or such combustiblematerial shall be protected by a covering of number twenty-four (24) U. S. gauge galvanized iron, furred with metal furring not less thanone and one-half (11) inches from such combustible construction,or shall be entirely covered by one-hour fire-resistive construction.Any such furnace set in brick shall be completely and tightly coveredwith at least four (4) inches of brick, concrete, tile, sand or a combi-nation of such materials. Every such furnace shall be connected to aregulation chimney as specified in Section 3701.Every gas furnace other than single pipe floor furnaces shall beset in a furnace room upon a masonry floor or shall be set upon notless than (2) inches of masonry on asbestos board not less than one-half (') inch in thickness covered with No. 20 U. S. Standard Gaugegalvanized iron or steel. The top of such furnace shall be not lessthan nine (9) inches from protected combustible material nor less thaneighteen (18) inches from unprotected combustible material. Gas fur-naces shall not be installed in any location inaccessible for inspectionand repair. An opening or door not less than thirty by thirty-six(30"x36") inches shall be provided for access to the room or space in which any gas furnace is installed.Every such furnace shall be vented into a regulation chimney asspecified in Section 3701 or as provided in Section 3703.An air supply for combustion shall be provided for every warmair furnace. Such supply shall be from outside the building into thefurnace space through one or more openings. Such openings shall have a net area of not less than four hundred (400) square inches. Noobstructions of any kind shall be placed over such openings except wire netting with openings not less than one-half (%) inch square.Air used for conveying heat and for ventilation may be taken fromoutside the building, from inside the building or from both sources.Where such air is taken from inside the building or from bothinside and outside the building it shall be conducted to the furnace bymeans of ducts of incombustible material.The floor of the furnace room shall be not less than seven (7)242

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feet in the clear below the bottom of the lowest joists of any floorunder which lateral heat pipes from the furnace or furnaces are taken;where furnace is located in an enclosed furnace room, ceiling in suchroom shall be protected by not less than one-hour fire-resistive con-struction. Where furnace is located in an open basement or cellar,the ceiling immediately over the furnace and not less than three (3)feet on all sides, shall be protected by not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction.Sec. 3708. LOW PRESSURE STEAM HEATING PLANTS.Steam hot water heating plants, for not more than fifteen (15) poundspressure, and hot water heaters using solid or liquid fuel, shall restupon masonry or reinforced concrete floors and shall be protected onthe outside by asbestos. The clearance of wooden partitions, ceilingsand other combustible materials shall be the same as given for warmair furnaces.Sec. 3709. BOILERS. Large boilers for power or steam purposesor for generating high pressure steam shall be so located that no woodor other combustible material shall be less than five (5) feet fromthe top or sides or ten (10) feet from the front of such apparatusand all combustible material less than ten (10) feet from the top orsides or less than twenty (20) feet from the front shall be protectedwith at least four (4) inches of concrete, brick or other similar in-combustible material and shall be well ventilated to prevent the tem-perature rising above one hundred and twenty-five (125) degreesFahrenheit. Steel, cast iron or concrete columns adjacent to suchboilers shall not be in direct contact with furnace setting but thereshall be an open unobstructed space at least four (4) inches wide forventilation.Sec. 3710. STOVES. All stoves used for heating, cooking orlaundry purposes using solid or liquid fuel shall have all combustiblepartitions in back of and extending not less than twelve (12) inchesbeyond each side of such stove protected by not less than one-hourfire-resistive construction as specified in Chapter 43. Such stoves shallbe securely supported at least twelve (12) inches above any wood floorsby metal supports and there shall be a metal and asbestos pad at leastthree-eighths (%) of an inch thick below such stove extending at leastsix (6) inches beyond each side and at least twelve (12) inches infront of such stove. Such stoves shall not be placed nearer than six(6) inches to any combustible partition.All such stoves shall be connected by a smoke pipe to a chimneymeeting the requirements as specified in Section 3701. Sec. 3711. GAS RANGES, DOMESTIC WATER HEATERS ANDHOT PLATES. Gas ranges, domestic hot water heaters and hot platesshall be supported at least six (6) inches above any wood floor orother combustible material and where burners are not provided with ashield below, the wood or other combustible material shall be protectedwith a double metal shield and with a one (1) inch air space betweenor with a one-half (I/) inch pad of metal and asbestos. Combustible243

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partitions or walls within six (6) inches of any such appliance shallbe protected by one-fourth ('/) of an inch of asbestos covered with atwenty-six (26) gauge metal covering or shall have not less than a one-hourfire-resistive protection as specified in Chapter 43. Wood ceilings orother combustible materials shall be at least three (3) feet above suchinstallation. The oven of ranges and all water heaters shall be con-nected to a vent pipe meeting the requirements of Section 3702 or toa regulation chimney as specified in Section 3701.Sec. 3712. GAS RANGES FOR RESTAURANTS AND HOTELS.Gas ranges for restaurants, bakeries or hotels shall be supported atleast six (6) inches above any wood floor and if less than twelve (12)inches above the floor, the wood shall be protected by a metal shieldor such ranges may rest on a steel and masonry support. Such rangesshall not be placed nearer to any wood partitions or other combustiblematerial than six (6) inches and if nearer than twelve (12) inches,such partitions shall be protected with a metal or asbestos shield.The distance from any such range to any wood ceiling or other com-bustible material above shall not be less than twelve (12) inches; andif less than three (3) feet, the ceiling or combustible material aboveshall be protected with a double metal shield with one (1) inch airspace between or with one (1) inch of metal lath and Portland cementplaster or one (1) inch of asbestos. Hood and ventilating flues fromsuch ranges may be of sheet metal or masonry and if of sheet metal shallbe protected from all wood or other combustible materials by four (4)inches of concrete, gypsum or terra cotta tile or an eight (8) inch airspace and a metal shield. Such ventilating flues shall not be carriedthrough wood floors or up combustible partitions unless protected byat least four (4) inches of masonry or concrete.Sec. 3713. OIL BURNERS. Stoves, furnaces and other heating orpower apparatus in which oil burners are installed shall be constructedand erected as required for similar apparatus using solid fuelOil burning apparatus using commercial fuel oil, furnace oil, dieseloil or other inflammable liquids shall be constructed and installed incompliance with the regulations of the National Board of Fire Under-writers for the construction and installation of Oil Burning Equipmentsand for the Storage and uses of Oil Fuels in connection therewithrecommended by the National Fire Protection Association, Edition of1928, and its subsequent amendments.Sec. 3714. OTHER SOURCES OF HEAT. Other sources of heatand flame not specifically mentioned herein shall be constructed andso protected as to prevent heating any wood or other combustible ma-terial used in the construction of floors, ceilings, partitions or otherparts of a building, to a temperature of over one hundred and twentyfive (125) degrees Fahrenheit, when in full operation, and shall beso constructed as not to be liable to undue corrosion or deteriorationand not subject to accidental overturn or other disarrangement con-ducive to dangerous conditions.See. 3715. WARM AIR DUCTS AND APPURTENANCES. For244

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gravity systems no leader heat pipes shall be over twenty (20) feet in length measured horizontally, except where a booster fan is installed,when such length shall not exceed forty (40) feet. All such pipesunder first floor joists shall have a uniform rise of at least one (1)inch per lineal foot of horizontal run. Warm air pipes and appur-tenances serving first floor rooms shall hav a minimum cross sectionalarea in square inches of not less than the cubic foot capacity of theroom or rooms in which registers are located, divided by forty (40);provided, that no leader pipe shall have a net area less than fifty (50)square inches. Risers and appurtenances serving floors above the firstfloor shall have a net area of not less than two-thirds (2/3) that re-quired to serve the first floor.Registers shall be located in or near the wall of the room nearestthe furnace. No register shall be located in outside walls except incases of absolute necessity. Where double registers are supplied by oneleader pipe each register shall have a capacity of not less than two-thirds (2/3) the area of the leader pipe. When necessary to installappurtenances in an outside wall at least the weather side shall becovered with air-cell asbestos paper.Ninety (90) degree bends in round pipes shall be made by notless than four (4) piece elbows. Sixty (60) degree bends shall bemade by means of not less than three (3) piece elbows. All warmair pipes and fittings, cold air or recirculating pipes, ducts, boxes andfittings, shall be made of bright tin or galvanized iron. WARM AIR DUCTS AND APPURTENANCES. All such appur-tenances except leader heat pipes under the first floor shall be cov-ered with two thicknesses of asbestos paper weighing at least eight(8) pounds to one hundred (100) square feet or with air-cellasbestos insulation, or shall be double walled with a one-fourth (1)inch space between the inner and outer walls. Horizontal warm air pipes shall be kept at least three (3) inches from any combustiblematerial or shall be protected with an asbestos shield and a one (1) inch air space. Air-cell asbestos paper not less than one-fourth ('4)of an inch in thickness shall be securely cemented around all leadbrpipes.All riser pipes shall be braced or held in place by means of metalstrips securely fastened to the pipe and shall in no case be held inplace by nailing diagonally through the corners of such pipe. Nojoint shall depend wholly upon solder to make it tight. All leaderpipes shall be securely fastened in place by means of wires or metalstrips. In the installation of Y runs or branch runs the cross sectionalarea of the warm air pipe at the furnace shall equal in square inches thecubic contents of all the rooms served by such warm air pipe dividedby forty (40). Sizes of branch runs shall be determined in the samemanner on the basis of the room or rooms served. Branches from trunk lines shall be taken off in a generally horizontal plane at an angle notless than forty-five (45) degrees from the line of the pipe. Fifteen (15)245

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degrees Y branches may be permitted in forced draft systems. Riserpipes shall not be taken off the top of the first floor register boxes. Where warm air pipes and appurtenances are to be installed ina building the joists and studs shall be so arranged as to provide notless than fourteen (14) inches clear space in continuous horizontal runsand/or vertical risers from the gas furnace to the register served.Sec. 3716. INCINERATORS. All incinerators which are built as anintegral part of a building shall have the enclosing walls of the fireboxes or combustion chamber of solid masonry or reinforced concretenot less than eight (8) inches in thickness where the horizontal areadoes not exceed fifteen (15) square feet and not less than twelve (12)inches in thickness where the combustion chamber is of greater area.The inner four (4) inches of such combustion chamber walls shall be offire brick laid in fire clay or cement mortar, except that the wallssurrounding the ash chamber below the fire grate need not be so lined.The inner walls of any combustion chamber shall not be offset inexcess of one (1) inch for every three (3) inches of rise in the height of the wall unless supported by reinforced concrete or structural steel.Chimneys for every incinerator shall be as specified in Section3701.Any incinerator constructed and installed in compliance with therecommended rules and regulations of the National Board of FireUnderwriters for Incinerators as of edition of January 1, 1935, or itssubsequent amendments, or as recommended in the Fifth Edition of theNational Board of Underwriters Building Code or its subsequent amend-ments, shall be accepted as complying with this Section.See. 3717. SOLAR HEATERS. The word or term "Solar" isherein used to indicate all heaters used for gathering heat from thesun for the purpose of heating water. No such solar water heater shallbe erected, constructed, built or placed in the City of Miami whichdoes not conform to the requirements of this Section.Coil boxes shall be made of not less than twenty-four (24) gaugegalvanized iron or other material of equal strength and rust and decayresisting qualities and shall be so constructed that there will be no sagin side and rails when supported; shall be anchored to supports ofat least one and one-quarter by one and one-quarter by one-eighth(l1xl?%x /) inch galvanized angle iron, or other material equal instrength and rust decay resisting qualities. These supports shall befastened to a galvanized metal floor plate and the floor plate shall beanchored to the roof rafters in an approved manner.Tanks shall be galvanized inside and outside, or shall be of someother rust-resisting material and shall be designed to operate under notless than one hundred (100) pound pressure and be tested to 150hydrostatic pressure.Tank supports for floor plates and uprights shall be of galvanized angle iron not less than one and one-half by one and one half by one-eighth (1'lxltx%) inch or some other material and shape of equal246

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strength and rust, fire and decay resisting strength; other supports andbraces shall be of material of similar qualities and strength. Tank boxbase to support tank shall be bolted or attached in an approved manner to the metal tank frame. Tank box base, if made of wood, shall beof at least four (4) pieces of two by four (2x4) inch nominal sizetimbers covered with .at least one (1) inch nominal size stock; andif made of other material, must be rust resisting and of at least equalstrength. Floor on part carrying tank and insulation must be coveredwith thirty-pound felt or its equivalent.All floor plates of coil boxes and tank stands shall be anchoredto frame members with not less than three-eighths (%) inch hot tem-pered galvanized jay bolts or approved equal.All insulation around tank must be at least five (5) inches ofground regranulated cork or its equivalent, tamped in tank box in sucha manner as to lose not more than one degree of heat from tank perhour.Tank box must extend five (5) inches above tank and down each side to a point at least to the top of metal tank supports and shall besecurely fastened to the two-by-fours (2x4) forming tank base. Whereexposed to view, tank box shall be completely covered with galvanizediron lath and cement plaster, or twenty-four (24) gauge galvanized iron,or sixteen (16) ounce copper.'or other approved covering.All existing wooden systems when repaired are required to be re-placed with equivalent equal to the requirements of this Section.Hot and cold water supply pipes installed by Plumbers under the provisions of the Plumbing Code of the City of Miami and its subse-quent amendments, shall be installed to a point above the ceiling joistand adjacent to location of tank box. All connections between tankand heating elements and tank and hot and cold water supply linesspecified in this Section shall be made as one installation under the pro-visions of this Code.CHAPTER 38.FIRE EXTINGUISHING APPARATUSSec. 3801. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS WHERE REQUIRED.Standard Automatic Sprinklers shall be installed as specified in thischapter in the following places and where required by this Code. The mechanical operation and all tests of Sprinkler Systems required by thisCode, shall be under the jurisdiction of the Plumbing Inspector of theCity of Miami, Florida.(1). In cellar or basement of all buildings, except Group I occu-pancies, in Fire Zone No. 1, except where such basement or cellar is247

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separated from the structure above by a concrete slab of at least four(4) inches thickness, provided openings are protected by automaticlabeled fire doors as specified in Section 4304-(a). Such automaticsprinklers shall be required in basements of all buildings in all firezones, regardless of occupancy of fire separation, if such basement isused for storage of inflammable or combustible materials.(2) In buildings of Group A. B and C occupancy; in Motion Pic-ture Booths, under the gridiron, under the stage floor, under all fly andtie galleries, in all dressing rooms, storerooms, property rooms, carpen-ter shops, paint shops, passageways, and all other places back of theproscenium wall, a line of sprinklers shall be installed in the arch of theproscenium opening in front of every proscenium curtain.(3) In all Group E buildings occupied wholly or in part as aplaning mill, box factory, wood working establishment where lumber ismade into a finished product and in which more than two power oper-ated wood working machines, exclusive of saws, are used.(4) In all Group E buildings occupied wholly or in part as a mattress factory used to manufacture, assemble or renovate mattresses orstuffed furniture using cotton, silk floss, mohair or other like materialsfor packing or stuffing.(5) In all Group E buildings used as film exchanges. (Group Ebuildings used for Aircraft Hangars shall comply with the regulationsof the National Board of Fire Underwriters governing the constructionand protection of Airplane Hangars, edition of September 1, 1930, asamended November 15, 1931, and its subsequent amendments).(6) In Group B and C buildings in any enclosed occupied spacebelow or over a stairway, except where the entire construction is asrequired for Type I buildings, and in all portions of basements or cel-lars used for storage or maintenance work rooms.(7) In Group D, Division 2, buildings and Group H, division 2,buildings. if two or more stories in height.See. 3802. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER REQUIREMENTS. Everyautomatic sprinkler system required by this Code shall comply in all re-spects with the regulations of the National Board of Fire Underwritersgoverning the installation of automatic sprinkler equipment, edition of1931, and its subsequent amendments, where not contrary to the specificstatement of this Chapter.EXCEPTIONS: A single water supply equal to the primarysupply required by such regulations may be accepted as complyingwith the requirements of this Code. In no case where connectionto city water main constitutes the source of supply shall such con-nection be less than four (4) inches in diameter. Sprinklers required in paragraph 6 above may be supplied fromthe domestic water system and need not comply with the provisions ofthis section, except as to the pipe sizes and spacing of heads, providedthat where the domestic water supply has a pressure less than twenty-248

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five (25) pounds per square inch, an approved automatic chemical ex-tinguisher may be used in lieu of the sprinkler.Sec. 3803. STANDPIPES WHERE REQUIRED. Every Group A,B and C building of any height and every Group D, E, F, G and Hbuilding four (4) or more stories in height shall be equipped with one(1) or more interior standpipes extending from the cellar or basementinto the topmost story, located to the approval of the Building Inspector;the installation and tests shall be made under the direction of thePlumbing Inspector.Every building four (4) or more stories in height shall be equippedwith one (1) or more standpipes.Sec. 3804. STANDPIPE REQUIREMENTS. Construction. Stand-pipes shall be wrought iron or galvanized steel, or any other approvedmetal and together with fittings and connections shall be of sufficientstrength to safely withstand the pressure to which they may be subjected,when ready for service, without leaking at the joints, valves or fittings,and so installed that the system can be entirely drained; and whenplaced within the front wall of a building, they shall not project be.yond the face of the wall.Tests shall be conducted by the owner or contractor in the presenceof a representative of the Fire Department whenever deemed necessaryand ordered by the Plumbing Inspector. The tests shall be applied atthe top and bottom connections of such standpipes and the owner orcontractor shall be responsible for any damage caused by breakage orfaulty installation while such tests are being conducted. After suchstandpipes have been tested, the owner or contractor shall remove allwater therefrom.Size. Standpipes in buildings exceeding four stories in height shallbe of such a size as to be capable of delivering two hundred and fifty(250) gallons per minute from each of any three (3) outlets simultan-eously under the pressure created by fire engine or pumper. No part ofa standpipe system other than hose connection shall be less than four(4) inches in diameter for four stories in height and for buildings morethan four stories in height, shall be of a size required by the NationalBoard of Fire Underwriters' Code of 1928, and its subsequent amend.ments, governing the installation of size of standpipes;Four inch for buildings not exceeding six (6) stories or seven.ty-five (75) feet in height.Six inch for buildings exceeding six (6) stories or seventy-five(75) feet in height. Any approved formula which determines pipe sizes on a pressuredrop basis may be used to determine pipe sizes for wet standpipe sys-tems. The Plumbing Inspector may require delivery and pressure testson completed standpipe systems before approving such systems, but inno case shall sizes be less than those in above table.Number required. Every building four or more stories in heightwhere the area of any floor above the second floor is ten thousand249

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(10,000) square feet or less shall be equipped with not less than one(1) standpipe and an additional standpipe shall be installed for eachadditional ten thousand (10,000) square feet or fractional part thereof.Location. Standpipe shall be located within stairway enclosures oras near stairways as possible or shall be on the outside of, em-bedded within or immediately inside of an exterior wall and within one(1) foot of an opening in a stairway enclosure or the balcony or vesti-bule or a smokeproof tower or an outside exit stairway.Siamese Connections. All interior standpipes shall be equipped with a Siamese fire department inlet connection located on thestreet front of the building and such connection shall have two (2) inlets for buildings five (5) stories or less in height, three (3) inlets forbuildings six (6) to ten (10) stories inclusive in height, and four (4)inlets for buildings more than ten (10) stories in height."Additional Siamese connections may be required at the discretionof the Plumbing Inspector and the Fire Division Inspector."All Siamese inlet connections shall be located on a street front of thebuilding and not less than one (1) foot nor more than four (4) feetabove the grade and shall be equipped with clapper-checks and sub-stantial plugs. All Siamese inlet connections shall be recessed in thewall or otherwise substantially protected. All Siamese connections shallbe equipped with threads uniform with that used by the local Fire De-partment.OUTLET. All standpipes shall extend from the ground floor toand over the roof and shall be equipped with a two and one-half (2%/)inch outlet with reducers to one and one-half (11) inch for use ofsmall hose, and not more than four (4) feet above the floor level ateach story. All standpipes shall be equipped with a two-way two andone-half (2%) inch outlet above the roof. All outlets shall be equippedwith gate valves with substantial chains.SIGNS. An iron or bronze sign with raised letters at leastone (1) inch in height shall be rigidly attached to the building adja-cent to all Siamese connections and such sign shall read: "CONNEC-TION TO STANDPIPE."Sec. 3805. STANDPIPES REQUIREMENTS DURING CON-STRUCTION. During construction of every building five (5) or more stories in height, where standpipes are required, such standpipes shallbe installed and maintained ready for service to a point not more thanone story below the floor construction.Sec. 3806. Number Required. Standpipes shall be so located thatany portion of the building can be reached therefrom with a hose notexceeding seventy-five (75) feet in length.Location. In Group A, B and C occupancy, outlets shall be located as follows:On each side of the stage, on each side of the rear of the audito-rium and on each side of the rear of the balconies. Where seating capacities are less than five hundred (500) the number of locations250

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noted above may be reduced upon the approval of the Building Inspec-tor. In buildings of Group D, E, F, G, H, I and J the location of allinterior wet standpipes shall be approved by the Building Inspector.Threads. All hose threads in connection with the installation ofsuch standpipes, including valves and reducing fittings, shall be uniformwith that used by the local fire department. Water Supplies. All interior standpipes shall be connected to astreet water main of not less than four (4) inches in diameter or whenthe water pressure is insufficient to maintain thirty pounds (30) pres-sure at the highest hose outlet, such standpipe shall be connected to apressure tank, gravity tank or fire pump. Such supply shall be suf-ficent to furnish at least thirty (30) pounds pressure at the topmoststandpipe outlet.When more than one (1) interior standpipe is required in thebuilding, such standpipes shall be connected at their tops by pipes ofequal size.Pressure and Gravity Tanks. Tanks shall have a capacity sufficientto furnish at least two hundred and fifty (250) gallons per minute for aperiod of not less than ten (10) minutes. Such tanks shall be locatedso as to provide not less than twenty-five (25) pounds pressure at thetopmost hose outlet for its entire supply.Discharge pipes from pressure tanks shall extend two (2)inches into and above the bottom of such tanks. All tanks shallbe equipped with a manhole, ladder and platform, drain pipe, waterand pressure gauges. Every pressure tank shall be tested in place afterinstallation and proved tight at a hydrostatic pressure fifty (50) per centin excess of the working pressure required. Where such tanks are usedfor domestic purposes the supply pipe for such purposes shall be locatedat or above the center line of such tanks. Incombustible supports shallbe provided for all such supply tanks and not less than three (3) footclearance shall be maintained over the top and under the bottom of allpressure tanks.Fire Pumps. Fire pumps shall have a capacity of not less than twohundred and fifty (250) gallons per minute with a pressure of not lessthan twenty-five (25) pounds at the topmost hose outlet. The sourceof supply for such pumps shall be a street water main of not less thanfour (4) inch diameter or a well or cistern containing a one (1) hoursupply. Such pumps shall be supplied with an adequate source of powerand shall be automatic in operation.Hose and Hose Reels. Each hose outlet of all interior standpipesshall be supplied with a hose not less than one and one-half (1%/")inches in diameter. Such hose shall be equipped with a suitable brassor bronze nozzle and shall be not over seventy-five (75) feet in length.An approved standard form of wall hose reel or rack shall be providedfor the hose and shall be located so as to make the hose readily accessi-ble at all times and shall be recessed in the walls or protected bysuitable cabinets.251

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Sec. 3807. BASEMENT PIPE INLETS. Basement pipe inlet shallbe installed in the first floor of every store, warehouse or factory where there are cellars or basements under same, except where in such cellarsor basements there is installed an automatic sprinkler system as specifiedby this Code, or where the cellars or basements are used for bankingpurposes, safe deposit vaults or similar uses.All basement pipe inlets shall be of cast iron, steel, brass or bronzewith lids of cast brass or bronze and shall consist of a sleeve not lessthan eight (8) inches in diameter through the floor extending to andflush with the ceiling below and with a top flange, recessed with an in-side shoulder, to receive the lid and flush with the finished floor sur-face. The lid shall be a solid casting and have a ring lift recessed inthe top thereof, so as to be flush. The lid shall have the words "FireDepartment Only", "Do Not Cover Up", cast in the top thereof. Thelid shall be installed in such a manner as to readily permit its removalfrom the inlet.The location of such basement pipe inlets shall be approved by theBuilding Inspector and shall be kept readily accessible at all times tothe Fire Department.CHAPTER 39.STAGE.Sec. 3901. STAGE VENTILATORS. There shall be one or moreventilators constructed of metal or other incombustible material nearthe center and above the highest part of any permanent stage raisedabove the stage roof and have a total ventilation area equal to at leastfive (5) per cent of the floor area within the stage walls. Detaileddrawings showing the construction and operation of ventilators shall beapproved by the Building Inspector before the installation is begun.The entire equipment shall conform to the following requirements ortheir equivalent.(1) Doors shall open by force of gravity sufficient to overcome theeffect of neglect, rust, dirt or expansion by heat or warping of theframework.(2) Glass, if used in ventilators, must be protected against fallingon the stage. A wire screen, if used under the glass, shall be soplaced that if clogged it cannot reduce the required ventilating areaor interferere with the operating mechanism or obstruct the dis-tribution of water from the automatic sprinklers.(3) The doors and other covers shall be arranged to open instantlyafter the outbreak of fire, by the use of approved automatic fusible links which will fuse and separate at not more than one hundredand sixty (160) degrees Fahrenheit. A manual control shall also be provided by a chain or heavy stranded wire running down to thestage at a point on each side of the stage designated by the Building Inspector.252

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(4) The fusible link and the chain or heavy stranded wire shallhold the doors closed against a force of at least thirty (30) poundsexcess counter-weight tending to open the door. The fusible linkshall be placed in the ventilators above the roof line and in at leasttwo other points in each controlling chain or heavy stranded wireand so located as not to be affected by the sprinkler heads above.No automatic sprinkler heads shall be placed in the compartmentabove the fusible links. Each stage ventilator shall be operated toan open and closed position at least once before each performance.Sec. 3902. GRIDIRONS. Gridirons, fly galleries and pin-rails shallbe constructed of incombustible materials and fireproofing of steel and iron may be omitted. Gridirons and fly galleries shall be designed tosupport not less than seventy-five (75) pounds per square foot, andshall be readily accessible by metal stairs or ladders. No combustiblematerials shall be allowed in any gridiron, fly gallery or stairs.The main counter-weight shear beam shall be designed to supporta horizontal and vertical uniformly distributed load equal to not lessthan five (5) pounds per square foot over the area of the gridirondirectly back of the proscenium opening.Sec. 3903. ROOMS ACCESSORY TO STAGE. In buildings ofGroups A and B occupancy, Division 1, the dressing room sections,workshops, and storerooms shall be located on the stage side of theproscenium wall and shall be separated from each other and from thestage by a "Special Fire Separation" as provided in Section 503.In buildings of Group C occupancy the dressing room section, work-shops and storerooms shall be located as required for Groups A and Boccupancy and shall be separated from the rest of the building andfrom each other by an "Ordinary Fire Separation".Sec. 3904. PROSCENIUM WALLS. In buildings of Groups Aand B occupancy, a stage as defined in Section 401 shall be completelyseparated from the auditorium by a proscenium wall of solid masonryof not less than four-hour fire-resistive construction as provided in Sec-tion 4302. The proscenium wall shall extend not less than four (4)feet above the roof over the auditorium.In buildings of Group C occupancy, a stage as defined in Section401, shall be completely separated from the auditorium by a prosceniun wall of solid masonry or by metal incombustible studs protected on the-stage side by two (2) inches of Portland cement stucco on metal lathand on the auditorium side by three-quarters (%) of an inch of plasteron metal lath.A proscenium wall shall have not more than four (4) openings as follows: One (1) at the orchestra pit level, two (2) at the auditoriumfloor or stage level and the main opening for viewing performances.Proscenium walls may have, in addition to the main prosceniumopening, one (1) opening at the orchestra pit level and not more thantwo (2) openings at the stage floor level, each of which shall be notmore than twenty-five (25) square feet in area.253

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The openings in the proscenium wall other than the main opening shall be not more than twenty-five (25) square feet in area.Openings in the proscenium wall shall be protected on each side byone-hour fire-resistive doors as specified in Section 4304, except that inbuildings of Group C occupancy only one (1) fire-door will be required for each opening. The proscenium opening, which shall be the mainopening for viewing performances, shall be provided with a self-closingfire-resistive curtain as provided in Chapter 41.Sec. 3905. STAGE FLOORS. For buildings of Group A and Boccupancy, and when the space under the stage is usable in Group Coccupancy, all parts of stage floors shall be of Type I construction ex-cept the part of the stage extending back from and the full width ofthe proscenium opening, which may be constructed of steel or heavytimbers covered with a wood floor not less than one and five-eighths(1%) inches thick. No part of the combustible construction except thefloor finish shall be carried through the proscenium opening. All partsof the stage floor shall be designed to support not less than one hun-dred and twenty-five (125) pounds per square foot.Sec. 3906. PLATFORMS. Walls and ceilings of a platform in anassembly room shall be fire-protected on the inside with not less thanthe equivalent of metal lath and plaster.Any trapped air space of more than two (2) feet in height, over aplatform, shall be vented through the roof to the outside with ventshaving an area of not less than two (2) per cent of the horizontal pro-jection of the trapped area, controlled as specified for stage ventilators.Any usable space under a raised platform of an assembly roomshall be of one-hour fire-resistive construction throughout.Sec. 3907. STAGE EXITS. Not less than one (1) exit two feetand six inches (2'-6") wide shall be provided from each side of thestage opening directly or by means of a passageway not less than three(3) feet in width to a street or exit court. An exit stair not less thantwo feet and six inches (2'-6") wide shall be provided for egress fromeach fly gallery. Each tier of dressing rooms shall be provided with atleast two (2) means of egress not less than two feet and six inches(2'-6") wide and all such stairs shall be constructed as specified inChapter 33. The stairs required in this sub-section need not be en-closed.Sec. 3908. MISCELLANEOUS. A protecting hood shall be pro-vided over the full length of the stage switchboard.Steam boilers, other than low pressure, shall be located outside ofthe buildings, at or under the sidewalk or extension, but in no caseunder or within any portion of the building; the space allotted shall beenclosed by walls of four-hour fire-resistive construction. Each doorwayin said walls connecting with the building shall have an approved auto-matic fire door. No floor register for heating, ventilating, or other pur-poses, shall be permitted in aisles, corridors or passageways.All blowers used to circulate air through heating or ventilating264

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pipes with openings to the auditorium shall be provided with a deviceto stop the blow automatically in case of fire. The device for this pur-pose shall be located near the blower, both inside and outside the pipeleading to openings in the auditorium.No coil, radiator or pipe shall be so placed as to obstruct any aisleor passageway.. Any exposed radiator or coil shall be guarded.CHAPTER 40.CONSTRUCTION OF MOTION PICTURE MACHINEBOOTHS AND STORAGE AND HANDLING OFALL PHOTOGRAPHIC AND X-RAYNITROCELLULOSE FILMS.Sec. 4001. MOTION PICTURE MACHINE BOOTHS; PHOTO-GRAPHIC AND X-RAY NITROCELLULOSE FILMS. Every motionpicture machine using inflammable films, together with all electrical devices, rheostats, sewing machines and all films present in any Group A,B or C buildings shall be enclosed in a booth large enough to permitthe operator to walk freely on either side or in back of the machineand shall be not less than seven (7) feet high and have a floor area ofnot less than fifty (50) square feet to each motion picture machine insuch booth.The floor of such booth shall be constructed of masonry or rein-forced concrete or shall be covered with not less than two (2) inchesof masonry. The walls and ceiling shall be of not less than one-hourfire-resistive construction as specified in Chapter 43.FIRE DOORS. The entrance to booth shall be equipped with atight fitting self-closing fire door of Types 4, 5 or 6 as specified in Sec-tion 4304. Such doors shall open outwardly and shall not be equipped with any latch.CONSTRUCTION. Machine and observation posts in machine boothwalls shall be of three (3) kinds; projection ports, observation ports, andcombination observation and spot light ports. These ports shall be lim-ited in size and number as follows: There shall be not more than oneprojection port for each machine head, including stereoptican machines.The area of each projection port shall be more than one hundred andtwenty (120) square inches. There shall be not more than one observa-tion port for each projection port and their area shall not exceed onehundred and fifty (150) square inches each. There shall be not morethan three combination observation and spot light ports and they shall not exceed thirty (30) inches by twenty-four (24) inches. Where theopenings in the front wall of the projection booths are larger than theports specified, they may be reduced to the required size by bolting No.10 gauge steel plate over the opening on the booth side of the wall, insuch a manner that they cannot be readily removed or moved on the255

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slides. These steel plates shall have the openings of the required size cutin them. There shall be not less than one (1) foot of wall space be-tween openings for combination ports. In no case shall the openingswhich are to be reduced in size by the steel plate be larger than thirty.six (36) inches square. Each port opening in the projection booth wallshall be completely covered with a single pane of plate glass. Eachsuch opening together with any fresh air inlets, shall be provided witha shutter of not less than No. 10 gauge sheet metal large enough to over-lap at least one (1) inch on all sides of such openings and arranged toslide without binding. These shutters shall be held normally open bymeans of small chains fastened to a one hundred and sixty (160) de-gree Fahrenheit fusible link, the whole so arranged that the shutters maybe easily released and closed either by hand or automatically when re-leased by the fusible link and shall be so designed as to effect a weightof not less than eight (8) pounds on each fusible link. Pieces of filmshall not be used in place of fusible links. The shutters shall be so hungthat the operation of closing shall be smooth and without noise. Theclosing of all shutters shall be effected in five (5) seconds. Each suchopening, together with any fresh air inlets, shall be provided with ashutter of not less than fourteen (14) U. S. gauge sheet metal largeenough to overlap at least one (1) inch on all sides of such opening and arranged to slide without binding and with the joint between theshutter and the wall to be smoke tight when shutter is down. Theseshutters shall be held normally open by means of a fine combustible cordfastened to a one hundred and sixty (160) degrees Fahrenheit fusiblelink (pieces of film shall not be used in place of fusible links), the whole so arranged that the shutters may be easily released and closedeither by hand or automatically when released by the fusible link andshall be so designed as to effect a weight of not less than eight (8)pounds on each fusible link.VENTILATION. Every booth shall be equipped with a ventilatinginlet not less than thirty (30) square inches in area placed near thefloor on each of three sides and protected by wire netting. At the topof every booth there shall be at least a ten (10) inch diameter vent foreach motion picture machine. Such vent shall be constructed of sheetmetal not less than twenty-four (24) U. S. gauge and shall connect intoa masonry flue or go directly through the roof and twelve (12) inchesabove, and shall be provided with an exhaust fan which will producea complete change of air in the booth every ten (10) minutes. No woodor other combustible material shall be allowed to come within four (4)inches of the vent. There shall be not more than one elbow or changein direction of this metal vent in any attic space. No such vent shallpass through any occupied room unless encased in not less than four (4)inches of solid masonry.METAL FIXTURES. All shelves, furniture and fixtures within thebooth shall be constructed of metal or other incombustible material.Every motion picture machine shall be securely fastened to the floor toprevent overturning.256

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CARE OF FILMS. All films not in actual use shall be stored inmetal cabinets or boxes constructed of galvanized iron or steel withmetal partitions and shelves. Each such compartment shall not have acapacity in excess of ten (10) reels of film, and shall have tight self-closing doors of iron or steel. No solder shall be used in the construc-tion of such metal boxes or cabinets.Exceptions:Sec. 4002. The provisions in this Section do not apply to:(a) Film for amateur photographic use in original packages of"roll" and "film pack" films in quantities of less than fifty (50)cubic feet.(b) Safety film (cellulose acetate base.) (c) Dental X-ray film.(d) Establishments manufacturing photographic films andstorage incident thereto.(e) Films stored or being used in standard motion picturebooths (See Section 4001.)Safety photographic and X-ray film (cellulose acetate base) may beidentified by the marking on the edge of the film. This marking showsplainly before and after developing. Where film is not so marked it shall be inspected to determinewhether it is of the safety acetate or nitrate type.GENERAL REGULATIONS.All regulations for the storage and handling of photographic andX-ray nitrocellulose films shall conform to the regulations of the NationalBoard of Fire Underwriters for the Storage and Handling of Photograph-ic and X-ray Nitro-cellulose Films as recommended by the National FireProtection Association, Edition of July 15, 1931, or its subsequent amend-ments.Exception: Where definite fire-resistive materials are specified,materials of equal fire resistance as specified in this Code may beused.CHAPTER 41.PROSCENIUM CURTAINS.Sec. 4101. GENERAL. Proscenium curtains for Group A and Bbuildings shall be made of incombustible materials constructed andmounted so as to intercept hot gases, flame and smoke, and to preventglow from a severe fire on the stage showing on the auditorium sidewithin a period of five (5) minutes. The curtain shall be raised and lowered each evening at the close of the performance. The closing of thecurtain from the full open position shall be effected in less than thirty(30) seconds, but the last five (5) feet of travel shall require not lessthan five (5) seconds.257

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Sec. 4102. MATERIALS. A proscenium curtain for stage openingsnot over sixty (60) feet in width shall be of not less fire-resistive qual-ities than as specified in this Section. The curtain shall be made of onethickness of asbestos cloth weighing not less than three and one-quarter (31t) pounds per square yard.The asbestos cloth used in the construction of the curtain shall haveincorporated into the yarn before weaving, either monel metal, nickel,brass or other metal or alloy having not less strength than these metals attemperatures up to seventeen hundred (1700) degrees Fahrenheit and noless resistance to corrosion at ordinary temperatures. Asbestos clothmade of long fibre blue crocidolite asbestos may be used in place ofchrysotile asbestos cloth of the same weight. The wires used to rein-force the yarn shall be either single or double but the tensile strength ofeach wire shall be sufficient to support a load of not less than three (3)pounds at ordinary temperatures. and the strength of two strands of yarnand one wire twisted together shall be sufficient to support a load of six(6) pounds. The strength of the cloth in tension when tested by thestrip method shall be not less than one hundred and sixty (160) poundsper inch of width of warp and fifty-two (52) pounds per inch offilling.The asbestos fibre of yarns may contain cotton or other combustiblefibre not to exceed twenty (20) per cent of the weight of the asbestos.The total carbon content of the cloth shall not exceed ten (10) per centof the total weight of the fibre. When required by the Building Inspec-tor, a sample of the cloth of sufficient size for testing shall be sub-mitted.In addition to any decoration, the curtain shall be painted on bothsides with a mineral paint having a silicate of soda binder, which willcompletely fill the cloth. Filler paint shall have not less than four (4)parts of casein in each ten (10) parts of silicate of soda. This paintshall be well brushed into the cloth so that no light or smoke can comethrough.Sec. 4103. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. The curtain shall bemade of continuous strips of asbestos cloth. The width of cloth shalloverlap at the seams not less than one (1) inch and shall be sewed witha double row of stitching of asbestos thread.The curtain shall be wide enough to extend into steel smoke grooves on each side of the proscenium opening at least eight (8) inches, andshall overlap the top of the proscenium opening at least twelve (12)inches.Six (6) inch pockets shall be sewed in the top and the bottom ofthe curtain to hold the pipe battens; the sides shall be hemmed at leastthree inches deep. A two (2) inch pipe batten shall be placed at thetop and a one and one-half (11/2) inch batten at the bottom. For stageopenings over forty (40) feet in width the bottom batten shall be not lessthan two and one-half (2/2) inches in diameter. The batten shall hereinforced at the joints with six (6) foot sections of pipe housed and258

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riveted. Both top and bottom battens shall have six (6) inch nipples reamed and welded on each end.The curtain shall be held to structural steel guides in the smokepockets with substantial roller grips riveted or bolted to the side hem,not more than eighteen (18) inches on center. Each roller grip shallbe fastened to the curtain with not less than three (3) bolts or rivets.Sixteen (16) gauge galvanized metal.strips not less than six (6) incheswide shall be placed vertically along each side edge, to which shall beriveted the side roller grips.The top of the curtain shall have a smoke stop fitted to make it assmoke tight as practicable. The bottom of the curtain shall have ayielding pad of incombustible material not less than three (3) inchesthick to form a seal against the floor.Sec. 4104. OPERATING EQUIPMENT. Structural steel guidesshall be built into the side smoke pockets and shall extend from the floorto the gridiron. Guides and roller grips shall be designed, constructedand attached to the curtain so as to safely support it and work smoothlywith a wind load of one (1) pound per square foot over the entire areaof the curtain. The support for the curtain shall be not less than six (6) three-eighths inch flexible steel cables. These cables shall be spaced not morethan fourteen (14) feet on centers. Supporting cables shall be tied tothe top batten with a clove hitch and the end secured with two (2)three-eighths inch iron rope clips.The supporting cables shall pass through sheaves in the gridiron andover to the counter-weight guides and shall fasten to the counter-weight by means of three-eighths inch shackle and eye turnbuckles with clovehitches and wire cable clips. Eveners shall be provided where the cables connect to the counter-weights so that the weight of the counter-weightswill be evenly divided on the cables.There shall be at least six (6) safety stop chains of one-quarter inchstraight link welded chain, fastened to the top curtain batten. The otherend shall be attached to the proscenium wall by means of seven-eighthsinch bolts passing entirely through the wall, or equally substantial sup-ports. Safety chains shall be so adjusted as to support the curtain whenit is lowered and the bottom batten is on the floor.All cables shall be carried over head and loft blocks of not less than sixteen (16) inch diameter wheels. These blocks shall be ball bearing and the wheel grooves shall be machined. All blocks supporting theasbestos curtain shall be supported on the proscenium wall by means ofsteel brackets or shall be mounted on the beams of the gridiron withthrough bolts.The mechanism and devices for controlling the curtain shall be ofsimple design and shall be positive in operation. Opening of the cur-tain may be by hand, hydraulic or electric power. Closing for emer-gency or for automatic operation shall be the same as for ordinary oper-ation and shall be by gravity obtained by counterbalancing the curtain259

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by counter-weights weighing not less than one-quarter (1/) pound persquare foot of curtain.The operating hand line shall be not less than three-quarter-inch manila rope permanently fastened to the top and bottom of the counter-weight arbor and shall pass through the stage floor and over a tensionpulley, not less than eleven (11) inches in diameter, under the stagefloor. This operating line shall be fitted to an automatic control line,or becket of sash cord, which when freed by the breaking of a fusiblelink will allow the curtain to automatically lower itself by means of abecket release. Not less than four (4) fusible links shall be placed onthe automatic control line, one on each side of the stage and two overhead in the gridiron.Smoke grooves which protect the sides of the curtain shall be ofstructural steel shapes and plates not less than one-quarter (1/4) inchthick. These grooves shall be not less than twelve (12) inches deep and six (6) inches wide. Grooves shall extend from the stage floor to apoint immediately under the gridiron, and shall be securely bolted to theproscenium wall. Details of grooves shall be submitted to the BuildingInspector for approval.Top and bottom counter-weights shall be cast iron four (4) incheswide by three (3) inches high by sixteen and three-quarters (163/4)inches long. There shall be smooth grooves on the ends of the top and bottom weights which engage the steel guides. Intermediate weightsshall be four (4) inches wide by three (3) inches high by twelve (12)inches long, grooved to drop into place on top of the lower carryingweight. Two (2) three-quarter-inch bolts shall pass through each arborof counter weights. These bolts shall hold the sections of the counter-weights together and shall also have the supporting cables tied to them.Counter-weight guide tracks shall be of cold rolled steel elevatortees two and three-quarters by two by twenty-three thirty-second(25 x2x23/32) inches. The guide frame shall be securely bolted to theproscenium wall, and shall extend from the stage floor to the gridiron.All machine and hoisting gear shall be designed in accordance with the Safety Code for Elevators, Dumb-Waiters and Escalators, publishedin 1931, or its subsequent amendments, by the American Society of Me.chanical Engineers, as such requirements are specified for passenger ele-vators, machines and cables. Travel limit stops and room for over-travelshall be provided.Sec. 4105. TESTS. The complete installation of every prosceniumcurtain shall be subjected to operating tests and any theatre in which such proscenium curtain is placed shall not be opened to public per-formances until after the proscenium curtain has been accepted and ap-proved by the Building Inspector.Sec. 4106. NEW DESIGNS. Curtains of other designs and ma-terials, when not obviously of greater fire-resistance than specified in thischapter, shall before acceptance be subjected to the standard fire testspecified in Chapter 42, as applicable to non-bearing partitions, except200

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that such tests shall be continued only for a period of five (5) minutesunless failure shall have occurred previously. The unexposed face of thecurtain shall not glow within a period of five (5) minutes nor shall therebe any passage of smoke or flame through the curtain.PART VII.FIRE-RESISTIVE STANDARDS FOR FIRE PROTECTION.CHAPTER 42. GENERALSec. 4201. FIRE-RESISTIVE CONSTRUCTION DEFINED. Build-ing materials, systems, units and forms of construction as regulated bythis Code shall be classified as "four-hour fire-resistive construction,""three-hour fire-resistive construction," "two-hour fire-resistive construc-tion" and "one-hour fire-resistive construction," for fire-resistive purposesand protection. Materials, systems, units and forms of construction, inorder to be classed as four-hour, three-hour, two-hour or one-hour fire-resistive construction shall meet the respective requirements for suchrating as specified in Standard Specifications for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, A. S. T. M. Designation C19-33, of the Amer-ican Society for Testing Materials, and its subsequent amendments.Except that for buildings having a structural steel frame, thestandard specifications for fire-proofing structural steel buildings,dated October 8, 1927, and its subsequent amendments, of the Amer-ican Institute of Steel Construction, Inc., exay be followed.Any materials, systems, units or forms of construction which meetthe requirements of the aforesaid Standard Specifications shall be accept-ed as fire-resistive construction of the degree specified, if and when theyshall be shown by an authoritative test conducted in accordance with allof the provisions of such aforesaid specifications, to possess such fireresistance.Sec. 4202. FIRE-RESISTIVE MATERIALS. The following ma-terials, combinations of materials, systems and units shall be classed asfire-resistive materials:Brick.Concrete brick, block or tile.Gypsum block or tile.Gypsum (plain or reinforced.)Gypsum plaster board (or lath) and plaster.Hollow clay tile.Metal.Metal and asbestos.Metal lath and plaster. Portland cement concrete (plain or reinforced.)Sand-lime brick.261

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Sec. 4203. FIRE-RESISTIVE CONSTRUCTION. All fire-resistiveconstruction of burned clay, concrete or gypsum units or other similarunits shall be solidly bedded and laid in gypsum mortar, lime-cementmortar or cement mortar; provided that gypsum units shall be laid ingypsum mortar only. All such units shall be thoroughly bonded togetherby broken joints in alternate courses or by sufficient metal ties or bonds. All concrete, gunite, gypsum or similar protection for steel or ironstructural members which is cast, poured or similarly applied shall bereinforced at the edges of such members in a sufficient manner to pre-vent cracking and disintegrating of such protection. All such applied fireprotection materials shall be reinforced by metal rods, galvanized wire ormesh to provide against cracking and disintegrating of the protectingmaterial.All plaster fire protection shall consist of gypsum mortar, Portlandcement mortar or other equally fire-resistive material. Gypsum plasteronly shall be used for plastering on gypsum units. Wherever plaster isused for fire protection purposes it shall be reinforced with galvanizedmetal mesh or lath; provided, that where such plastering is placed onmasonry or reinforced concrete such reinforcing may be omitted whenthe plastering is not more than one (1) inch thick. Gunite applied tomasonry need not be reinforced and when properly bonded shall beconsidered a part of the required thickness.CHAPTER 43FIRE-RESISTIVE STANDARDSSee. 4301. PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL PARTS. Thethickness of fire-resistive materials for fire protection of structural partsshall be as shown in the following table for the respective degrees offire protection shown. The figures shown shall be the net thicknessof the protecting materials and shall not include any hollow space or spaces between the fire protecting materials and member protected.The thickness of plaster protection shall be measured from the face ofthe plaster to the plane of the back surface of the metal or wire lathwhere such lath is used and shall include two-thirds (2/3) of thethickness of the gypsum plaster board (or lath) where such board(or lath) is used.262

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MINIMUM PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL PARTS BASED ONTIME PERIODS FOR VARIOUS INCOMBUSTIBLEINSULATING MATERIALSMinimum thickness ofStructural Parts to Be Insulating Material material in inches forProtected Used the following fire-re-sistive periods4 hr. 3hr. 2hr. lhr.Grade A concrete I 2 2 11/2 1Grade B concrete 3 21 2 1% Gunite i 2 11 1 3s Steel or Cast Iron Brick of clay, shale.IColumns; concrete or sand-lime 3/4 3% 21/ 1%Projecting Clay tile, clay tile and Steel Beam or concrete or concrete 4 or 4 or 2 2Girder Flanges; block (see note 2) 2 pl. 2 pl.All Members of Solid gypsum blocks I 2 pl 2 pl. 2 2Primary Trusses Hollow gypsum blocksl 3 pl 3 2 2 Poured gypsum I 2 11 1 1Metal lath and gypsumlor Portland cementlplaster ....... 21/* I1Grade A concrete I 2 11/2 1 1Grade B concrete 3 2 1% 1 Gunite 2 1% 1 34Webs of Brick of clay, shalel Steel Beams concrete or sand-lime I 334 21 214 214and Girders Clay tile, clay tile andl 3 or 2 2 2 concrete or concretel 2 pl.block ISolid gypsum block I 2 pl. 2 2 2Hollow gypsum block I 3 pl. 2 2 2 Poured gypsum 2 112 1 1Metal lath and gypsumIor Portland cementplaster.. 2 1Reinforcing Steel Grade A concrete 1142 1% 11 1in Reinforced ConGrade B concrete 2 11/2 11/2crete Columns, Beams,Girders and TrussesReinforcing Steel Grade A concrete 1 114 1 3/in Reinforced Concrete Grade B concrete i 13/4 11/2 1JoistsMetal or wire lath andj Ceiling Protection gypsum or cement Ffor Roof Trusses and plaster, concrete, l 2 11 1 3Secondary Trusses burned clay Products ior gypsumGunite I 11 1 AReinforcing and Tie Grad A Coc ete Th ctiea s 1 1 34Rods in Floor and grad a cnereto includes 1 1 3Roof Slabs m 4 1 4plastteNOTE: (1) p. Il aheve table shall be net eis thia ya l4 gypsum I" Ump aste r(2) re.m rt ei of proteate lme ters shall be filled ild for 4 a 3 Y *Two /s lah layers with % lash air space between.263

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NOTE: Grade A concrete shall mean concrete with a coarse ag-gregate of limestone, pumice, calcareous pebbles, trap rock, blast fur.nace, slag, burnt clay, burnt shale, coral rock, or other coarse aggregatescontaining not more than sixty-five (65) per cent of siliceous material,such as granite, sandstone, chert pebbles, flint, cinders or quartz.Grade B concrete shall mean concrete with a coarse aggregate otherthan that allowed in Grade A concrete.For flat ceilings where the ceiling protection for beams, girders orslabs is suspended to form a free air space of not less than one (1)inch between the member and the protection, the protection thicknessesmay be one-half (%/) inch less than that required in the above table forflat ceiling protection, but no thickness shall be less than three-fourths(%) of an inch. Soffit tile protecting beam and girder flanges shall be tied to theflange with steel or iron ties.If the structural part is of iron or steel the thickness given in the foregoing table shall be measured outside of the extreme edges of the structural shapes, except that projecting edgs of lugs and brackets shallbe given a minimum protection of one (1) inch thickness. For rein-forced concrete members, the thickness given in the foregoing table shallbe outside of the reinforcement. For purposes of design the protection shall not be considered as carrying load except as permitted for tiedcolumns in Chapter 26.Plaster protections of over one (1) inch in thickness shall have anadditional layer of galvanized metal lath, galvanized wire or galvanizedmetal mesh embedded not more than three-fourths (.F) of an inch fromthe surface and securely tied into the supporting members. (See Section4203.)Galvanized wire of not less than number ten (No. 10) B. and S. gauge wound or tied around members at not more than a six (6) inch pitch. or wire or expanded galvanized metal mesh shall be placed andwell embedded in all concrete gypsum and gunite protections.Galvanized wire mesh or other forms of metal ties in concrete protec-tions shall be held away from the structural members and embedded inthe protection not less than three-fourths (3/) of an inch from itsouter surface at points of minimum thickness. Hollow tile or gypsumblock protections shall have iron or steel ties embedded in each horizon-tal joint, or have outside iron or steel ties over each unit, the diameterof wire to be 0.18 inch or of equivalent area in ties of other forms.Galvanized wire mesh, where used for tying protections, shall weigh notless than one and one-half (1/) pounds per square yard. Where gal-vanized metal laths or galvanized wire mesh is used as a plaster baseor tie, it shall weigh not less than two and two-tenths (2.2) lbs. persquare yard, and two and one-half (2%) or more meshes per inch orequivalent. Gypsum plaster board not less than three-eighths (%) of aninch thick and having not more than fifteen (15) per cent combustiblematerial combined with the gypsum may be substituted for galvanized264

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metal lath for resistance periods of not more than two (2) hours, pro-vided the plaster is reinforced with galvanized metal or galvanized wiremesh weighing not less than one and one-half (11) pounds per squareyard, standing away from the board and secured to the supporting mem-bers, and two-thirds (2/3) of the thickness of the plaster board maybe considered as plaster.Concrete aggregates whose mineral composition is unknown or un-determined shall for the application of these regulations be classed asGrade B aggregates.Sec. 4302. FIRE-RESISTIVE WALLS AND PARTITIONS. Fire-resistive bearing and non-bearing walls and partitions shall be of notless than the thicknesses and construction specified in this Section, to beclassed for the respective degrees of protection indicated.The structural requirements of the following masonry and rein-forced concrete walls are specified in Chapters 24 and 29 for the specificlocation or use of the walls and all walls shall comply with those struc-tural requirements as well as the fire-resistive limitations as specified inthis Section. The following tabulated thicknesses are minimum and shall not be broken into; provided that where combustible floor or partition membersproject into solid masonry or reinforced concrete walls or partitions therequired effective thickness of wall shall be measured from two (2)inches back along the member from the end in the wall, to the oppo-site face of the wall. Where such members project into hollow wallsand the space between the members and for not less than four (4)inches above and below them is filled solid with fire-resistive incom-bustible materials for the full thickness of the wall.Plaster, in order that it may be considered as adding to the fire-re-sistance of walls and partitions shall be gypsum or Portland Cementplaster applied to an average thickness of not less than one-half (t) of an inch on each side. Plaster over one (1) inch in thickness, asmeasured to the plaster base, shall have an additional layer of galvanized metal lath, galvanized wire or galvanized metal mesh embedded notmore than three-fourths (%i) of an inch from the surface and securelytied into the supporting members.Required fire-resistive plastering or stucco on the outside of ex-terior masonry walls may be omitted from inaccessible portions of the wall provided the inside plastering opposite the inaccessible portions isdoubled in thickness.Gypsum plaster board (or lath) not less than three-eighths (/)of an inch in thickness and having not more than fifteen (15) per cent of combustible material combined with the gypsum may be substitutedfor galvanized metal lath for resistance periods of not more than two(2) hours, provided the plaster is reinforced with galvanized metal orgalvanized wire mesh weighing not less than one and one-half (1%)poundt per square yard, standing away from the board (or lath) and266

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secured to the supporting studs or joists. Two-thirds (2/3) of the thick-ness of the plaster board (or lath) may be considered as plaster.Gypsum plaster board (or lath) conforming to the specificationscontained in the preceding paragraph may be substituted for galvanizedmetal lath and the reinforcement of the plaster omitted, provided, thatthe joints of the plaster board (or lath) are covered with strips of metalfabric not less than three (3) inches in width and the plaster board (orlath) is plastered with not less than one-half ('4) inch of fibered gypsumplaster containing not more than thirty-three and one-third (331/3) percent by weight of silica.A three-eighths (%) inch gypsum plaster board (or lath) with amechanical key may be substituted for galvanized metal lath without the necessity for stripping the joints in the plaster board (or lath) withstrips of metal fabric provided, wall assemblies containing such plasterboard (or lath) have passed the standard fire test as specified in Section 4201.Galvanized metal or wire lath shall weigh not less than two andtwo-tenths (2.2) pounds per square yard. Galvanized metal or wire meshwhere used as ties in concrete shall weigh not less than one and one-half (1%) pounds per square yard. Where used as ties for plaster itshall weigh not less than two and two-tenths (2.2) pounds per square yard and have not less than two and one-half (2%) meshes per inch,or equivalent. Wood studs for bearing partitions or walls shall be not less thanthe two inch by four (2"x4") inch nominal size and be spaced not more than sixteen (16) inches apart.Note: The term "plastered" in following table shall mean wallsplastered with not less than one-half (1) inch of gypsum or Portlandcement plaster on each side of walLRATED FIRE RESISTANCE PERIODS FOR VARIOUS WALLS AND PARTITIONS.Minimum FinishedThickness face to faceMaterial. Construction. .(including plaster wherementioned) in inches.4-hr. 3-hr. 2-hr. 1-hr.Brick of clay lid unplastered ......_._..... -8 4*shale, sand. olid plastered .......9 5*or concrete, and ... or concrete, and Hollow (rowlock) unplastered_ 12 10 8plain concrete.pla concrete. Hollow (rowlock) plastered......... 9266

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End or side construction. Onecell in wall thickness. Plastered 3*End or side construction. TwoHollow clay tile cells in 8-in. or less thickness. 6*wall. Unplastered ........................ ..... ..... .._ 16 12 or 8End or side construction. Twocells in 8-in. or less thickness.Plastered ........................... ............. .... 13 9 7*End or side construction. Twocells in wall thickness. Un-plastered ...... ..... ..... ... ... 6End or side construction. Two cells in wall thickness. Plas-tered ............ .... .. ................. ..... 5*Hollow clay tile End or side construction. ThreeA. S. T. M. cells in 8-in. or less thickness.load-bearing. Unplastered .........._........ ..... 12End or side construction. Threecells in 8-in. or less thickness.Plastered one side ..................... 8 End or side construction. Threecells in 8-in. or less thickness.Plastered .............. .......... ...._ 9Combination of 4-in, brick and 4-in, tile plas-brick and A. S. tered one side (tile side) .... 9T. M. load-bear-ing tile.S p e cial hollow One cell in 8-in. or less thick-concrete block or ness. Unplastered ............ ...._ 12t 8 6 4*tile. One cell in 8-in. or less thick-ness. Plastered ............................... 9t 5*Hollow concrete One cell in 8-in. or less thick6*block or tile. ness. Unplastered ..... .............__ 16 12 10 or 8One cell in 8-in. or less thick7*ness. Plastered ........... .13 11 or 9 7*Solid concrete. (Reinforcement not less than0.2% in each direction.................... 6 5* 4* 2*Solid gunite. Reinforcement of not less than 5*)l.2% in each direction............ or 6 4* 3* 2*Hollow gypsum Unplastered ..... ....-. ... 6.... 6*# 5*#4*# 3*#blocks. Plastered ..........5.........# 4*#4*# 3*#Hollow wall of Outer shell 2-in. thick for 10-reinforced gu-lin. wall and 1%-in, thick fornite. 8-in. wall .......... ..........-__ 10* 8*267

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Solid Gypsum or Incombustible studding withPortland cement galvanized metal or galvanizedplaster wire lath .... ......................... ......... 2Incombustible studding with galvanized metal or galvanizedwire or lath 3%-in. plaster onHollow partitions each side ....... -3*with Gypsum or Incombustible studding withPortland cement zalvanized metal or galvanizedplaster or Gunite wire lath 1-in. plaster on eachon each side. ide ... ............................................................. 41/Wood studs with galvanized metal or galvanized wire lath. 3*Fire-stopped ......................_....... ..._ or 5lIndicates that such walls and partitions shall he used for non-bearing purposes only.tThis thickness to be given a four-hour rating only after an A. S.T. M. certified fire test.#Not permitted for exterior walls.Sec. 4303. FIRE RESISTIVE FLOOR CONSTRUCTION. Fire-resistive floor construction shall be accepted for the following respec-tive degrees of fire-resistive protection when constructed as specified in this Section. For the structural details of any floor construction, theparticular details specified under Part VI of this Code shall govern.Four-hour, three-hour and two-hour fire-resistive floors as specifiedin this Section shall be constructed entirely of incombustible materials.(a) Four-hour fire-resistive floor construction shall consist of re-inforced concrete, gypsum and/or solid masonry slabs or arches notless than four (4) inches in thickness or shall consist of hollow masonry slabs or arches not less than four (4) inches in thickness with a topcovering of not less than two (2) inches of solid masonry, or shallconsist of steel joists protected with fire-resistive materials of the kindand thickness shown in the table in this Section. Except in the caseof steel joisted construction, all reinforcing, tie rods and supportingstructural members in such floors shall be protected with not less thanfour-hour fire-resistive construction as specified in Section 4301.(b) Three-hour fire-resistive floor construction shall consist of re-inforced concrete, gypsum and/or solid masonry slabs or arches not lessthan three (3) inches in thickness or shall consist of hollow masonryslabs or arches not less than four (4) inches in thickness with a topcovering of solid masonry not less than one and one-half (1%/2) inches inthickness, or shall consist of steel joists protected with fire-resistive ma-terials of the kind and thickness shown in the table in this Section. Except in the case of steel joisted construction, all reinforcing, tie rodsand supporting structural members in such floor construction shall be268

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protected with not less than three-hour fire-resistive construction asspecified in Section 4301.(c) Two-hour fire-resistive floor construction shall consist of re-inforced concrete, gypsum and/or solid masonry slabs or arches notless than two and one-half (2%) inches in thickness; or shall consist ofhollow masonry slabs or arches not less than three (3) inches in thick-ness with a top covering of not less than one (1) inch of solid masonry, or shall consist of steel joists protected with fire-resistive materials ofthe kind and thickness shown in the table in this Section. Except inthe case of steel joisted construction, all reinforcing, tie rods and sup-porting structural members in such floor construction shall be protected with not less than two-hour fire-resistive construction as specified inSection 4301.(d) One-hour fire-resistive floor construction shall consist of re-inforced concrete, gypsum and/or solid masonry slabs or arches notless than two and one-half (2%) inches in thickness or shall consist ofhollow masonry slabs or arches not less than three (3) inches in thick-ness with all joints in such hollow unit construction thoroughly filledwith cement or gypsum mortar; or shall consist of steel joists protectedwith fire-resistive materials of the kinds and thicknesses shown in thetable in this Section. Except in the case of steel joisted construction,all reinforcing, tie rods and supporting structural members shall be pro-tected with not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction as speci-fied in Section 4301; orWood joisted construction with a double wood floor on top (thesub floor not less than three-fourths (%) of an inch thick, and the total thickness of the two layers not less than one and one-fourth (114)inches thick, and with a fire-resistive ceiling, as shown in the table inthis Section, securely fastened to or suspended from the under side ofsuch joists. Except the galvanized metal lath and plaster ceiling shallnot be required below the lowest floor joist over unusable space. All flat ceilings where the ceiling protection for beams, girders orslabs is suspended to form a free-air space between the members andthe protection, the protection thicknesses may be one-half (%) inch lessthan that required in the following table for flat ceiling protection, butno thickness shall be.less than three-fourths (s%) of an inch minimumprotection of metal and wood joists based on time periods for variousinsulating materials.In any reinforced concrete floor construction which includes a gal-vanized metal lath and cement or gypsum plastered ceiling on the underside, not less than three-fourths (%4) of an inch thick, the requiredslab thickness may be reduced one-half (%t) inch but in no case shallbe less than two and one-half (2%) inches thick.269

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Minimum Protection for Metal and Wood JoistsBased on Time Periods for Various Insulating MaterialsMinimum thickness ofJoists to be Insulating Material material in inches forProtected Used the following fire-re-sistive periods4-hr. 3-hr. 2-hr. 1-hr. Galvanized metal orgalvanized wire lathCeiling protection of land gypsum or Port-Steel Joists where inland cement plaster,combustible slab not concrete, burned clay less than 2% in. thick products or gypsum 2 11/ 1 3is placed aboveGunite 12 1 4 3Galvanized metal orCeiling protection of galvanized wire lathWood Joists with douand gypsum or Port-ble floor on top land cement plaster %See. 4304. (a) FIRE DOORS, SHUTTERS AND WINDOWS. Fire-resistive Doors. One-hour fire-resistive doors shall be constructedas specified for one of the following the following types, 1, 2 or 3, or any door whichwill successfully pass the one-hour fire test specified in Section 4201,and all such doors to receive the one-hour rating shall be hung in placeas specified in this Section:1. Tin-clad wood-core doors with the core made of three (3)plies of wood one (1) inch nominal in thickness and covered withsheet metal, the door to be constructed in accordance with the Under-writers' Standard for Tin-Clad Fire-Doors and Shutters," Edition ofAugust, 1935, and its subsequent amendments, as published by theUnderwriters' Laboratories.2. Sheet metal doors constructed of two (2) sheets of metal of notless than twenty-six (26) U. S. Gauge corrugated sheet metal, one sheeton each side of a structural steel frame, corrugations vertical on oneside and horizontal on the other and having not less than one-sixteenth(1/16) of an inch of asbestos placed in between the two metal sheets.3. Sheet metal doors constructed of two (2) sheets of metal ofnot less than twenty-six (26) U. S. Gauge fastened to a structural steelframe in such manner as to leave a one (1) inch space in the panels,which space shall be filled with asbestos and with a one-eighth (1)inch asbestos covering on the stiles and structural steel frame.Fire-resistive doors used for openings in stairway enclosures, smokeproof towers, corridors and passageways, moving picture booths, roompartitions, exterior walls facing streets or more than twenty-five (25)feet from adjacent property lines and for "Ordinary Fire Separations,"as specified in Section 503, shall be constructed as specified for oneof the following types, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 or any door which will provide270

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equivalent protection against fire when hung in place as specified in this Section.4. Tin-clad wood-core doors made of two (2) plies of wood one(1) inch nominal in thickness and covered with sheet metal, the doorto be constructed in accordance with the "Underwriters' Standard forTin-Clad Fire Doors and Shutters" Edition of August, 1935, and its sub-sequent amendments, as published by the Underwriters' Laboratories.5. Sheet metal doors as specified in paragraph 3 above, but withone-fourth ('A) of an inch of asbestos placed between the metal sheetsin the panels and with no asbestos required on the stiles and structuralframe:6. Metal-clad doors which shall be wood panel doors with framenot less than one and three-fourths (1%) inches in thickness and withwood panels not less than three-fourths (%) of an inch in thickness,the whole door covered with not less than number twenty-six (26)gauge metal. The panels of such doors shall fit into the frame notless than three-fourths (3s) of an inch and all joints of metal shallbe lapped and nailed tightly to the wood frame.Metal shall in all cases be fastened to the wood or metal frameby nailing, bolting or riveting and no solder shall be used on any doorexcept for filling of joints.Glass panels of one-quarter (14) inch wire glass shall be permittedin any of the above doors except when such doors are used on openingsin fire walls, fire division walls, all openings for the stage portion ofany Group A building or for openings in "Special Fire Separations,"as specified in Section 503. Such glass panels shall be not more thanseven hundred and twenty (720) square inches in area, nor exceedfifty-four (54) inches in height or forty-eight (48) inches in width.Grooves not less than three-fourths (3/) of an inch in depth and three-eighths (%) of an inch wide, providing, not less than five-eighths (/8)of an inch of bearing for the glass shall be required.Fire doors bearing the label of the Underwriters' Laboratories,Incorporated, shall be accepted as meeting the requirements of anyof the above doors.Hardware for sheet metal and tin-clad fire doors referred to inparagraphs No. 1, 2, 3, and 4, shall be made of good quality malleableiron not less than one-fourth (1/) of an inch thick or of flat rolledstructural steel not less than three-eighths (%) of an inch thick; pro-vided, that tubular steel track made of at least one-eighth (1) inchsteel may be used. Sliding tracks shall be supported so that a wallfastening is directly opposite each door hanger when door is in a closedposition. Hangers supporting doors shall be fastened to the door withnot less than three (3) one-half (t2) inch bolts extending through thedoor. Latches for fire doors shall be not less than two and one-halfinches by three-eighths inch (2t/2 ".%"), and latch bars shall be notless than one and one-half inches by one-fourth inch (1,'"x "').271

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Hardware for swinging hollow metal and metal-clad doors as re-ferred to in paragraphs No. 5 and 6 shall be made as follows:HINGES. For doors not exceeding eight (8) feet in height thehinges shall be of steel or bronze. If made of steel they may beeither full, half surfaced, or butt hinges four and one-half inches byfour and one-half inches (4/2"x41/") and not less than one-eighth(%a) inch in thickness. If made of bronze they shall be butt hingesfour and one-half by four and one-half inches (41/"x4/2") and notless than three-sixteenths (YA) of an inch in thickness. Whenbronze hinges are used a steel stud and socket shall be provided ateach hinge. The studs shall be attached to the rear jamb and shallengage a socket at least three-fourths (3/) inch deep in rear edgeof the door.LOCKS. Doors shall be provided with a mortise or unit lockwhich has a latch bolt with a throw of not less than three-fourths(%) of an inch.When mounted in pairs the normally standing door shall have apush bolt at the top and at the bottom which has a throw of notless than three-fourths ( ) of an inch.Special locking devices shall be provided as required in Part IIIunder Occupancy, also as provided in Sections 3304, 3311 and 3315.ASTRAGALS. Swinging fire doors mounted in pairs shall beprovided with at least one astragal attached to one door and overlapping the opposite door at least three-fourths ( ) of an inch. Theabove provision need not apply when the doors meet on a mullion.(a) Fire doors required by this Code shall be installed in themanner prescribed in the "Regulations of the National Board of FireUnderwriters for the Protection of Openings in Walls and PartitionsAgainst Fire," recommended by the National Fire Protection Associa-tion, Edition effective October 15th, 1930, and corrected to May 1st, 1935, or its subsequent amendments.All fire doors shall be so hung that when closed they will fittightly into place against the wall or frame so as to prove an effectivestop for fire and smoke. Space around fire doors necessary for theiroperation shall at all times be kept unobstructed and, when deemednecessary by the Building Inspector, a screen or railing protectionshall be installed to insure no storing or placing of material againstany fire door which would prevent its operation in case of emergency.(b) Fire-Resistive Shutters. One-hour fire-resistive shutters shall be constructed as specified for any one of the types of fire-resistivedoors specified in part (a) of this section.(c) One-hour Fire-resistive Windows. One-hour fire-resistive win-dows shall have frames and sash of solid metal bars or hollow metalforms fabricated by pressing, welding or crimping together but not bythe use of solder or other fusible alloy. All glass used in fire-resistivewindows shall be wire glass and shall be not less than one-fourth (/4)272

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of an inch in thickness and no one light shall exceed seven hundred andtwenty (720) square inches in area. Grooves three-fourths (s%) ofan inch in depth shall be provided and glass so arranged as to havenot less than five-eighths (%) of an inch of bearing in hollow metalframe and with grooves not less than one-half (') inch and with glassprovided with not less than three-eighths (%) of an inch of bearing inwindows of solid metal section. Continuous glazing angles shall be provided on the inside. Fire-resistive windows with hollow metal framesshall be limited to a maximum size of sixty (60) square feet with a six(6) foot maximum width and a ten (10) foot maximum height for doublehang and counter-balanced windows and to a maximum size of seventy(70) square feet with a seven (7) foot maximum width and ten (10)foot maximum height for stationary windows. Solid metal section win-dows shall be limited to a maximum size of eighty-four (84) squarefeet in area with a maximum dimension in either direction of twelve(12) feet. Multiple section windows of these above sizes may be usedwhen hollow metal or solid section mullions -are provided. Hollowmetal mullions shall be limited to a maximum length of twelve (12)feet and shall be used for non-bearing purposes only. Solid sectionmullions when used in lengths exceeding twelve (12) feet shall befireproofed as required in Section 4301 in accordance with the fire-resistive construction of the building in which they are placed. Wherefire-resistive windows are required by this Code, wood sash and plainglass may be substituted when protected as specified in Parts (a) and(b) of this Section. Fire-resistive windows bearing the label of the Underwriters' Labora-tories, Incorporated, shall be accepted as one-hour fire-resistive windows.Occupants of building shall close all fire doors, shutters andwindows at the close of each business day.Sec. 4305. ROOF COVERINGS. Roof coverings for all buildings shall be either "Fire Retardant" or "Ordinary" roofings as specificallyrequired either by Location in Part IV, by Type of Construction inPart V or as specified in Sections 1109 and 1209. The roof coveringshall be securely fastened to the supporting roof construction. Theexposed edge of wood sheathing in all cases shall be covered andprotected with a non-corrosive metal or felt of the same weight andcharacter as roofing surface. The edges of gravel surface roofs whennot bound by parapet walls shall be protected with a non-corrosivemetal flushing to protect exposed surfaces of wood and also prevent the displacement of the surface material.FIRE RETARDANT ROOFINGS. (a) "Fire Retardant" roofingsshall be any roof covering which meets any one of the following re.quirements, or shall be any roofing meeting the requirements of ClassA or B specifications of the Underwriters' Laboratories, Incorporated.Roofings bearing the label, and laid in the manner provided by theUnderwriters' Laboratories, Inc., for Class A and B may be acceptedas meeting the requirements of this section for fire retardant roofs.273

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Roof coverings built of roll roofing, roofing felt, felt membrane, or asphalt shingles, shall conform to the following requirements as tophysical properties of materials, weights, number, of layers and methodof laying. The following requirements shall not be construed to prohibitthe use of more layers, substitution of materials with heavier dry feltbase content of similar quality and of not less than equal finished weightof material so substituted.METHOD OF LAYING The first layer shall be spot--mopped and tin-capped and nailed tothe solid sheathing, not over twelve (12) inches on centers and shall bethoroughly mopped between each additional layer with a bituminouscompound so that no one layer touches unmopped the layer next above.Bituminous compound for mopping plys together shall be air refinedasphalt or coal tar pitch but shall not be any type of emulsion, coldcut back liquid cement, oil or grease.1. Not less than two layers No. 32 (30 lb. asphalt roofing) or No.41 (40 lb. asbestos roofing). For top layer see note below.2. Not less than four layers No. 15 (14 lb. asphalt felt). For top layer see note below.3. Not less than three layers of a combination of No. 32 (30 lb.asphalt roofing) or No. 41 (40 lb. asbestos roofing) and No. 15 (14lb. asphalt felt) or No. 14 (14 lb. asbestos felt). For top layer seenote below.4. Not less than three layers of No. 18 (18 lb. asbestos felt mem-brane) or No. 20 (20 lb. asphalt membrane). For top layer sec note below.5. Not less than one layer of No. 30 (26 lb. asphalt felt) roofingfelt and two layers of No. 15 (14 lb. asphalt felt) or No. 14 (14 lb.asbestos felt) or No. 18 (18 lb. asbestos felt membrane) or No. 20 (20lb. asphalt membrane). For top layer see note below.NOTE: The above composition fire retardant roofings shall bethoroughly mopped between layers with a bituminous compoundso that no one layer touches unmopped the layer next above, andevery roof covering shall have for its top layer a layer of No. 82or any mineral surfaced roofing bearing the Class C label of theUnderwriters' Laboratories, Inc., or such roof covering shall beentirely covered with a flowing coat of bituminous compound andcompletely covered with gravel, crushed rock, crushed brick, othercrushed earthenware or similar mineral surfacing material, a suf-ficient quantity being embedded in the bituminous compound inaccordance with good standard practice.6. Hydraulic compressed rigid shingles not less than one-eighth(1t) inch thick, composed of Portland cement and asbestos fibers,laid over a layer of saturated felt weighing not less than No. 32 (30lbs.) to the one hundred (100) square feet. The aforesaid felt may be274

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omitted when the compressed shingles are placed over an existing roofcovering, and shall be secured with not less than two (2) non-corrosivenails penetrating at least three-fourths (34) of an inch into wood deck,and storm nails where provided in shingles.When there is no parapet wall on gable edge, shingles shall beprotected by either non-corrosive metal strip or cemented down to roof-ing with Portland cement or fibrous plastic cement, and shingles shallnot project more than one-half ('A) inch at the face of eave.7. Asphalt saturated mi:leral surfaced prepared compositionshingles laid so there shall be not less than two (2) thickness at allplaces. The compound weight of such shingles shall not be less thanone hundred and ninety (190) pounds to the one hundred (100)square feet of completed roof area.8. Concrete Slab or Concrete Tile. Concrete slab roofs shall beconstructed as specified in Chapter 26 and need not be covered withany additional roof covering. 9. Metal Roof Covering. Metal roof covering may be of a cor-rugated, standing seam or flat type of not less than number twenty-six (No. 26) U. S. Gauge metal. All flat metal roof covering shall belaid on solid sheathing. Corrugated or standing seam metal shall bedesigned to support the required live load between supporting mem-bers. The anchorage of this type roof covering shall be in accordancewith the requirements of the Building Inspector. ,; a : 131.:10. SLATE. Each slate shingle shall be securely fastened to thesupporting roof construction with not less than two (2) non-corrosivenails of such length as to provide not less than three-fourths (%x) of aninch of penetration into the sheathing, laid over a layer of saturatedfelt weighing not less than thirty (30) pounds to the one hundred (100)square feet.11. TILE. Roof tile shall not absorb more than fifteen (15) percent of the dry weight of the tile during a forty-eight (48) hourimmersion test. All tile must be given a thirty (30) minute immersionin water immediately before being laid.All roof tile shall be cemented in place and in addition the firstthree horizontal courses shall be nailed and in addition such othernailing that may be required to prevent tile from slipping. All nails shall be of a non-corrosive material and shall be of such length as toprovide not less than three-fourths (34) of an inch penetrating into thesheathing.Mix cement specified in this Section shall be of not less than onepart cement and three parts sand and not more than twenty-five (25%)per cent lime by volume. All tile shall be laid over not less than one layer of No. 82 or anymineral surfaced roofing felt securely fastened with non-corrosive nailspenetrating not less than three-fourths (%) of an inch into solidsheathing, or by spot-mopping with hot bituminous roofing compoundto the sheathing.275

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ii, OIDIN A RY ROOFINGS. "Ordinary" roof coverings shall heMi.y roof covering which meets the requirements specified for the follow-ing roof coerings. 12 to 18 inclusive, or shall be any rooting meeting the Class C Specificationof the Underwriters Laboratories. Incorporated.Where one layer of roofing is specified it shall be spot-mopped and topedge blindnailed to sheathing not less thah six (6) inches on centers,such lap to he not less than two and one-half (2 1/2) inches. Wheretwo layers or more of roofing is specified the first layer shall be spot-mopped and tin-capped and nailed to the solid sheathing not overIwelve (12) inches on centers, and shall be thoroughly mopped betweenlavers with a bituminous compound so that no one layer touches un-mopped the layer next above. No laps shall be less than two and one-half (21) inches. All nails shall be non-corrosive.12. One layer of No. 41 roll roofing, or one layer of No. 82 rollroofing.13. Such roof covering may be asphalt shingles laid in one ormore layers.14. Such roof coverings may be a combination of one or morelayers of No. 15 or No. 14 roofing and a layer of No. 32 roll roofing.15. Two or more felt layers of No. 14 roofing felt or No. 18 feltmembrane.16. One layer of No. 30 roofing felt and one layer of No. 14 orNo. 18.17. Such roof covering may consist of not less than two layers ofNo. 15 roofing felt, or No. 20 felt membrane, which shall have a cover-ing of gravel as required for fire retardant roof covering. 18. Wood Shingles used as roof covering shall be of non-resinouswood, such as red cedar, cypress or red wood. (These woods are ap-proved, as they provide a slow-burning and fire retardant quality).All wood shingles for application as permanent roof covering (see"Exceptions" for temporary roof covering), shall be of 100% heartwood, 100% clear of defects, and 100% vertical grain and uniform inthickness; the following thickness to be standard or minimum.Wood shingles bearing an approved certification label, certifyingcompliance with standard C. S. 31-35, of not less than No. 1 grade, ofthe U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Standards, and its sub-sequent amendments, may be accepted as meeting the requirements ofthis Code.16" shingles shall measure 2" across face of 5 butts18" shingles shall measure 21"-across face of 5 butts.24" shingles shall measure 21%" across face of 5 butts.Exceptions:Vertical Grain Specifications may be omitted on 100%heart wood shingles when butt thickness is %" of each unit, or 3%" across the face of 5 butts.271

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Vertical Grain Specifications may be omitted on heartwood shingles when used under cover course, to produceshadow courses or doubling at eaves.TEMPORARY ROOF. Heart wood and Vertical Grain Specifications may be omitted for application on temporaryroof only when permitted by Chapter 16, and provided theroof surface is not greater than 300 square feet in any one roof or unit, and provided further that on each application itbe in an approved manner and for such length of time as per-mitted by this Code.APPLICATION. No wood shingle may be applied with more thanone-third of the length, exposed to the weather, after deducting 1" forhead lap; the following shall be approved exposures:LENGTH OF SHINGLE 16" 18" 24"8" rise to the foot will be 5" 5%" 71,4"7" rise to the foot will be 4%4" 5%" 7/" 6" rise to the foot will be 4%" 5" 7" 5" rise to the foot will be 4/" 43%" 6%"4" rise to the foot will be 4" 4'" 6%"3" rise to the foot will be 3%" 4%4" 6%(Note that the exposure shortens 1/" with each inch less of roofpitch).No application of wood shingles will be permitted over existingwood shingles. (See Section 104-e), provided, however, that where theexisting wood shingles are removed, application will be permitted asprovided in this Code.Application of wood shingles shall be upon open sheathing, evenlyspaced the same number of inches from center to center as the exposure to insure uniform nailing points.All flashings, ridges, drip-strips and roof appurtenances shall be ofcopper or an approved galvanized metal. 3d approved non-corrodiblenails shall be the minimum approved size of nails permitted. Shinglesshall be fastened with two (2) nails to the sheathing.No wood shingle application over composition roof coverings willbe permitted without stripping with l"x2", or 1"x3" wood strips toinsure air space under shingles and proper base to receive shingle nails. (c) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITION ROOFING.Physical properties of roll roofing, roofing felt, or felt membrane shall conform to the following requirements:Felt is the dry or de-saturated product produced by "Felting"vegetable or animal fibres or other suitable materials; or "Felting" notless than eighty-five (85) per cent by weight of asbestos fibres.277

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Felt shall be smooth and when split or torn on the bias shall ap-pear free from lumps of underbeaten stock or fragments of metal, leath-er or rubber.Roofing felt is felt saturated with a bituminous saturant, then coat-ed on both sides with a bituminous coating and then surfaced on bothsides with powdered talc, mica or other suitable mineral matter; pro-vided, that such roll roofing need not be coated nor surfaced if felt isproduced from asbestos and two or more layers are used in combination.Felt membrane is felt saturated with bituminous saturant, then coat-ed on one or both sides with a bituminous coating.Saturant and Coating shall be principally of bitumin with a flashpoint of not less than four hundred (400) degrees Fahrenheit by thePinsky-Martin closed-cup method.Weight of roll roofings, roofing felts and felt membranes dry or de-saturated felt, and percentage of saturation, shall conform to not less than the specific minimum requirements given in the following table:Reference Name or Designation Wt.perl08 Felt Wt. per SaturationNumber sq. ft. 108 sq. ft. PercentageNo. 32 Roll Roofing 30 6.5 (V) 130No.41 Roll Roofing 40 13.0 (A) 50No.43 Roll Roofing 41 6.4(A)* 40No. 42 Roll Roofing 40 10.0 (V) 140No. 82 Roll Roofing 80 10.0(V)** 140No. 82 Shingles 80 10.0(V)*** 140No. 15 Roofing felt 14 5.6 (V) 140No. 14 Roofing felt 14 9.5 (A) 40No. 18 Felt Membrane 18 8.5 (A) 50 No. 20 Felt Membrane 20 5.0 (V) 120No. 30 Roofing Felt 26 10.0 (V) 140NOTES:"(V)" designates felt that is produced by felting vegetableand animal fibres."(A)" designates the felt that is produced by feltingasbestos fibres.* No. 43 roll roofing is produced with two or more layers of felt, each weighing 6.4 pounds, cemented together in theprocess of manufacture.** No. 82 roll roofing is a mineral surfaced product.S**Asbestos shingles are mineral surfaced and cut fromnot lighter than No. 82 roll roofing.Pliability at seventy-seven (77) degrees Fahrenheit; four strips outof five of No. 32 and No. 42 roll roofing shall not crack on a ten (10)millimeter mandrel; four strips out of five of.No. 15 roofing felt shall not crack when bent one hundred (100) degrees over a one-sixteenth278

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(iu) inch mandrel; four strips out of five of No. 14 roofing felt orNo. 18 felt membrane shall not crack when bent one hundred and eighty(180) degrees over a one (1) inch mandrel. Asphalt shingles shallnot be subject to any requirements for pliability.Heating of roll roofing to one hundred and seventy-six (176) degreesFahrenheit, for two (2) hours shall not show a loss of volatile matterexceeding one and eight-tenths (1.8) per cent and there shall be noflowing, sagging, blistering or absorption of the surface coatings. Mineral surfacing shall not slide more than one-sixteenth (1-16) inchwhen roofing is suspended vertically. Roofing felt and felt membranewhen heated to two hundred and twenty-one (221) degrees Fahrenheitfor five (5) hours shall not lose more than four (4) per cent of theweight thereof.Finished roll roofing, roofing felt or felt membrane shall be freefrom visible external defects such as holes, breaks, cracks, tears, deeplyribbed surfaces, sagged or untrue edges. Mineral surfacing shall besufficiently free from fine dust to permit adhesion of the larger particlesuniformly distributed and embedded in the coating so that when rubbedvigorously the coating will remain completely covered.TEST METHODS, used to determine the physical properties ofroll roofing, roofing felt, or felt membrane shall be those methods setforth in the "Standard Methods of Testing Felted and Woven Fabrics Saturated With Bituminous Substances For Use in Waterproofing andRoofing." A. S. T. M. Designation D 146-27, of the American Societyfor Testing Materials, and its subsequent editions. Such tests shall beconfined to specific requirements given in this section for physicalproperties of such materials.CHAPTER 44.TEMPORARY USE OF STREETS DURINGCONSTRUCTION.Sec. 4401. TEMPORARY USE OF STREETS DURING CON-STRUCTION. No building material or materials shall be placed uponthe streets or sidewalks except as provided in this Chapter. Temporary permission for use of streets or sidewalks for any con-struction purpose shall be obtained from Department of Public Safety.Building materials required for use immnediately or in connectionwith the construction of a building may be placed upon the street orsidewalk in front of the building in course of construction or altera-tion. The maximum width of such occupied space shall not exceed one-third (1-3) the width of the street, measured between curbs, and in nocase shall the space within five (5) feet of the nearest rail of any rail-279

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way track be occupied for building materials. The sidewalk space maybe occupied for building construction purposes provided the owner of hisagent constructs a temporary sidewalk not less than five (5) feet inwidth in the outer position of the permissible occupied space, and suchtemporary sidewalk shall be protected on the building side by a tightfence not less than eight (8) feet in height, and shall be open on both ends and on the side next to the street.In Fire Zone No. 1 and when the proposed building exceeds a heightof two (2) stories in any part of the City, the owner or his agent shallconstruct before any building is commenced, a temporary covered walk.way not less than five (5) feet wide and eight (8) feet in clear height, ofsufficient strength to protect the public from falling materials duringconstruction and such covered walk-way shall remain in place until thecompletion of all the exterior portions of the building. When the areaoccupied by the sidewalk or temporary walk-way is to be excavated, suchwalk shall be made of boards not less than two (2) inches thick, de-signed to support a load of not less than one hundred and fifty (150)pounds per square foot, provided with suitable ramps at each end, andwith handrails on each ride. The roof over such walk-way shall be fullwidth of the walk-way and of not less than two (2) layers of one (1)inch boards with joints broken, and shall be placed not less than ten(10) feet above the temporary walk-way. Whenever such roof is usedfor storing of materials a railing and foot board shall be so installedas to prevent the materials from spilling into the street.Building materials may be placed in front of the property adjoininga building site under the same conditions as provided for the occupationof the street immediately in front of the building site, provided thewritten consent and waiver of claim for damage against the City ofMiami, is obtained from the owner of such adjoining property, and filedin the office of the Building Inspector.No building material, fence, shed or any obstruction of any kindshall be placed so as to obstruct free approach to any fire hydrant, lamppost, manhole, fire alarm box, or catch basin, or so as to interfere withthe passage of water in the gutter.Mortar or concrete may be prepared in the space permitted for stor-age of building materials, but shall be done in a mechanical mixer or ina tight box or on a tight mixing board in such a manner that drippingor splashing is prevented. Pavements shall be well cleaned of all build-ing materials at the completion of the construction of a building.The covered walk-way shall be kept well lighted continuously be-tween sunset and sunrise and the outer edge of the occupied space ofthe street or sidewalk shall have placed thereon red lights which shall bekept burning continuously between sunset and sunrise.The street side of any barricade or fence and handrails and side-walks shall be kept reasonably smooth and in good repair while con-struction work is in progress or while such barricades, fences or walk-ways are placed on or over public property.280

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CHAPTER 45.PERMANENT OCCUPANCY OF PUBLIC PROPERTY.Sec. 4501. PERMANENT OCCUPANCY OF PUBLIC PROPERTY.No portion of any building whatsoever nor any accessory thereto otherthan signs and awnings, which are specifically covered by Chapters 47and 49, shall project over the public street, alley sidewalk or other pub-lic place, except as specified in this Section.(a) No Bay, Oriel or show window shall project beyond the building line at any point, except cornices of show windows more than ten(10) feet above curb level may project not more than eighteen (18)inches beyond the building line.(b) Reserved.(c) Roof cornices constructed of fire-resistive materials if morethan ten (10) feet above the sidewalk or alley may project over a public street not more than forty (40) inches. The construction and anchor-age of all such projections shall be subject to the approval of the Build-ing Inspector and may be erected only upon a revokable permit issuedby the Building Inspector.(d) Fixed marquise, porches and exterior balconies shall not bepermitted to project over any public property except as herein specified:MARQUISE AND EXTERIOR BALCONIES.(1) Marquise and exterior balconies designed in accordancewith the engineering section of this Code, and not accessible or to beused for human occupancy, shall be supported in an approved man-ner entirely from the building, and the framework shall be of steel,iron, reinforced concrete or any incombustible material. Such marquise or exterior balcony shall be at least ten (10) feet in the clearbetween the lowest point of any projection and the sidewalk im-mediately below. Exterior balconies shall extend not more thanthree (3) feet from the building; marquise shall extend not morethan nine (9) feet from the building and never closer than twelve(12) inches measured from the curb line; shall be protected withnot less than one-hour fire-resistive construction as specified inChapter 43, and all wood members shall be treated with an ap-proved wood preservative as specified in Section 2511.Marquise and exterior balconies shall not support any en-closures or structures with roof above.The roof of any marquise or exterior balcony shall be sloped todownspouts which shall conduct any drainage under the sidewalkto the curb. PORCHES AND EXTERIOR BALCONIES.(2) Porches and exterior balconies designed in accordancewith the engineering section and in accordance with Section 3501of this Code and to be used for human occupancy, shall not beconstructed except upon special permit by the City Commission after281

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approval by the Building Inspector. There shall be at least ten (10)feet in the clear between the lowest point of any projection and thesidewalk immediately below; exterior balconies shall not extendmore than three (3) feet from the building, and no portion ofporches or exterior balconies shall extend closer than twelve (12)inches measured from the curb. Porches shall be supported onmasonry or metal columns designed in accordance with the en-gineering section of this Code, and metal columns shall be anchoredand protected as required by the Building Inspector. All porches,balconies and railings shall be constructed of incombustible ma-terials, and the railing or balustrade on the upper deck shall notproject higher than the window sill of the second floor. Every porchor exterior balcony shall be provided with a railing or balustradewhich shall be not less than three feet six inches (3'-6") in height, and all railings or balustrades shall be bonded in an approved man-ner to the supporting masonry and framework; porches and exteriorbalconies shall not support any enclosure or be covered with anyroof or enclosure other than an approved canvas awning as per-mitted by the Building Inspector.Porches not accessible for human occupancy and to be used onlyas a covered areaway over sidewalks, may have the railing or balustrade omitted but shall otherwise comply with the requirementsof this Section.Porches and exterior balconies shall be provided with down-spouts to conduct any drainage to the curb or gutter, and the down-spouts for exterior balconies shall be installed in an approved manner so as to conduct such drainage under the sidewalk to the curb.(3) Every marquise, porch or exterior balcony shall be solocated as not to interfere with the operation of any standpipes,stairways or exits from the building, and such location shall meetwith the approval of the Building Inspector. (4) Construction specified in this Section may be erected onlyupon a revokable permit issued by the Building Inspector.(e) Water tables, belt courses, sills, bases, columns, plasters, cap-itals or other decorative features shall not project more than six (6)inches beyond any lot line, and shall be securely bonded to the exteriorwall. Such projection may be erected only upon a revocable permitissued by the Building Inspector.(f) No part of any show window, store front or show case exceptthe sill, as provided in paragraph (e) of this Section, shall project be-yond the property line. Doors shall not project beyond the property linebordering a street and shall not project into an alley.(g) VAULTS OR EXCAVATIONS UNDER SIDEWALK. It shall be unlawful to construct beneath or under any sidewalk, any excava-tion, vault, cellar-way or other sub-structures, or to make any openingsthrough any street or sidewalk in the City of Miami, into any such cellar-way, excavation or other substructure, or to use any such sidewalk or282

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areaways, cellar openings, underground vaults, or other substructures, forany purpose whatsoever or to erect, construct, operate, use or permit tobe used or to exist in front of any building used or occupied, any suchareaway, cellar or opening, or other substructure beneath the sidewalk,for the purposes of transporting through the same, any goods, merchan-dise, or other articles, without first obtaining from the Department ofPublic Service of the City of Miami, Florida, a special permit therefor,and then performing the work in all particulars in strict accordance withplans and specifications submitted and in full compliance with the regu-lations as shall be prescribed by the Department of Public Service. Inall cases, a retaining wall shall be constructed to protect adjacent soilbanks, and the roof or covering over that portion excavated shall be ofimproved incombustible material, constructed in accordance with theengineering requirements of this Code and of sufficient strength to safelywithstand a live load of not less than that specified in Section 2304.Glass used for the transmission of light in sidewalks shall meet the re-quirements of Section 3402. When such area or such openings are cov-ered with solid iron doors they shall be not more than three (3) feet inwidth with the rough surface set flush with the sidewalks, and mayproject from the building a distance not greater than that permitted bythe Department of Public Service.The occupation of this space may be revoked by the City of Miami, Florida at any time, and the owner of the building or the permit holderoccupying such space shall be required to pay all costs attending there.with.(h) No projection whatsoever shall be allowed in alleys except acurb or buffer block extending not more than nine (9) inches from theface of the building and not more than nine (9) inches above the ad-jacent alley grade.CHAPER 4.DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SERVICE. RULES AND REGULATIONS PERTAINING TOPUBLIC PROPERTY.RESERVED.CHAPTER 47.SIGNS-BIHLBOARDS-POSTER.BOARDS.CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE.Sec. 4701. That no signs, billboards or poster-boards shall hereafterbe constructed in the City of Miami, contrary to the provisions of thisCode, or which do not conform to the requirements hereinafter set out.283

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BILLBOARDS AND GENERAL ADVERTISING SIGNS. Shall notbe permitted in R Districts or in a B-l, or B-2 District and shall onlybe allowed within other districts at such locations and in such manneras will not constitute a traffic hazard or eyesore. Any sign for which apermit may be granted must be properly maintained otherwise the Cityreserves the right to remove any Billboard or Advertising Sign whichshows neglect or becomes dilapidated. Districts specified in this sectionare defined in the Zoning Code.NO ADVERTISING DEVICE ON BISCAYNE BOULEVARDABUTTING PROPERTY. No sign, sign board, billboard, or other sim-ilar advertising device shall be erected, placed, maintained or continuedin or along Biscayne Boulevard in the City of Miami, at any place be-tween Northeast Thirteenth Street and Northeast Fifty-fourth Street, noron any property abutting on said part of Biscayne Boulevard in suchmanner that such sign, sign board, billboard or other similar advertisingdevice shall extend into, on, over, or above such part of Biscayne Boule. vard, or any public walk or parkway in said street between NortheastThirteenth Street and Northeast Fifty-fourth Street, provided that theprohibition herein contained shall in no wise affect signs, sign boards,billboards, or other similar advertising devices heretofore erected andnow in place in or along said street or on property adjacent thereto.VIOLATIONS. Each separate day on which any such sign, signboard, billboard or similar advertising device shall be so erected, placed,maintained or allowed to stand, in or extending into, over or above Biscaype Boulevard, or any public walk, way or parkway in the same, atany place between the streets herein above named, shall constitute aseparate violation, and the existence of any such sign, sign board, bill-board or similar advertising device in, on, or in front of any lot or parcelof land abutting Biscayne Boulevard and extending in, into, over or above Biscayne Boulevard or any public walk, way or parkway in thesame, at any place between Northeast Thirteenth Street and NortheastFifty-fourth Street, shall be prima facie evidence of a violation by theparty or parties at such time in possession of such abutting property.The construction, erection and maintenance of all signs using electricpower in any manner shall be subject to the requirements of OrdinanceNo. 1305 of the City of Miami and its subsequent amendments being"An Ordinance Regulating and Governing Electrical Construction and theSale, Installation and Maintenance of Electrical Wiring and Appar-atus, etc."Sec. 4702. For the purpose of this Code, the following definitions,terms and their application shall be used and applied in the sections em-bodied in this Code.(a) The term "signs" shall apply to display boards, screens or struc-tures used as such and having characters, letters or illustrations appliedthereto in any manner. (b) The term "banner signs" shall apply to all signs produced oncloth, paper or fabric of any kind, either with or without frames.284

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(c) The term "signboards" shall apply to any display board orscreen carrying characters or illustrations and intended to be erectedparallel to the face or on the outside wall of any building or buildings or upon any marquee or upon open lots.(d) The term "projecting signs" shall apply to any display board or screen carrying characters or illustrations thereon and erected on theface or outside wall of any building and projecting out at an angle therefrom.(e) The term "roof signs" shall apply to display boards, screens orstructural steel frames intended to carry characters or illustrations pro-duced in pigment, colors or upon applied paper or by means of electriclight and intended to be erected upon the roofs of buildings.(f) The term "bulletin" and "poster boards" shall apply to strue-tures especially built for the display of characters, lettering or designs.All of which may be produced by applying pigment or colors directly thereto, or by applying paper sheets upon which such characters, let-tering or illustrations may already have been produced.Sec. 4703. PERMITS AND LICENSES. Permits. (a) No pro-jecting sign over five (5) feet in length, bulletin, poster board or roofsign shall be erected or materially altered unless a permit shall havefirst been secured from the Building Inspector, except in case of repair-ing or rebuilding such sign for the purpose of making it secure and safe.(b) No signboard shall be erected or materially altered unless apermit shall have been secured from the Building Inspector, unless suchsignboard shall be less than one hundred and fifty square feet in area. (c) Permits will not be necessary for signboards one hundred fifty(150) square feet in area or less, announcing the business name or lineof business or both of the owner, when such sign is to be placed upon abuilding parallel to the walls thereof in which such business is conduct.ed; nor for temporary signboards advertising the occupancy, sale orrental of property, provided that such signs are not of more than sixty (60) square feet in area, nor for banner signs where same are to beplaced on face of walls of buildings and parallel therewith.(d) All applications for permits for signboards, projecting signs,poster boards and roof signs shall be accompanied by such drawings anddescriptions as are necessary to fully advise and acquaint the BuildingInspector with the locations, construction, weight, materials and mannerof illuminating and of securing or fastening such proposed signs, andshall comply with the requirements of Section 2307 for wind stress.(e) If said sign, as indicated in said drawings and descriptions,shall be in accordance with the provisions of this Code, then the saidBuilding Inspector shall issue a permit for the erection of any such signsupon the payment of the prescribed fee.(f) Licenses. No person shall make or paint any sign, billboardor poster board for any purpose under the provisions of this ordinancewithout a license.285

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Sec. 4704. INSPECTION OF SIGNS. -(a) Should upon inspec-tion by the Building Inspector any sign be found unsafe or insecure, ornot properly built, according to the requirements of this ordinance, theowner shall be required to make it safe and secure and of proper con-struction within forty-eight (48) hours from the time of notification inwriting to that effect from the Building Inspector, and if said noticeis not complied with, within the time specified, the Building Inspector shall cause same to be removed at the expense of the owner.Sec. 4705. GENERAL CONDITIONS. All signs attached to orplaced on any building shall be thoroughly secured thereto by signhooks, iron or metal anchors, bolts, supports, chains, stranded steel cablesor braces. No staples or wooden plugs shall be used for securing anyprojecting signs to a building.(a) Sign or sign boards on Buildings. The face of all signs orsignboards attached to and placed parallel to the face of walls of build-ings when more than two feet in height, or if more than 100 feet inarea, shall be of metal (or of fireproof material), except the outermoulding, which may be of wood, substantially mounted upon wood ormetal frame.(b) Obstruction of Windows, etc. No sign or signboard shall beattached to or placed against a building in such a manner as to preventingress or egress through any door or window of any building, nor shallany sign or signboard obstruct or be attached to a fire escape in anyform, shape or manner.(c) Sky signs shall be set back at least eight (8) feet from thecornice or wall on a street front, (except, that when such signs shall beplaced or constructed at an angle across the corner of a building, thetwo ends thereof may rest upon and be supported by the outside wallsof such building,) and no sky sign shall project more than twenty-five(25) feet above the roof of a building, and each such sign shall havea space of at least six feet between the bottom of the sign and the roof.Sec. 4706. SIGNS ACROSS STREETS, ETC. No sign of any char-acter shall be permitted to project or be suspended across any publicstreet, and no person shall paint, paste, print or mail any banner sign,paper sign, or any advertisement or notice of any kind whatsoever, orcause same to be done on any curbstone, flagstone, or any other portionor part of any sidewalk or street, or upon any trees, lamp post, hitchingpost, telephone pole, telegraph pole, hydrant, bridge, or upon any otherstructure within the limits of any street within the City of Miami, ex-cept by and with the permission of the City Commission, and no personshall paint, paste, print or mail any banner sign, handbill, advertise-ment, or notice of any kind, or cause the same to be done, upon anyprivate wall, window, door, gate, fence, advertising board or sign, orupon any other private structure or building, unless he is the owner orlessee or has the permission of such owner or such lessee of such wall, win-dow, door, fence, gate, advertising board, or sign, or other private build-ing or structure, except legal notices required by law to be so posted.286

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Sec. 4707. CONSTRUCTION OF POSTER BOARDS. All bulletin and poster boards upon open lots hnd larger thon sixty (60) squarefeet in area, shall be constructed with good skeleton frame, built of notless than two-inch stock, and shall be well supported and braced. Suchupright supports shall be not less than four by four (4x4) inches,and the braces not less than two by four (2x4) inches in size, withthe exception that where steel frames are used, the size shall be ofstrength equal to the wood frames specified. The top of such bulletinand poster boards shall not extend over twenty (20) feet above theground lever, exclusive of ornamentation. Such bulletin and poster boards shall be so constructed as to withstand a wind pressure of thirty-five (35) pounds for each square foot of surface exposed.Sec. 4708. PROJECTION SIGNS. (a) Weight of signs. No pro-jecting sign of any class mentioned or described shall have a greatesweight than six hundred (600) pounds, except vertical signs, the weightof which shall not exceed one thousand (1000) pounds.(b) Non-illuminated and Reflector Signs. Non-illuminating signsor signs designed to be illuminated by means of light reflected uponthem from a source outside of the main body of the sign, may have anarea not to exceed twenty-four (24) square feet and a maximum pro-jection of not over five (5) feet from the building line. Guy wires shallnot extend more than then (10) feet from the base of the building towhich they are fastened.(c) Horizontal Signs. No horizontal signs of any description (other than signs across streets, or elsewhere herein provided for) shallhave an area to exceed seventy-two (72) square feet or a maximum pro-jection of more than eleven (11) feet six (6) inches from the buildingline. Guy wires shall not extend more than ten (10) feet from the faceof the building to which they are fastened.(d) Vertical Signs. Vertical signs, either illuminated or non-illuminated, may exceed the areas given above, providing they do notproject more than five (5) feet from the building line or propertywall, or above the coping of that part of the building to which theyare attached.(e) Location of Signs. All projecting signs of any kind shallbe erected in such position that the lower edge shall be at least eight(8) feet above the grade of the sidewalk, or twelve (12) feet abovethe grade of the alley, as the case may be, and in no event shall the inner edge of any sign he more than eighteen (18) inches from thebuilding wall or property line nor the outer edge more than eleven feetsix inches (11'-6") from the building; provided, in case any such signshall project beyond the curb, the lower edge thereof shall not be lessthan fifteen (15) feet above the street level. No projecting sign shallproject, in any case, within the following distance of any power car-rying cable:The distance of any part of a sign, to an electrical overhead conductor, where the difference of potential between any two conductors,287

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or between one of the conductors and earth, does not exceed 750 volts,shall not be less than eighteen (18) inches.Where the difference of potential is in excess of 750 volts, thedifference between such conductor and the outer edge or any otherpart of a sign shall not be less than four (4) feet.(f) Construction. All projecting signs projecting more than five (5) feet from the building wall or property line shall be constructed ofmetal or other non-combustible material, but may have border mould-ing, letter, or other trim of wood securely fastened to such body. Othertype of signs may use wood trim, letters or ornaments if securely fastened to body of the sign,. and not closer than two inches to nearestlamp or receptacle. No sheet metal shall be used in the constructionof any sign unless galvanized or equally protected against corrosion,and no sheet metal lighter than 30 U. S. gauge shall be used in anyparts of any such sign.(g) All projecting electric signs shall be provided with a sufficient number of drainage holes of not less than one-fourth (1/) -inchto prevent collection of moisture inside.(h) Flat Electric Signs. All parts of any such electric signs,whether of exterior or interior illumination, shall be of metal or othernon-combustible material, excepting that other material may be usedfor trim, letters or ornamentation, if placed at least two inches from anylamp, receptacle or current carrying wire. No such electric sign whichis attached and placed parallel with the face of walls of the buildingshall have a greater area than one hundred (100) square feet, and nopart thereof shall extend more than twenty (20) inches from the wall.Sec. 4709. ROOF SIGNS. All roof bulletin boards and posterboards having the bottom edge placed twenty-five (25) feet or moreabove the ground or grade level and all other roof bulletin boards shallbe made of metal or other non-combustible materials except the bend,columns, or crown moulding that is placed around the outer border orsuch bulletin board or poster boards, or ornaments thereon, which maybe of wood and where such sign exceeds one hundred and fifty (150)square feet in area, it shall be constructed of galvanized iron surfacemade into sections and placed upon fabricated steel frame.(a) No roof bulletin board or poster board shall be placed sothat the face of the sign shall extend beyond the outer wall of suchbuilding, nor shall the top of said bulletin board or poster board be agreater distance than twenty-five (25) feet above the average height of said roof of building on which it may be located. Sec. 4710. ELECTRIC ROOF SIGNS. All roof electric signs mayhave electric characters, letterings, or illustrations thereon. In no caseshall less than fifty (50) per cent of such electric sign be of anyother than open work construction, except such signs having an areaof less than two hundred fifty (250) square feet, and in no case shallsuch sign be permitted to extend more than twenty-five (25) feet abovethe roof of the building on which it may be located.28

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(a) No roof bulletin or poster board or roof sign shall be soconstructed that it shall have a clearance between supports and beneaththe lower edge of sign of less than six (6) feet on buildings of overthree (3) stories. On buildings of three stories and under, this clear-ance may be two (2) feet or more.Sec. 4711. IMPRINT, OWNER'S OR MAKER'S NAME. Signs ofevery class must carry the imprint of the manufacturer or producer inclearly legible letters either as an imprint board above the sign, orapplied in the border there of in color or by metal tag.CHAPTER 48.ELEVATORS, ESCALATORS, DUMBWAITERS: CON-STRUCTION AND MAINTENANCESec. 4801. GENERAL. In addition to the requirements of thisChapter, the construction, alteration, use and maintenance of all eleva-tors, escalators and dumbwaiters shall comply with the requirements of"Safety Code for Elevators" recommended by the American Standards Association 1925 Edition and its subsequent editions and amendments. In addition to the above requirements and subject to the inspectionand approval of the Electrical Inspector of the City of Miami, theinstallation of any and all electric wiring apparatus or appliance andpower for all elevators, escalators and dumbwaiters shall comply withthe requirement of the "National Electrical Code," 1935 Edition effec-tive November 1, 1935, and its subsequent editions and amendments.Elevators and escalators shall not be included in the calculationof the number of stairways required in this Code.Stairways shall abutt on not more than one side of an elevatorenclosure.Walls and partitions of shafts and chutes and openings therein shall comply with the requirements of Chapter 30.Not more than two (2) elevators shall be allowed in one enclosure.Not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction shall be required be-tween banks of two elevators.Sec. 4802. DEFINITIONS. The term "elevator" as used in thisCode shall include all elevators, escalators or lifts used for carrying passengers or freight. The term "dumbwaiter" shall include such spe-cial form of elevator, the dimensions of which do not exceed six (6)square feet in horizontal section and four (4) feet in height, andwhich is used for the conveyance of small packages and merchandise.Any hand power elevator having a rise of more than thirty-five (35)feet shall comply with all the requirements of this section. No heltelevators driven from a countershaft shall be installed for passengerservice.Sec. 4803. Before any elevator shall hereafter be installed oraltered in any building, the owner shall submit, on appropriate blanks289

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furnished therefor, to the Building Inspector an application in triplicatestating the construction and mode of operation of such elevator to beinstalled or altered, accompanied by such plans and drawings as may be necessary, and shall obtain his approval therefor. Before any such elevator shall be put into service, the same shall have been duly testedand inspected by the Building Inspector and a certificate of inspectionand approval obtained. In making any change or alterations to elevatorshafts, rails, overhead machinery or power, all the work changed oraltered shall be made to conform to these regulations.Sec. 4804. CARRYING CAPACITY. The owner of any elevatornow in operation and the manufacture of any such elevator hereafterplaced in any building, shall cause to be fastened in a conspicuousplace in said elevator, a metal plate having suitable raised letters onsame which shall designate the number of pounds which said elevatorshall be permitted to carry, but in no case shall a carrying capacity ofless than one hundred (100) pounds per square foot of platform areainside the car be permitted on any passenger elevator.Sec. 4805. OPERATOR. Every elevator, except full automaticpush button elevators, shall be in charge of a competent, reliableoperator not less than eighteen years of age, who shall have had atleast one week's experience in running an elevator under the constantsupervision of a person who has received a certificate of competencyas an elevator operator.Sec. 4806. CERTIFICATE OF COMPETENCY. No person shallrun any passenger or freight elevator in the City of Miami unless heshall first register at the office of the Department of Buildings, hisname and residence, also the location of the building in which he isto perform such service and shall first receive from the Building In-spector a certificate of competency. Sec. 4807. DOORS AND THEIR CONTROL. Not more than onedoor in the elevator shaft shall be allowed on each floor, and all open-ings in the several stories shall be one above the other, except where the operating device of the elevator is so placed that the operator canreadily control all doors without leaving the car control, in which casemore than one door opening may be permitted on a floor.All elevators hereafter installed in vertical shafts shall be controlledby some mechanical device that will automatically prevent the car being moved until the shaft door or gate at which the car is standingis shut and securely fastened; and which will prevent any of its gatesor doors being moved until the shaft door or gate at which the car isstanding shall be locked or bolted, all in such a manner as to permit opening only by the operator of the car.Sec. 4808. COUNTERWEIGHTS. All counterweights shall havetheir sections strongly bolted together. There shall be not less thanthree (3) feet clearance between the top of counterweights and theunder side of overhead beams when the car is resting on the bumpers.No continuous forged straps shall be permitted on counterweights.2901

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Sec. 4809. CARS. Elevator cars shall be constructed of incom-bustible materials, except that flooring may be of hardwood. Thereshall be not more than one and one quarter (114) inches space betweenthe floor of the car and the floor saddles, and where the saddles project into the shaft the same shall be properly leveled on the under side.The under side of the car shall be of incombustible materials. Cars for all elevators shall be properly lighted.Sec. 4810. GUIDE RAILS. All guide rails for both ear andcounterweights shall be of steel, and shall be bolted to the sides ofthe shaft with steel or cast iron brackets, so spaced that the guide rails will be rigid. The splices in the rails shall be located as nearsuch rigid supports as possible and elevators with a travel-speed notexceeding one hundred (100) feet per minute may be installed withguide rails for car and counterweights, made of suitable hardwood.Sec. 4811. FREIGHT AND PASSENGER COMBINATION PRO-HIBITED. No passenger elevator shall be permitted to have a freightcompartment attached to it in any manner.Sec. 4812. GRATING AT TOP OF SHAFT. Immediately underthe sheaves at the top of every elevator shaft in any building, there shall be provided a concrete slab of substantial grating of steel having not more than one (1) inch space between the members of said grat-ing, and of such construction as shall be approved by the BuildingInspector.Sec. 4813. OPENINGS AND CLEARANCE; TOP AND BOTTOM OF SHAFT. A clear space of not less than three (3) feet shall beprovided between the bottom of the shaft and the lowest point of theunderside of the car floor when the car is at its lowest landing; andbetween the top of the cross head of the car and the underside of theoverhead grating when the car is at its top landing;.except that this latter space shall not be less than five (5) feet for elevators havinga speed in excess of three hundred fifty (350) feet per minute, andmay be reduced to two (2) feet for elevators having a total rise of not exceeding thirty (30) feet and a speed not exceeding one hundred (100)feet per minute.Sec. 4814. MACHINERY ENCLOSURE. All parts of the elevatormachinery shall be enclosed by suitable partitions of incombustiblematerials, and such enclosures shall be lighted. Free and safe accessshall be provided to all parts of the elevator machinery. Where themachine is located at the bottom of the shaft it shall be protected witha substantial pit pan.Sec. 4815. BUFFER. At the top and bottom of all elevator shaftsthere shall be placed substantial buffer springs for car and counter-weights.Sec. 4816. LIVE LOADS. The carrying beams and other supports for all machinery shall be of steel designed for double the liveloads to be supported.291

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rSec. 4817. EMERGENCY EXITS. Every passenger elevator shallhave a trap door in the top of the car of such a size as to afford easyegress for passengers, or where two canrs are in the same shaft suchmeans of egress may be provided in the side of each car.Sec. 4818. NIGHT SERVICE. In every building exceeding onehundred (100) feet in height, at least one passenger elevator shall bekept in readiness for immediate use by the fire department during allhours of the night and day, including holidays and Sundays.Sec. 4819. SPEED AND SAFETY DEVICES. It shall be unlaw-ful to use any elevator that is not provided with safety devices forbringing the elevator car to rest without serious injury to passengersor operators whenever it may for any reason exceed its rated speedby more than forty per cent, or reach a speed of eight hundred fifty(850) feet per minute. Safety devices are not required upon theplunger type of elevators, nor upon sidewalk elevators which travel lessthan thirty (80) feet.Sec. 4820. INSPECTIONS. The Building Inspector shall cause aninspection of elevators carrying passengers or employees to be madeat least once every three (3) months, and shall require any necessaryrepairs to be made promptly by the owner. If the Building Inspectorat any time considers an elevator to be unsafe, he may require itsoperation to cease until such repairs or alterations have been made aswill, in his judgment, produce safety. In lieu of such inspection byhis own Department, the Building Inspector may accept the report ofinspections made by other reliable and properly constituted authoritieswhich in his judgment are competent and satisfactory.The Building Inspector shall issue and enforce such other regula.tions regarding the construction, erection, operation or repair of eleva-tors as he may consider necessary to insure safety.CHAPTER 49.AWNINGS, AWNING-SHUTTERS, ROLLER-CURTAINS,CANOPIES AND TENTSConstruction. Permits Required and Permissible UseSec. 4901. AWNINGS. No awning, awning-shutter, roller-curtain,detachable canvas or other cloth protection, canopy or tent shall here-after be constructed or erected in the City of Miami, contrary to theprovisions of this Code, or which do not conform to the requirementsof this chapter, and to the Zoning Code of the City of Miami. Con-struction permitted by Section 4906 over public sidewalks, streets.,alleys or other public places may be erected only upon a revocablepermit issued by the Building Inspector. Nothing contained in this section shall prohibit the enforcementof Ordinance No. 750 of the City of Miami and its subsequent amend-ments, "Being an ordinance governing and regulating the construction,installation, repairs and alterations of awnings, canopies and other292

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canvas protections in the City of Miami; providing for a license, to-gether with the deposit of One Thousand ($1,000.00) Dollars undercertain conditions and bond thereof, and providing for a penalty for the violation of said Ordinance."Sec. 4902. DEFINITIONS. An awning is a temporary, movable,detachable canvas or other cloth protection against sun or weather, ona folding metal frame supported entirely from the walls of a buildingand raised and lowered with ropes and pulleys, rollers or other me-chanical devices.AWNING SHUTTER. An awning-shutter is a movable mountedstructure made of wood or metal or other rigid material which, in oneposition, will serve as an awning to protect a window opening fromexcessive sunlight, etc., and which, in a shifted position will functionas a shutter to close the opening entirely in the event of a storm, orvacancy. *ROLLER. A roller curtain is a temporary, movable, detachablecanvas or other cloth protection against sun or weather having a woodenor metal roller attached to its lower edge which is supported entirelyby the canvas and is raised and lowered by ropes and pulleys or other'mechanical devices.STATIONARY AWNINGS. A stationary awning is a detachablecanvas or other cloth protection against sun or weather on a rigid metalframe and supported entirely from the walls of a building.CANOPY. A canopy is a temporary detachable canvas or othercloth protection against the sun or weather, on a rigid metal framesupported entirely or in part by wooden or metal posts attached to theground or to deck, floor or parapet of a building, except when it isapart from any building and used as a domicile, home or sleepingroom for man or beast, in which case it shall be considered to be a tent.TENT. A tent is a canvas or other cloth shelter from sun orweather supported by wooden frame or by poles, stakes and ropes orboth and not attached to any building.Sec. 4903. PERMITS. A permit must be obtained from the Build-ing Inspector for the installation, removal, repair or alteration of anyawning, stationary awning, roller curtain or canopy within the CityLimits of the City of Miami, Florida, over public property, before suchwork is begun and all such work shall conform to the requirements ofthis Code. (See Section 203.) Permits for renewals or repairs willnot be required provided structural framework meets requirements.Complete plans and specifications in duplicate, when demanded,must be submitted to the Building Inspector and approved by saidBuilding Inspector before permit is issued.PERMITS FOR TENTS. Tents for temporary use may be pitchedwithin the fire zones for a specified period of time only, and undersuch rules and regulations as the Building Division shall prescribe.293

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Sec. 4904. USE OF AWNINGS, STATIONARY AWNINGS, CAN-OPIES AND TENTS. No business of any kind or character whatso-ever shall be transacted, nor shall any merchandise or other goods bestored or displayed within the area covered by an awning, stationaryawning, tent or canopy except under special permit from the BuildingDivision.Awnings, canopies and stationary awnings with metal frames maybe erected upon private property (either attached to or apart fromabuilding) for the purpose of temporarily shading and protecting oneautomobile, seats, playgrounds and other personal property; exceptwhen on the same city lot where gasoline or other inflammable orcombustible materials are stored and except when it comes under theclassification of a TENT and except when it conflicts with Chapter 3 of this Code, and except that in no case may such shelter be usedfor storage of anything; and shall not be used for motor vehicles in theFirst and Second Fire Zones.If an awning, canopy or stationary awning is of sufficient size toprotect more than one automobile, a special permit must be obtainedfrom the Building Division. Small awnings may be erected on fillingstation and other storage places for inflammables only when at a distance from storage tanks and by special permit from the BuildingDivision.Sec. 4905. CONSTRUCTION. (a) All canopies and stationaryawnings whether on public or private property shall be equipped withrafters and corner braces of sufficient size and strength to withstand ordinary wind pressure, and in no case shall the cloth support theframe. Rafters must not be more than five (5) feet apart.(b) All awnings, stationary awnings and canopies shall have metal frames when erected within Fire Zone No. 1 and No. 2; provided,however, that in case of canopies, the metal frame may be supportedby heavy wooden posts.(c) All awnings, stationary awnings, canopies and roller curtainsshall be substantially construeted and securely fastened. The minimumconstruction reluirements-sie of pipes and frames:SIZES OF PIPES AND FRAMESFront bars not over 3' wide .%" pipeFront bars not over 7' ___ %" iron or %" pipeFront bars not over 9' -%A" pipeFront bars not over 14' .. ..-----%" pipe Front bars not over 20' ..1" pipeNOTE: Where 3 or more extensions are used %" pipe-front barspermitted up to 20'.One or more center arms 14' wide.EXTENSIONSUp to 2'6" extension %" ironUp to YV" _$ iron or %" pipeUp to 4" -.--1A%" pipeOver '' %____"_ pipe294

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EXTENSIONS FOR CANOPIESUp to 6'O" Extension .._./......._ pipeOver 6'O" to 120'" Extension ..........__. 1" PipeOver 12'O" Extension.... ...... __-...__... 11i4" pipeAll canopies or stationary awnings shall be laced on and no raftersor front bars in pockets.No form or type of construction of fastening shall be used unlessapproved by the Building Division.(d) When wooden or metal head rods are used to fasten awningsto face of building with expansion bolts or expansion fittings, fibre ormetal expansion shields may be used but in no case will plugs bepermitted. On awnings up to seven (7) feet in width head rod fasten-ings shall not be more than three (3) feet apart, and on awnings overseven (7) feet in width head rod fastenings shall not be more than twofeet and six inches (2'6") apart.(e) The cloth part of canopies and stationary awnings must besecurely laced, tied or otherwise securely fastened to the metal frame, and in no case shall roller curtains be used to cover stationary frames of canopies or stationary awnings.(f) No existing awnings, stationary awnings, roller curtain orcanopy shall be renewed, repaired, re-erected or altered unless and untilit conforms to this Chapter.(g) All awning-shutters must be so constructed that all parts of same shall be of sufficient strength and reinforced and so constructedto enable them to be raised or lowered or otherwise operated from oneposition to another without danger or injury to the person so operating them or to the public.(h) All awning-shutters shall be, so constructed that where at-tached to a building, the construction shall be of a permanent natureand in no case considered temporary construction.Stationary awning, awning-shutters or canopies attached to a business structure are limited in area to the floor area of the structure.Awning permit must be secured before erecting or altering anyawning, canopy, stationary awning or tent and must be shown to anyCity Building, Sanitary, Police, or Fire Inspector upon demand.The same rules and regulations regarding special permits and licenses that apply to canvas construction shall also apply to awning.shutter construction.(i) The part of this construction that fastens permanently to thebuilding shall be of metal or other material which is not subject toany considerable decay or deterioration and this construction shall beanchored or fastened to the building with lag screws, anchor bolts, orother fastenings approved by the Building Division and considered by them practical to make permanent construction, and in no case shallthese fastenings be over eighteen (18") inches apart and such fasten-ings should, where possible, be placed on the concrete lintel over theopening.295

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(j) Canvas sides and front curtains may be attached to the rigidbody of an awning-shutter either for the purpose of decoration or shadebut in no case shall the body of an awning-shutter be made of otherthan an approved rigid material.(k) Where movable parts of an awning-shutter are fastened tothe permanent header construction or to each other by means of hingesor other metal devices these hinges or other metal devices shall at alltimes be secured by either bolts or rivets and in no case by screws ornails.Sec. 4906. CONSTRUCTION OVER SIDEWALKS. No canopyshall be erected on the first or street floor so that it projects overany sidewalk or other public area, except that temporary, collapsiblecanopies that can be removed quickly under all conditions and of con-struction approved by the Building Division may be erected over publicproperty by securing special permit from the Building Division. Awnings and stationary awnings may be erected over sidewalksunder the following general conditions:(a) The frame must be of metal.(b) No metal part of an awning, stationary awning or rollercurtain shall be less than seven feet six inches (7'6') from the top ofthe sidewalk and no part of the cloth shall be less than six feet sixinches (6''6) from the top of the sidewalk.(c) No awning or stationary awning shall project more than nine(9') feet from the building wall or property line, or nearer than ten(10") inches to the curb line.(d) The front bar of an awning when it is pulled up shall not behigher than the head of the awning.(e) Awnings shall not be equipped with slide rod except wherethey can be made to operate automatically. The projection shall neverbe greater than two times the height, and where slide rods are used, balanced arms must also be supplied.(f) All awnings must be equipped with supporting chains orfireproof cables, one end of which fastens to the front bar, or to sidearm not over six (6") inches back of front bar, and the other endof which fastens to a point just under the head of the awning butnever to the headrod or headrod fastenings. Such chains and cablesshall be of sufficient strength and securely enough fastened to with-stand the stress of the awning being accidentally dropped when beingraised or lowered and to keep the frame from going below the horizontal in case the cloth stretches, tears or burns. Balanced arms arenot permitted as meeting this requirement.(d) The projection of a stationary awning shall in no case begreater than three (3) times the height.(h) Roller curtains over sidewalks can only be erected over side-walks when the method of securing the bottom of curtain has beenapproved by the Building Division and a special permit granted.296

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(i) No awning-shutters can be erected over the first floor wherethey project over sidewalk or any public area when a special permithas been granted for said construction by the Building Inspector.(j) All awnings, frames and covers of whatsoever nature, including canvas covers or stationary or canopy frames on store or windowfronts over public sidewalks, walkways or other public thoroughfaresor passageways must, as soon as such store or other premises arevacated, be removed from such position over said public spaces andstored within said vacant store or rooms or elsewhere.CHAPTER 50.PART X.Sec. 5001. All ordinances or parts of ordinances in conflict here-with are hereby repealed.Sec. 5002. The specifications, regulations and standards of testsand inspections which are mentioned by title and date of publicationin various parts of this ordinance are hereby adopted and declared tobe a part of this ordinance when not in conflict with the specificstatement contained in the body of this ordinance to the contrary.Sec. 5003. In the event any section, sub-section, sentence, clauseor phrase of this ordinance shall be declared or adjudged invalid orunconstitutional, such adjudication shall in no manner affect the othersections, sub-sections, sentences, clauses or phrases of this ordinance,which shall be in full force and effect, as if the section, sub-section,sentence, clause or phrase so declared or adjudged invalid or uncon-stitutional was not originally a part thereof.Sec. 5004. Any person, firm, partnership, corporation, association,or other organization, or any combination of any thereof, violating anyprovision of this Ordinance, shall, upon conviction, be fined by a finenot exceeding Five Hundred ($500.00) Dollars, or imprisonment notexceeding sixty (60) days, or both such fines and imprisonment in thediscretion of the Municipal Judge of the City of Miami. Each day'sviolation shall constitute a separate offense and shall subject suchviolator to be punished by a fine not exceeding Five Hundred ($500.00)Dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding sixty (60) days or by bothsuch fine and imprisonment.Sec. 5005. This ordinance is hereby declared to be an emergencymeasure on the ground of urgent public need for the preservation ofpeace, health, and safety and property of the City of Miami, Florida.Sec. 5006. The reading of this ordinance on two separate days isdispensed with by a four-fifths vote of this Commission.PASSED AND ADOPTED THIS 4TH DAY OF AUGUST, A. D.1936. A. D. H. FOSSEY,MAYOR.Attest: FRANK J. KELLY, CITY CLERK.297

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APPENDIX.Sec. 5002. The following list includes all the documents includedin the Uniform Building Code in the order in which they occur. TheS. D. reference at the end of each document name refers to the bookSpecification Documents:NOTE: Wherever mention is made in this code, to the followingspecifications, it is intended to mean "and its subsequent editions."1. Sugges Ordinan Regulatj the U s andlin torageand Sale lamable qids a the P ts The f, adopt by ational Protect(Associ in, May, 26; rep i t of.(S. D age 373).2. Standard Methods of Testing Brick, A. S. T. M. Designa-tion C-67-31 amended by C67-35 of the American Society forTesting Materials. (S. D. page 129).3. Standard Specifications for Building Brick, A. S. T. M.Designation C62-30 amended by C61-35T of the American Societyfor Testing Materials. (S. D. page 119).4. Standard Specifications for Sand-Lime Building Brick, A. S.T. M. Designation C73-30 of the American Society for Testing Materials. (S. D. page 127).5. Standard Specifications for Concrete Building Brick, A. S. T. M. Designation C55-34 of the American Society for TestingMaterials. (S. D. page 121).6. Standard Specifications for Tests of Concrete Block orTile, Serial Designation P-1A-29 of the American Concrete In-stitute. (S. D. page 139).7. Underwriters' Laboratories' Standard for Hollow ConcreteBuilding Units, February 21, 1929. (S. D. page 136).8. Standard Specifications for Gypsum Partition Tile orBlock, A. S. T. M. Designation C52-33 of the American Societyfor Testing Materials. (S. D. page 112).9. Standard Specifications for Gypsum and Calcined GypsumA. S. T. M. Designations C22-25 and C23-30 respectively, of theAmerican Society for Testing Materials. (S. D. pages 95-97).10. Tentative Specifications and Tests for Hollow Burned-clayLoad-bearing Wall Tile, A. S. T. M. Designation C34-34T amended by C34-35T of the American Society for Testing Materials. (S. D.page 133).11. Tentative Specifications for Quicklime for Structural Pur-poses, A. S. T. M. Designation C5-34T of the American Society for Testing Materials. (S. D. page 151).12. Standard Specifications for Hydrated Lime for StructuralPurposes, A. S. T. M. Designation C6-31 amended by 6-34T of theAmerican Society for Testing Materials. (S. D. page 153).298

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ORDINANCE NO. 1678Passed and Adopted Jan. 27th, 1937.That there is hereby created and established a Board of Appealsconsisting of three members; one of whom shall be the Chief BuildingInspector of the City of Miami, and the remaining members to be com-posed of Master Builders, Structural Engineers, and/or Architects ofat least ten years experience, to be appointed by the City Manager ofthe City of Miami. That the said Board shall have power and arehereby authorized to hear any person, persons, firm, partnership orcorporation not satisfied with any decision of the Building Inspector inregard to the condemnation of any building, buildings, or structures, asprovided for in this Ordinance; that such appeal of any person, persons,firm, partnership or corporation shall be made to the Board of Appealswithin five days after the final decision of the Building Inspector asprovided for in this Ordinance; and the decision of such Board shallbe final; further, the Board is given power and authority to make rulesand regulations governing the conducting of such hearings as to time and place for any person, persons, firm, partnership or corporation, ap-pealing to such Board for a review from the decision of the BuildingInspector. Expense of such hearing to be borne by the City of Miamiafter approval by proper officers of the City.IEDITOR'S NOTE: Ordinance No. 1678 adds the above as a new9th paragraph to Sec. 301).299

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ORDINANCE No. 2568AN ORDINANCE AMENDING SECTION 1601, CHAPTER 16,PART IV OF ORDINANCE NUMBER 1554; PROVIDING FORTHE ADDITION OF CERTAIN REAL ESTATE WITHIN THESECONDARY FIRE ZONE; PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR THEVIOLATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THE ORDINANCE:REPEALING ALL LAWS IN CONFLICT; DECLARING ANEMERGENCY TO EXIST; AND DISPENSING WITH THEREQUIREMENT OF READING THE ORDINANCE ON TWOSEPARATE DAYS BY A FOUR-FIFTHS VOTE OF THE MEM.BERS OF THE COMMISSION.WHEREAS, the Planning Board of The City of Miami, at :ameeting held September 2, 1941, unanimously passed and adopted Resolution Number 771, recommending the adoption of an ordinanceamending the Building Code of The City of Miami by placing an area in Coconut Grove within the secondary fire zone, thus prohibiting the erection of new frame structures therein, upon the ground that the amendment, if adopted, will be beneficial to the general city plan:NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COMMISSIONOF THE CITY OF MIAMI:Section 1. That Section 1601, Chapter 16, Part IV of Ordinance Number 1554, otherwise known as the Building Code of The City ofMiami, be, and it is hereby, amended by including an additional areaof land within the secondary fire zone, and which is described as follows:All of Percival & Sanford Revised, a subdivision according to theplat thereof recorded in Plat Book 1, Page 140 of the Public Records of Dade County, Florida;All of McFarlane Homestead Plat, a subdivision according to theplat thereof recorded in Plat Book 5, Page 81 of the Public Recordsof Dade County, Florida:All of St. Alban's Park, a subdivision according to the plat thereofrecorded in Plat Book 4, Page 173 of the Public Records of DadeCounty, Florida;South One-Half (S') of Block 5, and all of Blocks 6, 15. 16,24, 25, 26, 27 and Lots 11 to 20, both inclusive, of Block 28, and allof Blocks 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 and 38, and Lots 1 to 24,both jnclusive, and Lots A and F, all of Block 36; Lots 1 to 12.both inclusive, Block 37, and Lots 2 to 4 and 6 to 11, inclusive.Block 40, all of Frow Homestead Amended, a subdivision accordingto the plat thereof recorded in Plat Book "B" at Page 106 of the Public Records of Dade County. Florida;All of DeHedowville, a subdivision according to the plat thereofrecorded in Plat Book "B", Page 150 of the Public Records ofDade County, Florida.Section 2. That any person, persons, firms, corporations, associa-tions or co-partnerships violating any of the provisions of this ordinanceshall be punished by a fine not exceeding $500.00 or by imprisonment300

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not exceeding 6 days, or by both such fine and imprisonment, withinthe discretion of the Municipal Judge.Section 3. That all ordinances or parts of ordinances in conflictherewith are hereby, repealed, insofar as there is conflict. Section 4. That this ordinance is hereby declared to be anemergency measure upon the ground of urgent public need for thepreservation of peace, health, safety or property of the people of theCity of Miami, Florida.Section 5. That the requirement of reading this ordinance on twoseparate days is hereby dispensed with by a four-fifths vote of themembers of the Commission.PASSED AND ADOPTED this 8th day of October, A. D. 1941.C. H. REEDER,Mayor.ATTEST:FRANK J. KELLY,City Clerk.301'st

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Revised Building Permit FeesPAGES 7, 8 & 9 -MIAMI BUILDING CODE AUGUST 1, 1945ORDINANCE NO. 2972An Ordinance to amend Section 203 of Chapter 1 of OrdinanceNo. 1554, passed and adopted the 4th day of August, 1936,and entitled, "An Ordinance Regulating the Erection, Con-struction, Removal, Enlargement, Alteration, Repairing,Moving, Demolition, Conversion, Occupancy, Equipment,Use, Height, Area and Maintenance of Building and/orStructures, including Signs, Billboards, Poster Boards, Awn-ings, Awning-Shutters, Stationary Awnings, and Canopiesin the City of Miami. Florida; Providing for the is-suance of Permits and collection of Fees therefor; Declaring and establishing Fire Zones or Districts; Providing for theremoval or making safe of Condemned Buildings or Struc-tures and for the abatement or removal of Nuisances andfurther providing for Liens for Expenses incurred andfor the recovery of such Expenditures; Providing for the temporary and permanent occupancy of Public Propertyfor certain uses under specified conditions and regulations;Creating a Board of Review and Appeal and providing for its Appointment, Qualification, Duties and Powers; Adopt-mg and approving certain Specifications, Regulations and Standards of Tests and Inspections by Specific Reference;Providing for the enforcement of certain other Ordinancesor Parts of Ordinances of the City of Miami by Specific Ref-erence; Repealing specifically Ordinance Numbers 299, 313,327 and 342, City Council Series of the City of Miami,Florida; and repealing specifically Ordinance Numbers 121, 187, 271, 421, 617, 618, 685, 690, 879, 940, 984, 986, 1003,1011, 1144, 1159, 1175, 1?33 and 1342, City CommissionSeries of the City of Miami, Florida; And repealing allother Ordinances or Parts of Ordinances in conflict here.with; Providing for Penalties for the violation thereof;Providing that in the event any Section, Sub-Section, Sen-tence, Clause, or Phrase of this Ordinance shall be declaredor adjudged invalid or unconstitutional, such adjudicationor invalidity shall in no manner affect the other Sections,Sub-Sections, Sentences, Clauses or Phrases of this Ordinance;" and repealing all Laws in conflict.302

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BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF MIAMI: Section 1. That Section 203 of Chapter I of Ordinance No. 1554,passed and adopted the 4th day of August, 1936, being an Ordinance entitled, "AN ORDINANCE REGULATING THE ERECTION, CON-STRUCTION, REMOVAL, ENLARGEMENT, ALTERATION, RE.PAIRING, MOVING, DEMOLITION, CONVERSION, OCCUPANCY,EQUIPMENT, USE, HEIGHT, AREA AND MAINTENACE OFBUILDING AND/OR STRUCTURES, INCLUDING SIGNS, BILL-BOARDS, POSTER BOARDS, AWNINGS, AWNING-SHUTTERS, STATIONARY AWNINGS, AND CANOPIES IN THE CITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA; PROVIDING FOR THE ISSUANCE OFPERMITS AND COLLECTION OF FEES THEREFOR; DECLARING AND ESTABLISHING FIRE ZONES OR DISTRICTS;PROVIDING FOR THE REMOVAL OR MAKING SAFE OF CON-DEMNED BUILDINGS OR STRUCTURES AND FOR THE ABATEMENT OR REMOVAL OF NUISANCES AND FURTHER PRO-VIDING FOR LIENS FOR EXPENSES INCURRED AND FORTHE RECOVERY OF SUCH EXPENDITURES; PROVIDING FORTHE TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT OCCUPANCY OF PUBLIC PROPERTY FOR CERTAIN USES UNDER SPECIFIED CONDI-TIONS AND REGULATIONS; CREATING A BOARD OF REVIEWAND APPEAL AND PROVIDING FOR ITS APPOINTMENT, QUAL-IFICATION, DUTIES AND POWERS; ADOPTING AND APPROV-ING CERTAIN SPECIFICATIONS, REGULATIONS AND STAND-ARDS OF TESTS AND INSPECTIONS BY SPECIFIC REFERENCE;PROVIDING FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OF CERTAIN OTHER ORDINANCES OR PARTS OF ORDINANCES OF THE CITY OFMIAMI BY SPECIFIC REFERENCE; REPEALING SPECIFICALLYORDINANCE NUMBERS 299, 313, 327 and 342, CITY COUNCIL SER-IES OF THE CITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA; AND REPEALING SPE-CIFICALLY ORDINANCE NUMBERS 121, 187, 271, 421,617, 618, 685, 690, 879, 940, 984, 986, 1003, 1011, 1144,1159, 1175, 1333 and 1342, CITY COMMISSION SERIESOF THE CITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA; AND REPEALING ALLOTHER ORDINANCES OR PARTS OF ORDINANCES IN CONFLICTHEREWITH; PROVIDING FOR PENALTIES FOR THE VIOLATIONTHEREOF; PROVIDING THAT IN THE EVENT ANY SECTION,SUB-SECTION, SENTENCE, CLAUSE OR PHRASE OF THIS OR.DINANCE SHALL BE DECLARED OR ADJUDGED INVALID ORUNCONSTITUTIONAL, SUCH ADJUDICATION OR INVALIDITYSHALL IN NO MANNER AFFECT THE OTHER SECTIONS, SUB.SECTIONS, SENTENCES, CLAUSES OR PHRASES OF THIS ORDI-NANCE," be, and the same is hereby, amended to read as follows,to-wit:"Section 203. FEES. Any person desiring a building permitshall, in addition to filing an application therefor, pay to the City ofMiami, Florida, before such permit is issued, a fee as required in thissection, based on the estimated cost of construction, as follows:303

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NEW BUILDING AND/OR ADDITIONS:Up to $200.00 $ 2.50$201.00 to $1,000.00 .... 5.00For each additional $1,000.00 or fraction thereof ..2.00(This includes Pile Driving, Seawalls, and Swimming Pools)ALTERATIONS, REMODELING AND/OR AIR-CONDITIONING:Up to $1,000.00. .. ..2.50For each additional $1,000.00 or fraction thereof .2.00GENERAL REPAIRS, ROOFING, AND/OR PAINTING: From $30.00 up to $1,000.00 .2.00Each additional $1,000.00 or fraction thereof .2.00SIGNS, BILLBOARDS, AND/OR POSTER BOARDS:Up to $500.00 .1.00Each additional $500.00 or fraction thereof 1.00AWNINGS AND/OR CANOPIES:Each awning over city property .1.00Each canopy, any location .1.00CIRCUS, CARNIVAL, OR GOSPEL TENTS:Each tent .2.50 Ord. # 3971HOUSE MOVING:Houses having up to 5 rooms .5.00Houses having over 5 rooms .10.00Houses having Boor area of more than 1,000 sq. ft., 1st floor 10.00PROPERTY LINE FENCES:Each fence 1.00DEMOLITIONS:Each structure demolished, for each $1,000.00 or fractionthereof .1.00CONCRETE AND/OR HARD SURFACED WALKS, DRIVE-WAYS, PAVING, ETC., ON PRIVATE PROPERTY:Per $1,000.00 or fraction thereof .1.00ELEVATOR INSTALLATIONS:Each elevator installed or replaced .... 5.00The City of Miami, the County of Dade, the State of Florida, andthe United States of America, shall be exempt from the paying of anyfee for any building permit. Permit for any such work shall be issuedby the Building Inspector, on the approved form and marked "nocharge," Churches and charitable organizations may be exempt frompermit fees upon approval by the Building Inspector and Directorof Public Service, provided the proposed work is done only on struc-tures relating to religious or charitable affairs. However, nothing inthis section shall exempt the above from procuring permits from theBuilding Department on the blanks provided therefor.Application for building permits shall furnish an estimate of thecubic contents of the building as a basis for determining the properfee to be charged. The cubic contents shall be taken as the area of thebuilding in square feet multiplied by the height in feet, taking theo304

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height from the grade level or cellar or basement floor to the averageheight of the roof.The estimated cost of any building shall be determined by thecost per cubic foot as given in the following table:GROUP TYPE COST PER CU. FT. GROUP TYPE COST PER CU.A I $.47 I $.54I .47 IIB II .37 F III .37III .34 IV .14I .54 .27II .40 .34C I .37 23IV .14 G .20 V 27 IV .14 I 68 V .14II .54 I .75D II .50 I 54IV 27 H I .54V .40 IV .40I V 34II 23 I .81E III 20 II .68IV .14 I III .40oV .14 IV .34a,, V 27 # tII 27J III .14IV .070 V mWhere work for which a permit is required by this ordinance isstarted or proceeded with prior to obtaining said permit, the fees abovespecihed shall be doubled, but the payment of such double fee shallnot relieve any persons from fully complying with the requirements ofthis ordinance in the execution of the work nor from any other penaltiesprescribed herein. The Building Inspector shall keep a permanent, accurate ac-count of all fees collected and received under this ordinance and givethe name of the persons upon whose account the same were paid, the date and the amount thereof, together with the location of the building orpremises to which they relate,"Section 2. That all laws or parts of laws in conflict herewithbe, and the same are hereby repealed, insofar as there is conflict.PASSED AND ADOPTED this 1st day of August, A. D. 1945.PERRINE PALMER, JR., MayorATTEST: FRANK J. KELLY. City Clerk.30s

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ORDINANCE NO. 4049AN ORDINANCE TO AMEND ORDINANCE NO. 2972 PASSED ANDADOPTED AUGUST 1, 1945, ENTITLED, "AN ORDINANCE TOAMEND SECTION 203 OF CHAPTER 1 OF ORDINANCE NO. 1554,PASSED AND ADOPTED THE 4TH DAY OF AUGUST, 1936, ANDENTITLED, 'AN ORDINANCE REGULATING THE ERECTION,CONSTRUCTION, REMOVAL, ENLARGEMENT, ALTERATION, REPAIRING, MOVING, DEMOLITION, CONVERSION, OCCUPANCY,EQUIPMENT, USE, HEIGHT, AREA AND MAINTENANCE OFBUILDING AND/OR STRUCTURES, INCLUDING SIGNS, BILL-BOARDS, POSTER BOARDS, AWNINGS, AWNING-SHUTTERS, STATIONARY AWNINGS, AND CANOPIES IN THE CITY OFMIAMI, FLORIDA; PROVIDING FOR THE ISSUANCE OF PER-MITS AND COLLECTION OF FEES THEREFOR; DECLARINGAND ESTABLISHING FIRE ZONES OR DISTRICTS; PROVIDING FOR THE REMOVAL OR MAKING SAFE OF CONDEMNED BUILD-INGS OR STRUCTURES AND FOR THE ABATEMENT OR RE-MOVAL OF NUISANCES AND FURTHER PROVIDING FOR LIENSFOR EXPENSES INCURRED AND FOR THE RECOVERY OF SUCHEXPENDITURES; PROVIDING FOR THE TEMPORARY ANDPERMANENT OCCUPANCY OF PUBLIC PROPERTY FOR CER-TAIN USES UNDER SPECIFIED CONDITIONS AND REGULA-TIONS; CREATING A BOARD OF REVIEW AND APPEAL ANDPROVIDING FOR ITS APPOINTMENT, QUALIFICATION, DUTIESAND POWERS; ADOPTING AND APPROVING CERTAIN SPECI-FICATIONS, REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS OF TESTS ANDINSPECTIONS BY SPECIFIC REFERENCE; PROVIDING FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OF CERTAIN OTHER ORDINANCES OR PARTSOF ORDINANCES OF THE CITY OF MIAMI BY SPECIFIC REF-ERENCE; REPEALING SPECIFICALLY ORDINANCE. NUMBERS299, 313, 327 and 342, CITY COUNCIL SERIES OF THE CITY OFMIAMI, FLORIDA; AND REPEALING SPECIFICALLY ORDI-NANCE NUMBERS 121, 187, 271, 421, 617, 618, 685, 690, 879; 8 94, 940, 986, 1003, 1011, 1144, 1159, 1175, 1333 and 1342, CITY COMMISSIONSERIES OF THE CITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA; AND REPEALINGALL OTHER ORDINANCES OR PARTS OF ORDINANCES IN CONFLICT HEREWITH; PROVIDING FOR PENALTIES FOR THEVIOLATION THEREOF; PROVIDING THAT IN THE EVENT ANYSECTION, SUB-SECTION, SENTENCE, CLAUSE, OR PHRASE OFTHIS ORDINANCE SHALL BE DECLARED OR ADJUDGED IN-VALID OR UNCONSTITUTIONAL, SUCH ADJUDICATION OR INVALIDITY SHALL IN NO MANNER AFFECT THE OTHER SEC-TIONS, SUB-SECTIONS, SENTENCES, CLAUSES OR PHRASES OFTHIS ORDINANCE'; AND REPEALING ALL LAWS IN CONFLICT"BY CHANGING THE SCHEDULE OF ESTIMATED COST SETFORTH IN SECTION 1 THEREOF, BEING SECTION 203 OF CHAP-TER 1 OF ORDINANCE NO. 1554 AS AMENDED, IN ORDER THATSUCH ESTIMATED COSTS MORE NEARLY CONFORM TO AC-305A

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TUAL INCREASED BUILDING COSTS; AND REPEALING ALLLAWS IN CONFLICT HEREWITH.WHEREAS, since the adoption of Ordinance No. 2972 on August1, 1945, actual building costs have increased, andWHEREAS, it is desirable that the estimated cost of any buildingas reflected by the schedule ofestimated cost set forth in Section 1 ofsuch ordinance, being Section 203 of Chapter 1 of Ordinance No. 1554,should more nearly conform to actual building costs since such increases,NOW, THEREFORE, BE.IT ORDAINED BY THE COMMISSIONOF THE CITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA:Section 1. That Section 1 of Ordinance No. 2972, passed and adopted August 1, 1945, being entitled,"AN ORDINANCE TO AMEND SECTION 206 OF CHAPTER 1OF ORDINANCE NO. 1554, PASSED AND ADOPTED THE 4THDAY OF AUGUST, 1936, AND ENTITLED, 'AN ORDINANCEREGULATING THE ERECTION, CONSTRUCTION, REMOVAL,ENLARGEMENT, ALTERATION, REPAIRING, MOVING, DE-MOLITION, CONVERSION, OCCUPANCY, EQUIPMENT, USE,HEIGHT, AREA AND MAINTENANCE OF BUILDING AND/ORSTRUCTURES, INCLUDING SIGNS, BILLBOARDS, POSTERBOARDS, AWNINGS, AWNING-SHUTTERS, STATIONARYAWNINGS, AND CANOPIES IN THE CITY OF MIAMI, FLOR-IDA; PROVIDING FOR THE ISSUANCE OF PERMITS ANDCOLLECTION OF FEES THEREFOR; DECLARING AND ES-TABLISHING FIRE ZONES OR DISTRICTS; PROVIDING FORTHE REMOVAL OR MAKING SAFE OF CONDEMNED BUILD-INGS OR STRUCTURES AND FOR THE ABATEMENT ORREMOVAL OF NUISANCES AND FURTHER PROVIDING FORLIENS FOR EXPENSES INCURRED AND FOR THE RECOV-ERY OF SUCH EXPENDITURES; PROVIDING FOR THETEMPORARY AND PERMANENT OCCUPANCY OF PUBLICPROPERTY FOR CERTAIN USES UNDER SPECIFIED CON-DITIONS AND REGULATIONS; CREATING A BOARD OFREVIEW AND APPEAL AND PROVIDING FOR ITS APPOINT-MENT, QUALIFICATION, DUTIES AND POWERS; ADOPTINGAND APPROVING CERTAIN SPECIFICATIONS, REGULA-TIONS AND STANDARDS OF TESTS AND INSPECTIONS BYSPECIFIC REFERENCE; PROVIDING FOR THE ENFORCE-MENT OF CERTAIN OTHER ORDINANCES OR PARTS OFORDINANCES OF THE CITY OF MIAMI BY SPECIFIC REF-ERENCE; REPEALING SPECIFICALLY ORDINANCE NUM-BERS 299, 313, 327 AND 342, CITY COUNCIL SERIES OF THECITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA; AND REPEALING SPECIFICAL-LY ORDINANCE NUMBERS 121, 187, 271, 421, 617, 618, 685,690, 879, 940, 984, 986, 1003, 1011, 1144, 1159, 1175, 1333 AND1342, CITY COMMISSION SERIES OF THE CITY OF MIAMI,FLORIDA; AND REPEALING ALL OTHER ORDINANCES OR305B

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PARTS OF ORDINANCES IN CONFLICT HEREWITH; PRO-VIDING FOR PENALTIES FOR THE VIOLATION THEREOF;PROVIDING THAT IN THE EVENT ANY SECTION, SUB-SECTION, SENTENCE, CLAUSE, OR PHRASE OF THIS OR-DINANCE SHALL BE DECLARED OR ADJUDGED INVALIDOR UNCONSTITUTIONAL, SUCH ADJUDICATION OR INVAL.IDITY SHALL IN NO MANNER AFFECT THE OTHER SEC.TIONS, SUB-SECTIONS, SENTENCES, CLAUSES OR PHRASES OF THIS ORDINANCE;' AND REPEALING ALL LAWS INCONFLICT:"be, and the same is hereby, amended ;n the following respects: The Schedule of Estimated Cost set forth in such Section is hereby amended to read as follows:Cost Per Cost PerGroup Type Cu. Ft. Group Type Cu. Ft.A I 8.70 I 8.807 II .60.70 F III .55 B I .55 IV .20I .50 V .40.I .80 I '.50H .60 II .35C mI .55 G m .30IV .20 IV .20V .40 V .20I .90 I 1.10II .80 II .80D m .75 H m .80IV A. Iv .60V .60 V .50I .50 I 1.20II .35 II 1.00E mI .30 I m .6 IV .20 IV .50V .20 V .40I .50 U .40J m .20IV .10V .10Section 2. That all laws or parts of laws in conflict herewith be,and the same are hereby, repealed.PASSED AND ADOPTED this 19th day of July, A. D. 1950. Effective the 18th day of August, A.D., 1950.306C

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ORDINANCE No. 3334AN ORDINANCE AMENDING SECTION 2714, CHAPTER 27,PARAGRAPH (e) OF ORDINANCE NO. 1554, .COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE BUILDING CODE, TO REQUIRE DETAILEDSPECIFICATIONS CONCERNING CELLULAR STEEL FLOORS.WHEREAS, Section 2714, of Chapter 27, Paragraph (e) of Ordinance No. 1554, commonly known as the Building Code, specifies"strip or sheet steel used to produce steel joists shall in no case be lessthan seventy-two thousandths (.0072) of an inch in thickness. The flangewidth of such joists shall not exceed one-half (t1) their depth," andWHEREAS, the above specifications are vague, indefinite and of novalue for Building Code use concerning Cellular Steel Floors; andWHEREAS, many requests are being made to use Cellular SteelFloors in important buildings exceeding eight (8) stories in height:NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COMMISSIONOF THE CITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA:Section 1. That Paragraph (e), of Section 2714, Chapter 27,Ordinance No. 1554, which reads "strip or sheet steel used to producesteel joists shall in no case be less than seventy-two thousandths (.00721of an inch in thickness. The flange width of such joists shall not exceedone-half (A) of their depth", shall be amended to read as follows:"(e) Strip of sheet steel used to produce steel joists shall in nocase be less than seventy-two thousandths (.0072) of an inch inthickness. The flange width of such joists shall not exceed one-half (A/) their depth."CELLULAR STEEL FLOOR:"(e-1) Construction shall consist of sheet or strip steel formedinto an integrated system of parallel steel beams which combine thefunction of load-bearing members and a continuous deck spanningbetween main supporting girders, beams or walls."When used in fire-resistive construction, steel floors shall have minimum of two inches (2") of concrete fill on top and shall beprotected with a fire-resistive ceiling suspended from the under-side, meeting the specifications of the National Board of Fire Un-derwriters as to fire ratings."(e-2) The steel used in the manufacture of steel floor unitsshall be equal to the requirements of A.S.T.M. 'Tentative Speci-fications for Light Gauge Structural Quality Flat Hot-Rolled Car-bon Steel', (A24542T), Grades A, B, or C."(e-3) The thickness of the steel used in the manufacture ofsteel floors shall be not less than U. S. Standard Gauge No. 18."(e-4) Cellular steel floors shall admit of a rational analysis,and such floor assemblies shall have been tested and certified by arecognized testing agency to substantiate stress values used."Flexural stress values shall not exceed 60 per cent of the yield306

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point specified for the grade steel permitted in subsection (e-2)of this Section."When plastered ceilings are suspended from steel sub-floor units,the maximum permissible deflection due to the full live load afterthe plaster is applied shall not exceed 1/360 of the span."PASSED AND ADOPTED this 4th day of June, A. D., 1947.Mayor. ATTEST:City Clerk.307

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ORDINANCE No. 3703AN ORDINANCE TO AMEND THE FOLLOWING SECTIONSAND CHAPTERS OF ORDINANCE NO. 1554, OTHERWISEKNOWN AS THE BUILDING CODE OF THE CITY OF MIAMI,FLORIDA, TO-WIT: CHAPTER 2 (GENERAL PROVISIONS SEC. 201 (APPLICATION FOR PERMIT); CHAPTER 18 (TYPE I BUILDINGS) SEC. 1804 (FOUNDATIONS); CHAPTER 19(TYPE I[ BUILDINGS) SEC. 1904 (FOUNDATIONS); CHAP-TER 20 (TYPE Ill BUILDINGS) SEC. 2004 (FOUNDATIONS);CHAPTER 21 (TYPE IV BUILDINGS) SEC. 2104 (FOUNDA-TIONS); CHAPTER 22 (TYPE V BUILDINGS) SEC. 2204(FOUNDATIONS); CHAPTER 22 (TYPE V BUILDINGS) SEC.2207 (FLOOR CONSTRUCTION); CHAPTER 22 (TYPE VBUILDINGS) SEC. 2208 (ROOF AND CEILING CONSTRUC-TION): CHAPTER 26 (REINFORCED CONCRETE); CHAPTER27 (STEEL AND IRON); CHAPTER 29 (WALLS AND PARTI-TIONS SEC. 2901 (GENERAL PROVISIONS SOLID MASONRYWALLS); CHAPTER 34 (DOORS, WINDOWS AND SKY-LIGHTS) SEC. 3401 (DOORS AND WINDOWS); AND CHAP-TER 43 (FIRE-RESISTIVE STANDARDS) SEC. 4305 (ROOFCOVERINGS).WHEREAS, the Building Inspectors of Municipalities west of Bis-cayne Bay and unincorporated Areas in Dade County are anxious toadopt a uniform Building Code conforming to Ordinance No. 1554 com-monly known as The Building Code of the City of Miami, Florida, withcertain amendments as hereinafter set forth, andWHEREAS, the said Building Inspectors have agreed to accept theCity of Miami Building Code provided the following amendments aremade,NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COMMISSIONOF THE CITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA:Section 1. That Chapter 2 "GENERAL PROVISIONS", Sec. 201,of Ordinance No. 1554, otherwise known as The Building Code of theCity of Miami, is hereby amended to read as follows, to-wit:Section 201. APPLICATION FOR PERMIT. No person shallerect or construct or proceed with the erection or construction ofany building or structure, nor add to, enlarge, move, improve, alter,convert, extend or demolish' any building or structure, or any groupof buildings and/or structures pnder one or joint ownership whetheron one or more lots or tract of land, or cause the same to be done,"where the cost of the repairs is Fifty ($50.00) Dollars" or more invalue, and on any remodeling or alteration job of any value, with-out first obtaining a building permit therefor from the BuildingInspector.Section 2. That Chapter 2 "GENERAL PROVISIONS", Sec. 201,sub-paragraph (f) of Ordinance No. 1554, otherwise known as Thea0

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Building Code of The City of Miami, is hereby amended to read asfollows, to-wit: (f) In addition to the above requirements, the Building Inspectormay require approval by the Fire Department for fire regulationsand approval by the Department of Public Service for street linesand grade wherever necessary and such approval shall be stampedon the plans by those departments.Sanitary Facilities on Construction Work; Flyproof privy must beprovided for workmen on all construction work where water washedsanitary facilities are not available. Such privy must include atleast two private booths or stalls.Section 3. That Chapter 18, "Type I Buildings", Sec. 1804"FOUNDATIONS", of Ordinance No. 1554, otherwise known as TheBuilding Code of The City of Miami, is hereby amended by adding thereto two new sub-paragraphs numbered (a) and (b) and readingas follows, to-wit:(a) All foundations for masonry construction must be allowed tocure for 12 hours before any masonry elements are laid thereon.(b) Foundations for masonry walls used for fences, planting boxwalls, or walls up to four (4) feet in height, shall not be less thanten (10) inches wide and eight (8) inches in depth reinforcedwith 2 %" rods.Section 4. That Chapter 19, "Type II Buildings", Sec. 1904"FOUNDATIONS". of Ordinance No. 1554, otherwise known as TheBuilding Code of The City of Miami, is hereby amended by addingthereto, two new sub-paragraphs numbered (a) and (b) and readingas follows, to-wit:(a) All foundations for masonry construction must be allowed tocure for 12 hours before any masonry elements are laid thereon.(b) Foundations for masonry walls used for fences, planting boxwalls, or walls up to four (4) feet in height, shall not be less thanten (10) inches wide and eight (8) inches in depth reinforcedwith 2 %" rods.Section 5. That Chapter 20, "Type III Buildings", Sec. 2004,"FOUNDATIONS", of Ordinance No. 1554, otherwise known as TheBuilding Code of the City of Miami, is hereby amended by adding thereto, two new sub-paragraphs numbered (a) and (b) and readingas follows, to-wit:(a) All foundations for masonry construction must be allowed tocure for 12 hours before any masonry elements are laid thereon.(b) Foundations for masonry walls used for fences, planting boxwalls, or walls up to four (4) feet in height, shall not be less thanten (10) inches wide and eight (8) inches in depth reinforcedwith 2 rods.Section 6. That Chapter 21, "Type IV Buildings", Sec. 2104,"FOUNDATIONS", of Ordinance No. 1554, otherwise known as TheBuilding Code of The City of Miami, is hereby amended by adding309

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thereto, two new sub-paragraphs numbered (a) and (b) and readingas follows, to-wit:(a) All foundations for masonry construction must be allowed tocure for 12 hours before any masonry elements are laid thereon.(b) Foundations for masonry walls used for fences, planting boxwalls, or walls up to four (4) feet in height, shall not be less thanten (10) inches wide and eight (8) inches in depth reinforcedwith 2 %" rods.Section 7. That Chapter 22, "Type V Buildings", Sec. 2204, "FOUNDATIONS", of Ordinance No. 1554, otherwise known as The BuildingCode of The City of Miami, is hereby amended by adding thereto, twonew sub-paragraphs numbered (a) and (b) and reading as follows,to-wit:(a) All foundations for masonry construction must be allowed tocure for 12 hours before any masonry elements are laid thereon.(b) Foundations for masonry walls used for fences, planting boxwalls, or walls up to four (4) feet in height, shall not be less thanten (10) inches wide and eight (8) inches in depth reinforcedwith 2 %" rods. Section 8. That Chapter 22, "Type V Buildings", Sec. 2207, "FLOORCONSTRUCTION", of Ordinance No. 1554, otherwise known as TheBuilding Code of The City of Miami, is hereby amended by addingthereto, a new Table to read as follows, to-wit:Maximum Allowable Span--FibreStress 1200Spacing of (Feet and Inches)Size of Joists, CenterJoists to Center 50# 40#(Inches) (Inches) 2nd Fl. 1st FL Ceiling6 12 10-0 11-0 13-016 9-0 10-0 11-02x 8 12 14-0 15-0 17-012-0 13-0 15-0 <2x10 12 19-0 22-0 16 15-0 17-0 19-02x12 12 21-0 23-0 26-016 19-0 20-0Section 9. That Chapter 22, "Type V Buildings", Sec. 2208,"ROOF AND CEILING CONSTRUCTION", of Ordinance No. 1554,310

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otherwise known as The Building Code of The City of Miami, is herebyamended by adding thereto a new Table to read as follows, to-wit:Maximum Allowable Span-FibreSpacing of Stress 1200 Size of Joists, Center (Feet and Inches)Joists to Center(Inches) (Inches) Flat 40# Tile 50#2 x 6 12 11-0 16 10-0 9-0 2 x 8 12 14-016 13-0 12-0" 2 x 10 19-0 18-016 17-0 15-02 x 12 30-0 21-0t. 16 20-0 19-0NOTE: 2" x 4" roof rafters will not be allowed without specificpermission in writing by the Building Inspector, with a maximum span of 8'-0". All 2" x 4" roof rafters, where permitted, shall be#1 grade.Section 10. That Chapter 26, "REINFORCED CONCRETE", ofOrdinance No. 1554, otherwise known as The Building Code of The Cityof Miami, is hereby amended by adoption of the Building Code Require-ments for Reinforced Concrete ACI (American Concrete Institute)318-47 dated September, 1947.Section 11. That Chapter 27, "STEEL AND IRON", of OrdinanceNo. 1554, otherwise known as The Building Code of The City of Miami,is hereby amended by adoption of The Steel Construction Manual of TheAmerican Institute of Steel Construction, Sth Edition, as a standard ofallowable factors for structural steel requirements.Section 12. That Chapter 29, "WALLS AND PARTITIONS", Sec. 2901, "GENERAL PROVISIONS", second paragraph, of Ordinance No.1554, otherwise known as The Building Code of The City of Miami, ishereby amended to read as follows, to-wit:Concrete Columns shall be required at all corners and at inter-vals as stated above, and may be the same thickness as the walls,or a minimum of eight (8) inches and shall be not less than twelve(12) inches in width, reinforced with four (4) five-eighth-inch(%") continuous vertical rods with one-quarter inch ('a") tiesspaced on twelve inch (12") centers. U-Type Blocks will not bepermitted for reinforced concrete column use.Section 13. That Chapter 29, "WALLS AND PARTITIONS", Sec.2901, "GENERAL PROVISIONS", the third paragraph, of OrdinanceNo. 1554, otherwise known as The Building Code of the City of Miami,is hereby amended by adding thereto a sub-paragraph to read as fol-lows, to-wit:The unsupported maximum span allowable for U-Type Beam Blockis seven (7) feet, reinforcing consists of 2 %s" rods minimum, placedone on top and one in the bottom of beam.311

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ADnTIwrONt TANA TO BE US AS AN ETENSION OF THE TABLES SET UP INS~CTIONS 2207 and 2208 as SH N O PAGES 310 and 311 of the UNIFIEDBUILDING CODs.SPACING MAliUM ALLOWALE SPAN AT 1200 P.S.I.SIU OIST (inches) 5CMLL kW ., LL2 x 6 12 10-0 11.0 13-0 16-016 9-o 10-0 111-03 x 6 12 12-0 13 1-016 10-0 11-0 12-0214 9-0 10-0 11-04 x 6 16 12-0 13-0 14-021 1112-0 13-02 x 8 12 14-0 15-0 17-0 21-016 12-0 13-0 15-0 20-03 x 8 12 16-0 17-0 19-016 14-0 15-0 17-021 12-0 13-0 15-046 8 16 17-0 18-0 19-021 15-0 16-0 17-02 x 10 12 18-0 19-0 22-0 26-016 15-0 17-0 19-0 25-03 z 10 16 17-0 19-0 21-021 15-0 17-0 19-02 x 12 12 21-0 23-0 26-016 19-0 20-0 23-050 LL -Second floor joists with plaster under or rafters and tile roof.O LL -First floor joists not plastered under or flat roofs with plaster under.30# LL -Ceiling joists with attic space or flat roofs without plaster under. 1 Q IL -Ceiling joists without usable attic space.311A

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Section 14. That Chapter 29, "WALLS AND PARTITIONS", Sec.2901, "GENERAL PROVISIONS", the sub-paragraph of the fourth par-agraph of Ordinance No. 1554, otherwise known as The Building Codeof The City of Miami, is hereby amended to read as follows, to-wit:In addition to the above, there shall be an eight (8) inch by eight,(8) inch or sixty-four (64) square inches reinforced concrete tiebeam, constructed in the same manner as above coping beam, on the rate at the end of gables however, if the rake and height is lessthan twenty-four (24) inches, no coping beam is necessary.Section 15. That Chapter 34, "DOORS, WINDOWS AND SKY-LIGHTS", Sec. 3401, "PLATE GLASS WINDOWS", of Ordinance No.1554, otherwise known as The Building Code of The City of Miami, ishereby amended to read as follows, to-wit:Plate glass windows, except minor transoms, facing on publicstreets or arcades, set in any first floor exterior wall, shall not beless than one-fourth (1) inch in thickness, shall be not morethan one hundred and fifty (150) square feet (Maximum of twelve(12) feet in height) in size without approved division bars, and shall be set in approved non-corrosive metal setting. If wood sillis used, it shall be covered with the same approved quality of non-corrosive metal, side rails shall be securely fastened with non-corrosive screws into side jambs or not less than one and one-eighth by three and one-half (1% x31%) inches and such jambs shall besecurely fastened to the masonry wall with not less than threeeighth (%) inch expansion bolts, or approved steel screw nails,not more than four (4) feet apart, and when such jambs areattached to wood members they shall be securely nailed or boltedin an approved manner.For floors above first floor these requirements may be increased atthe discretion of the Building Inspector.When wire glass is required, it shall mean glass the thickness ofwhich at the thinnest point shall not be less than one-fourth (%)of an inch and in which a wire netting is embedded. Wire glassshall be set with putty and metal stops.BULKHEADS: Bulkheads shall have a minimum of six (6) inchesabove the sidewalk or floor level and such concrete bulkheads mustbe poured intergral with the footing or securely doweled into thefooting.STORM SHUTTERS: Removable Metal Storm Shutters and theirfasteners shall conform to strength requirements for steel, sheetmetal, or aluminum siding.Section 16. That Chapter 43, "FIRE RESISTIVE STANDARDS,"Sec. 4305 "ROOF COVERINGS," under METHOD OF LAYING, para-graph 9 of Ordinance No. 1554, otherwise known as The Building Codeof The City of Miami, is hereby amended by adding thereto, two new312

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sub-paragraphs numbered (a) and (b) to read as follows, to-wit:Metal Roofing and Siding (a) STEEL: Steel roofing and siding may be corrugated, deck,standing seam, V Crimp or flat type. All such material shall,except as hereinafter noted, have a protective coating. If the materialis not to be exposed to the weather, the coating may be of paint.Sheets to be exposed to the elements shall have a coating of zinc, or other non-corrosive metal. Corrugated steel roofing and/or siding of whatever type which is coated with layers of asphalt andasphalt impregnated felt may be used. Stainless steel withoutprotective coating is approved. The minimum gauge of the steel sheets of any type shall be No. 26and all such material shall be used only on solid wood sheathing.All sheets are to be properly lapped at sides and ends and approvedmastic cement shall be used at such points. All sheets of whatevertype are to be fastened to the sheathing with approved galvanizedroofing nails and minimum %" diameter lead or neoprene typewashers. Nailing shall be done through the high corrugations,standing seams or V crimps. Nails to be spaced 12" centers at sidelaps or in accordance with manufacturer's directions. Corrugatedsheets are to be nailed at alternate corrugations at end of sheets.Intermediate nailing shall be about 12" centers between end lapsand about 8" center laterally. The nailing of special type sheetsshall be subject to the decision of the Building Inspector.Eaves shall be sheathed solid and steel sheets at this location shallbe nailed at each corrugation.When it is desired to eliminate the wood sheathing and span thesteel sheets between two or more supports, such as purlins, raftersor girts, the minimum gauge of the metal shall be No. 24. Corru-gations shall not be less than % high and load carrying capacityof the material shall be established by the manufacturer's loadtables and/or mathematical computations, using a fibre stress of18,000 lbs. per square inch. Sheets shall be secured to woodmembers by galvanized nails and lead or neoprene washers spacedabout 5" on centers in the high corrugations. Side laps are to bebolted or riveted 12" centers. Where sheets are not nailed, theyare to be secured with 1"x20 guage steel straps which are to gocompletely around the supports and be spaced 12" centers. Bothends of straps are to be connected to the high corrugations of thesheets with bolts and lead or neoprene washers. Sheets shall haveproper side and end laps and mastic cement shall he used at such locations. Steel roof decks supported on steel members may beused subject to the manufacturer's load tables and standard specifications. Such decks are to be welded (not clipped) to such mem-bers and welds are to be not more than 12" apart. (b) ALUMINUM: Aluminum roofing and siding may be of thesame type and be used in the same manner as steel except asfollows:313

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(1) No gauge thinner than .024 (24 gauge) is permitted andmaterial of this thickness shall only be used in the manner asspecified for 26 gauge steel, that is on solid wood sheathing.(2) Where the wood decking is eliminated, the minimum gaugeshall be .027 but the corrugations of such material shall be atleast %" high and the load carrying capacity must be establishedby the manufacturer's load tables and/or mathematical computa-tions, using a factor of safety or 2 and a fibre stress not more than12,000 lbs. per square inch. Exception, 21"x'A"x.027 corrugatedsheets shall not be used for spans greater than 30".(3) Aluminum hot-dipped galvanized or cadmium plated nails,bolts, screws or rivets shall be used to fasten sheets. Heavy(18 ga.) aluminum or asphalt coated 20 gauge steel straps shallbe used where supports are of steel and widely spaced.(4) Washers may be of aluminum, lead or neoprene type.(5) Aluminum sheets shall not be permitted in contact withsteel members. Provide bitumastic paint, aluminum asphaltasbestos combination paint or equal(6) Special types of steel and/or aluminum sheets or fasteningsother than covered by this code, will be approved by the buildinginspector subject to submitting adequate proof of their requiredstrength and durability.PASSED AND ADOPTED this 4th day of February. A. D. 1949.Mayor.ATTEST:City Clerk314

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ORDINANCE NO. 2471AN ORDINANCE AMENDING SECTION 1601 OF CHAPTER 16,PART IV OF ORDINANCE NUMBER 1554, OTHERWISE KNOWNAS THE BUILDING CODE OF THE CITY OF MIAMI; PLACINGAN ADDITIONAL AREA WITHIN THE CORPORATE LIMITS INFIRE ZONE NUMBER I; PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR THEVIOLATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THIS ORDINANCE ANDREPEALING ALL LAWS IN CONFLICT.WHEREAS, the Planning Board of the City of Miami at the meet-ing held December 2, 1940, unanimously passed and adopted ResolutionNumber 602, recommending the adoption of an ordinance amendingOrdinance Number 1554, by adding to the areas in the City of Miamiincluded in Fire Zone Number I, certain areas situated on the outskirtsof the downtown Fire Zone Number I and hereinafter more fully de-scribed, so as to prevent the erection of new frame structures therein; and for the reason that the recommendation, if adopted, will reducethe danger of fire within such area and within the downtown area,together with benefiting the general city plan;NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COMMISSIONOF THE CITY OF MIAMI:Section 1. That Section 1601 of Chapter 16, Part IV of OrdinanceNumber 1554, otherwise known as the Building Code of the City ofMiami, be and it is hereby amended by adding to the third paragraphthereof, which is entitled, "FIRE ZONE NUMBER I (or 'Fire Dis-trict')," an additional area of land situated in the City of Miami, DadeCounty, Florida, and particularly described as follows:Beginning at the intersection of the center lines of NorthwestTwentieth Street and Northwest Fourteenth Avenue; thence runsoutherly along center line of Northwest Fourteenth Avenue a dis-tance of 145 feet more or less; thence run easterly parallel and 145feet more or less south of the center line of Northwest TwentiethStreet to the northwest corner of Lot 4 of Block 1 of Amended Platof Greenwood Park; thence continue easterly to the east propertyline of Northwest Thirteenth Avenue; thence run southerly to thesouthwest corner of Lot 1 of Block 2 of Amended Plat of GreenwoodPark; thence easterly along the south lines of Lots 1, 2, 3 and 4of Block 2, Lots 1, 2, 3 and 4 of Block 3 of Amended Plat of Green-wood Park to the southeast corner of said Lot 4 of Block 3, saidcorner being 150 feet more or less south of the center line of North-west Twentieth Street; thence run easterly parallel and 150 feetmore or less, south of the center line of Northwest Twentieth Streetto a point 128 feet more or less west of the center line of North-west Seventh Avenue; thence run southerly to the northwest cornerof Lot 2 of Block 1 of North Highland; thence continue southerlyalong the west lines of Lot 2 of Block 1, Lots 2 and 23 of Block 2,Lots 2 and 23 of Block 3, Lots 2 and 23 of Block 4 of North High.315

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land to the south property line of Northwest Seventeenth Street; thence run westerly to the northwest corner of Lot 1 of Block 1 ofHighland Park; thence run southerly along the west lines of Lots 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 12, 13 and 14 of Block 1, Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 of Block 5, Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8of Block 6, Lots 15, 16, 17, 18, and 5 of Block 9, Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 21 of Block 10 of HighlandPark to the south property line of Northwest Eleventh Street;thence run westerly to the northwest corner of Block 1 of SpringGarden Subdivisions No. 1 and No. 2; thence run southerly to thenorthwest corner of Block 4 of Spring Garden Subdivisions No. Iand No. 2; thence run easterly to the northwest corner of Lot 6 ofsaid Block 4; thence run southerly along the west lines of Lots 6,5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 of Block 4 of Spring Garden Subdivisions No. Iand No. 2 to the south property line of Northwest Ninth Street;thence sun westerly to the northwest corner of Block 5 of SpringGarden Subdivisions No. 1 and No. 2; thence run southeasterlyalong the southwesterly line of Block 5 of Spring Garden Subdivis-ions No. 1 and No. 2 to an intersection with the northwesterly lineof Lot 23 of Block 11 of Spring Garden Subdivisions No. 1 and No.2 produced northeasterly across Northwest Eighth Street Road;thence run southwesterly along the said northeasterly productionand along the said northwesterly line of Lot 23 of Block 11 ofSpring Garden Subdivisions No. 1 and No. 2 to the easterly line ofthe Seybold Canal; thence run southerly along the easterly line ofthe Seybold Canal to the northeasterly channel line of Miami River;thence southeasterly along the northeasterly channel line of MiamiRiver to the center line of the Northwest Fifth Street Bridge; thencenortheasterly along the center line of the Northwest Fifth StreetBridge and along its northeasterly approach to the center line ofNorthwest Seventh Avenue; thence run northerly along the centerline of Northwest Seventh Avenue to an intersection with the centerline of Block 70 N of Miami (A. L. Knowlton); thence run easterlyalong the center lines of Blocks 70 N, 69 N, 68 N and 67 N ofMiami (A. L. Knowlton) to the center of said Block 67 N; thenceran northerly along the center lines of Blocks 67 N, 54 N, 47 N,34 N, 27 N, 14 N and 7 N of Miami (A. L. Knowlton) to the northproperty line of Northwest Eleventh Terrace; thence continue north.erly long the center lines of Block 11, 8 and 2 of Sost's Subdivisionto the center line of Northwest Fourteenth Street; thence run east-erly along the center line of Northwest Fourteenth Street to the center line of Block 41 of Johnson and Waddell Addition; thencerun northerly along the center lines of Blocks 41, 40, 31, 30, 21and 20 of Johnson and Waddell Addition to the center line ofNorthwest Twentieth Street; thence run easterly along the centerlines of Northwest and Northeast Twentieth Streets to the west lineof Lot 16 of Block 1 of West Bay Side extended southerly; thencerun northerly along the west lines of Lot 16 of Block 1, Lot 16 ofBlock 2 of West Bay Side, Lot 16 of Block 2 and Lot 16 of Block 1316

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of Bay View Addition, to the north line of a 10 foot alley betweenBay View Addition and Rural Home; thence run westerly to thesouthwest corner of Lot 15 of Rural Home; thence run northerlyalong the west lines of Lot 15 of Rural Home and Lot 16 of Ridge-view to the south line of West Edgewater; thence run easterly tothe southwest corner of Lot 15 of Block 2 of West Edgewater;thence run northerly along the west lines of Lot 15 of Block 2 andLot 15 of Block 1 of West Edgewater to the north line of a 10 foot alley along the south side of Park Place; thence run easterly tothe southwest corner of Lot 13 of Block 4 of Park Place; thencerun northerly along the west lines of Lot 13 of Block 4 and Lot 17of Block 3 to the north line of a 10 foot alley between Blocks 3and 2 of Park Place; thence run easterly to the southwest cornerof Lot 11 of Block 1; thence run northerly along the West lines ofLot 11 of Block 2 and Lot 11 of Block 1 of the south line ofamended Plat of Pomelo Park; thence run easterly to the southwestcorner of Lot 9 of Amended Plat of Pomelo Park; thence runnortherly to the northwest corner of said Lot 9; thence run north-easterly across Northeast Twenty-sixth Street to the southwest cornerof Lot 16; thence run northerly along the west line of Lot 16 ofAmended Plat of Pomelo Park to the south line of Halcyon Heights;thence run easterly to the southwest corner of Lot 39 of HalcyonHeights; thence run northerly along the west lines of Lots 39 and10 of Halcyon Heights to the south line of Amended Plat of FlaglerPark; thence run easterly to the southwest corner of Lot 10 ofAmended Plat of Flagler Park; thence run northerly along the westlines of Lots 10 and 9 of Amended Plat of Flagler Park to thesouth line of Western Boulevard Tract; thence run westerly to thesouthwest corner of Lot 43 of Western Boulevard Tract; thence rannortherly along the west lines of Lots 43, 44, B, A, 1 and 2 ofWestern Boulevard Tract to the south line of West Broadmoor;thence continue northerly along the west lines of Lots 5, 4, 3, 2and 1 of Block 5, Lots 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 of Block 2, Lots 15,14, and 13 of Block 1 to the south line of Lot 12 of Block 1 of WestBroadmoor; thence run westerly to the easterly property line of theF. E. C. R.R.; thence run northeasterly along the easterly propertyline of the F. E. C. R.R. to the center line of Northeast Thirty-sixthStreet; thence run westerly to the center line of Northeast SecondAvenue; thence run northerly to the north line of Lot 3 of YoungsAddition to the Town of Buena Vista; thence run westerly to theeast line of Lot 24; thence run northerly to the northeast cornerof said Lot 24; thence run westerly to the northwest corner of Lot27 of Youngs Addition to the Town of Buena Vista; thence con-tinue westerly to the southeast corner of Lot 1 of Block 5 of CentralAddition Buena Vista; thence continue westerly along the south lines of Lot 1 of Block 5, Lots 14 and 1 of Block 2 of Central Addi-tion Buena Vista to the center line of North Miami Avenue; thencecontinue westerly to the northwest corner of Lot 24 of Block 10 ofPrincess Park; thence run southerly along the west lines of Lots317

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24 and 23 of Block 10 of Princess Park to the north property lineof Northwest Thirty-sixth Street; thence continue southerly acrossNorthwest Thirty-sixth Street to the northwest corner of Lot 1 ofBlock 1 of Wyndwood Park; thence continue southerly along thewest lines of Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 of Block 1, Lots, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 of Block 6, Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 of Block7, Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 of Block 12, Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7and 8 of Block 13 of Wyndwood Park; thence continue southerlyalong the west lines of Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 ofBlock A of Price's Addition to St. James Park to the north propertyline of Northwest Thirty-first Street; thence continue southerlyacross Northwest Thirty-first Street to the northwest corner of Lot 1of Block 1 of Amended Plat of St. James Park; thence continuesoutherly along the west lines of Lots 1, 2, 3, 24, 25 and 26 of Block1, Lots 1, 2 and 3 of Block 4 to the center line of Block 4 ofAmended Plat of St. James Park; thence run westerly along thecenter lines of Blocks 4 and 3 of Amended Plat of St. James Parkto the center line of Northwest Second Avenue; thence continuewesterly along the center lines of Blocks 11 and 12 to the west lineof Lots 3 of Block 13 of Northern Boulevard Tract; thence runsoutherly along the west lines of Lots 3, 23 and 24 of Block 13,Lots 1, 2, 3, 23 and 22 of Block 16 of Northern Boulevard Tractto the center line of Northwest Twenty-eighth Street; thence run westerly to the center line of Northwest Tenth Avenue; thence runsoutherly to the north line of Washington Park; thence run westerlyalong the north line of Washington Park to the intersection ofNorthwest Twelfth Avenue and Northwest Twenty-third Street;thence run westerly to the center line of Northwest FourteenthAvenue; thence run southerly to the place of beginning.Section 2. That any person, persons, firm, corporation, associationor co-partnership violating any of the provisions of this ordinance shall bepunished by a fine not exceeding Five Hundred Dollars ($500.00) or byimprisonment not exceeding sixty (60) days, or by both such fine andimprisonment, within the discretion of the Municipal Judge. Each daythat a violation is permitted to exist shall constitute a separate offense.Section 3. That all ordinances or parts of ordinances in conflict here-with are hereby repealed, so far as there is conflict.PASSED AND ADOPTED this 26th day of March, A. D. 1941.(Signed) ALEXANDER ORR, Jr.MAYOR.Attest:(Signed) FRANK J. KELLY,CITY CLERK.318

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ORDINANCE No. 3970AN ORDINANCE AMENDING SECTION 1601 OF CHAPTER 16,PART IV OF ORDINANCE NUMBER 1554, OTHERWISE KNOWNAS THE BUILDING CODE OF THE CITY OF MIAMI, AND ORDI-NANCE 2471 AMENDATORY THERETO, BY PLACING AN ADDI-TIONAL AREA WITHIN THE CORPORATE LIMITS IN FIREZONE NUMBER 1; PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR THE VIOLA-TION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THIS ORDINANCE; AND RE-PEALING ALL LAWS IN CONFLICT.WHEREAS, the City Planning Board of Miami at its meeting heldDecember 12, 1949, unanimously passed and adopted its Resolution No.2261, recommending the extension of Fire Zone No. 1 by adding certainareas thereto, as hereinafter set forth:NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COMMIS-SION OF THE CITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA:Sec. 1. That Section 1601 of Chapter 16, Part IV of OrdinanceNo. 1554, otherwise known as the Building Code of the City of Miami,and Ordinance No. 2471 amendatory thereto, are hereby amended byadding to the third paragraph thereof entitled "FIRE ZONE NUMBER I" (OR "FIRE DISTRICT") an additional area of land, more particularly described as follows:BEGINNING at the intersection of the center lines of North-east Thirteenth Street and Northeast Second Avenue; thence runNortherly along the center line of Northeast Second Avenue to theintersection of the center lines of Northeast Second Avenue andNortheast Twentieth Street; thence run Westerly along the centerline of Northeast Twentieth Street to the West line of Lot 16 ofBlock 1 of West Bay Side extended southerly; thence run Northerlyalong the west lines of Lot 16, Block 1, Lot 16 of Block 2, of WestBay Side, Lot 16 of Block 2 and Lot 16 of Block 1 of Bay ViewAddition, to the north line of a 10-foot alley between Bay ViewAddition and Rural Home; thence run Westerly to the southwestcorner of Lot 15 of Rural Home; thence run Northerly along thewest lines of Lot 15 of Rural Home and Lot 16 of Ridgeview tothe south line of West Edgewater; thence run Easterly to the south-west corner of Lot 15 of Block 2 of West Edgewater; thence runNortherly along the West lines of Lot 15 of Block 2 and Lot 15of Block 1 of West Edgewater to the north line of a 10-foot alleyalong the South side of Park Place; thence run Easterly to thesouthwest corner of Lot 13 of Block 4 of Park Place; thence runNortherly along the west lines of Lot 13 of Block 4 and Lot 17 ofBlock 3 to the north line of a 10-foot alley between Blocks 3 and2 of Park Place; thence run Easterly to the southwest corner ofLot 11 of Block 2; thence run Northerly along the west lines ofLot 11 of Block 2 and Lot 11 of Block 1 of Park Place to the southline of Amended Plat of Pomelo Park; thence run Easterly to thesouthwest corner of Lot 9 of Amended Plat of Pomelo Park; thence319

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run Northerly to the northwest corner of said Lot 9; thence runNortheasterly across Northeast Twenty-sixth Street to the southwestcorner of Lot 16; thence run Northerly along the west line of Lot16 of Amended Plat of Pomelo Park to the south line of HalcyonHeights; thence run Easterly to the southwest corner of Lot 39 ofHalcyon Heights; thence run Northerly along the west lines of Lots39 and 10 of Halcyon Heights to the south line of Amended Plat ofFlagler Park; thence run Easterly to the southwest corner of Lot10 of Amended Plat of Flagler Park; thence run Northerly alongthe west lines of Lots 10 and 9 of Amended Plat of Flagler Park tothe south line of Western Boulevard Tract; thence run Westerly tothe southwest corner of Lot 43 of Western Boulevard Tract; thencerun Northerly along the west lines of Lots 43, 44, B, A., 1 and 2of Western Boulevard Tract to the South line of West Broadmoor;thence continue Northerly along the west lines of Lots 5, 4, 3, 2 and1 of Block 5, Lots 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 of Block 2, Lots 15, 14,and 13 of Block 1 to the south line of Lot 12 of Block 1 of WestBroadmoor; thence run Westerly to the Easterly property line ofthe F.E.C. R.R.; thence run Northeasterly along the Easterly prop-erty line of the F.E.C. R.R. to the center line of Northeast Thirty-sixth Street; thence run Westerly along the center line of NortheastThirty-sixth Street to the intersection of the center lines of North-east Thirty-sixth Street and Northeast Second Avenue; thenceNortherly along the center line of Northeast Second Avenue to theintersection of the center lines of Northeast Second Avenue andNortheast Thirty-seventh Street; thence Easterly along the centerline of Northeast Thirty-seventh Street and its easterly extension tothe intersection of the center line of Northeast Thirty-seventh Streetextended easterly and the Westerly U. S. Harbor Line of BiscayneBay; thence run Southerly along the aforesaid Westerly U. S.Harbor Line of Biscayne Bay to the intersection of the WesterlyU. S. Harbor Line of Biscayne Bay and the center line of North-east Thirteenth Street; thence run Westerly along the center line ofNortheast Thirteenth Street to the place of BEGINNING.Sec. 2. That any person, persons, firm, corporation, association orco-partnership violating any of the provisions of this ordinance shall bepunished by a fine not exceeding Five Hundred Dollars ($500.00) or byimprisonment not exceeding sixty (60) days, or by both such fine andimprisonment, within the discretion of the Municipal Judge. Each daythat a violation is permitted to exist shall constitute a separate offense.Sec. 3. That all laws, or parts of laws, in conflict herewith be, andthe same are, hereby repealed in so far as there is conflict.PASSED AND ADOPTED this 19th day of April, 1950.(Signed) ROBERT L. FLOYD,ACTING MAYOR.Attest: (Signed) F. L. CORRELL,CITY CLERK.330

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ORDINANCE NO. 3746AN ORDINANCE TO REQUIRE THE OWNER OR CONTRACTORTO DEPOSIT A PERFORMANCE BOND OR CASH DEPOSIT PRIORTO THE ISSUANCE OF A PERMIT FOR CONSTRUCTION, EX-CAVATING, CLEARING, FILLING OR GRADING OF LAND BYTHE DIVISIONS OF PUBLIC SERVICE; TO REQUIRE SAID BONDOR DEPOSIT TO BE A MINIMUM OF $50.00; TO REQUIRE THECHIEF BUILDING INSPECTOR TO DETERMINE AND FIX THESAID BOND OR DEPOSIT BASED UPON THE VALUE OF PUBLICIMPROVEMENTS AT THE SITE WHERE THE PERMIT IS IS-SUED; TO PROVIDE AN APPEAL TO THE DIRECTOR OF PUBLICSERVICE AS TO THE AMOUNT OF THE SAID BOND OR DE-POSIT; TO AUTHORIZE THE CHIEF BUILDING INSPECTOR TOUSE THE SAID BOND OR DEPOSIT TO MAKE REPAIRS OR TOREMOVE UNDESIRABLE MATERIALS OR SHEDS AFTER NOTICETO THE OWNER OR CONTRACTOR; TO PROVIDE FOR THERETURN OF BOND OR DEPOSIT AFTER FINAL INSPECTION;PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR THE VIOLATION OF THIS ORDINANCE; AND REPEALING ALL LAWS. OR PARTS OF LAWS, INCONFLICT.WHEREAS, damage has frequently resulted to pavement, trees, shrubs and other public property by the use of heavy equipment in theconstructions, clearing, excavating, filling or grading on land within theCity of Miami: andWHEREAS, the failure to remove rubbish, construction sheds andother undesirable materials from the place of operation of any con-struction, clearing, excavating, filling or grading on land within the Citylimits has caused the City of Miami and the citizens of said City undueand unnecessary expense for the removal of same; andWHEREAS, it is deemed necessary that the City be protectedagainst such resulting damage and the cost of repairing or replacing public property; andWHERAS, some guarantee should be established in order to insurethat such construction, clearing, excavating, filling or grading on landswithin the City will not cause undue and unnecessary expense to theCity or its citizens; andWHEREAS, the Director of the Department of Public Service hasrecommended that for the proper operation of his department to preventfurther damage and expense to the City a performance bond or cashdeposit should bhe required;NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COMMISSIONOF THE CITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA: Section 1. That before any permits shall be issued by the Divisionsof the Department of Public Service of the City of Miami, the owner321

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or contractor applying for said permits for construction, clearing, ex-cavating, filling or grading on land within the City of Miami incompliance with any of the laws of the said City, the Division issuingthe said permit shall require the posting of a performance bond or cashdeposit by the owner or contractor, the amount of same to be deter-mined as hereinafter set forth.Section 2. The Chief Building Inspector, or his duly authorizedrepresentative, shall consider the value of public property and improvements at the site for which the permit is to be issued to determine andfix the amount of the performance bond or cash deposit required forsaid permit, however, said bond or deposit shall be a minimum of fifty($50.00) Dollars.Section 3. That the Chief Building Inspector, or his duly authorizedrepresentative, shall give the owner or contractor the receipt for anycash deposit. Section 4. That if the owner or contractor shall determine thatthe said bond or deposit so fixed by the Cheif Building Inspector, orhis representative, to be excessive, he may appeal by writing a letterto the Director of Public Service.Section 5. The Chief Building Inspector or his duly authorizedrepresentative shall return the said bond or deposit to the owner orcontractor after final inspection has been made of the site for whichthe permit was issued, if there has been no damage to public propertyor improvements and the said site has been cleared of all rubbish, con-struction sheds or other undesirable materials as a result of said con-struction, excavatilg, filling or grading on land.Section 6. That in the event there has been damage to public prop-erty or improvements, or that rubbish, construction sheds or other unde-sirable materials have been left at the site for which the permit is issued,then the Chief Building Inspector or his duly authorized representativeshall notify the owner or the contractor to commence correction of theabove mentioned conditions within five (5) days. That in the eventthe owner or contractor fails to make a bona fide attempt to correctthe conditions caused by the issuance of the said permit, the ChiefBuilding Inspector shall be authorized to have the repairs made orundesirable materials or sheds removed, and pay for the same from thecash deposit or moneys received from the surety on the performancebond. That in the event there should be a difference between thedeposit and the bond remaining after such work is done, that theamount unexpended shall be returned to the said owner or contractor.Section 7. Any person or persons and the member of any firm andthe officers and directors of any corporation violating this ordinanceor any of its provisions or sections or parts of sections, shall, uponconviction, be punished by a fine not to exceed Five Hundred Dollars($500.00), or by imprisonment not to exceed sixty (60) days or by bothsuch fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court, for eachseparate violation.322

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Section 8. In the event any section, subsection, sentence, clause orphrase of this ordinance shall be declared or adjudged invalid or incom-petent, such adjudication shall in no manner affect the other sections, subsections, clauses or phrases of this ordinance, which shall be and re-main in full force and effect as if the section, subsection, sentence, clauseor phrase so declared or adjudged invalid or unconstitutional was notoriginally a part thereof.Section 9. That all laws, or parts of laws in conflict herewith be,and the same are, hereby repealed insofar as there is conflict.PASSED AND ADOPTED this 20th day of April, A. D. 1949.(Signed) PERRINE PALMER, JR.,Acting Mayor.ATTEST:(Signed) F. L. CORRELL,City Clerk.32a

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ORDINANCE NO. 3827AN ORDINANCE REQUIRING A REGISTERED LAND SURVEY.OR'S CERTIFICATE AND PLAN SHOWING ESTABLISHED PROP-ERTY CORNERS, PROPERTY LINE DIMENSIONS, EXISTINGUTILITIES, ELEVATIONS AND OTHER PERTINENT SURVEYDATA AS A REQUIREMENT IN CONNECTION WITH THE APPLI-CATION FOR AND THE ISSUANCE OF A BUILDING PERMIT.WHEREAS, in the past, litigation has developed in the erection ofnew structures, additions to existing structures and in the moving ofbuildings, due to the lack of a property survey plan indicating estab-lished property corners, property line dimensions, existing utilities, ele-vations and other pertinent survey data and information; andWHEREAS, in the erection of new structures, additions to existingstructures and in the moving of buildings, it is proper that the ownershall have the property involved duly surveyed by a registered landsurveyor of the State of Florida: andWHEREAS, in order to properly administer the various ordinances and laws relating to the erection of new structures, additions to existingstructures and the moving of buildings, a property survey is necessarilyessential;NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COMMISSIONOF THE CITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA: Section 1. That, as a requirement in connection with the applica-tion for and the issuance of a building permit for a new structure, anaddition to an existing structure and/or for the moving of a building,there shall be attached to the building plans a registered land surveyor'scertificate and plan, on which plan there shall be shown propertycorner stakes; property line dimensions; interior property line angles;existing structures, their dimensions and relation to property lines;general elevation of property; all existing utilities and related data;existing rights-of-way of streets, avenues, alleys, courts, lanes, terraces;any and all easements of record; existing sidewalks; street zoning ofrecord; property zoning of record; building setbacks required by law;general block plan and other pertinent survey data which may be re-quired.Section 2. In the event any section, subsection, sentence, clause or114

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phrase of this ordinance shall be declared or adjudged invalid or in-competent, such adjudication shall in no manner affect the other seations, subsections, clause or phrase, but shall be restricted and limited in its operation and effect to that specific portion of said section in-volved in the litigation in which such decision shall have been rendered. PASSED AND ADOPTED this 20th day of August, 1949.Mayor.ATTEST:City Clerk.325

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ORDINANCE NO. 3963AN ORDINANCE PROVIDING FOR THE VACATION, REMOVAL,REPAIR OR DEMOLITION OF ANY BUILDING OR STRUCTUREWHICH IS OR THREATENS TO BE A PUBLIC NUISANCE, DAN-GEROUS TO THE HEALTH, MORALS, SAFETY OR GENERALWELFARE OF THE PEOPLE OF THE CITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA,OR WHICH MIGHT TEND TO CONSTITUTE A FIRE MENACE;SETTING FORTH THE DUTIES OF THE BUILDING INSPECTOR;PROVIDING FOR WRITTEN NOTICE TO OWNER OR OTHERPARTY INTERESTED IN THE PROPERTY TO BE VACATED, RE-MOVED, REPAIRED OR DEMOLISHED; CREATING A BOARD OFAPPEALS, APPOINTING THE MEMBERS THEREOF AND SET-TING FORTH THE DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF SAID BOARD;SETTING FORTH THE DUTIES OF THE CITY ATTORNEY, THEDIVISION OF FIRE AND THE DIVISION OF POLICE OF SAIDCITY; PRESCRIBING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF THE PRO-VISIONS HEREOF; PROVIDING FOR THE SEPARABILITY OFTHE PROVISIONS HEREOF; REPEALING ALL ORDINANCES ORPARTS OF ORDINANCES INCONSISTENT OR IN CONFLICTHEREWITH; DECLARING THIS ORDINANCE TO BE AN EMERGENCY MEASURE AND DISPENSING WITH THE REQUIREMENTOF READING THIS ORDINANCE ON TWO (2) SEPARATE DAYSBY A VOTE OF NOT LESS THAN FOUR-FIFTHS (4/5) OF THEMEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION.WHEREAS, in the City of Miami, County of Dade, State of Florida,there are, or may be in the future, buildings or structures which aredilapidated. unsafe, dangerous, insanitary, a menace to the health,morals, safety and general welfare of the people of this City, and whichmight tend to constitute a fire menace, and which are a public nuisance; NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COMMISSIONOF THE CITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA:Section 1. DANGEROUS BUILDINGS DEFINED. All buildingsor structures which have any or all of the following defects shall bedeemed "dangerous buildings":(a) Those whose interior walls or other vertical structural memberslist, lean or buckle to such an extent that a plumb line passing throughthe center of gravity falls outside the middle third of its base.(b) Those which, exclusive of the foundation, show thirty-three perrentum (33%), or more, of damage or deterioration of the supporting member or members, or fifty per centum (50%) of damage or deterior-ation of the non-supporting enclosing or outside walls or covering.(c) Those which have improperly distributed loads upon the floorsor roofs or in which the same are overloaded, or which have insufficientstrength to be reeasonably safe for the purpose used.326

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(d) Those which have been damaged by fire, wind or other causesso as to have become dangerous to life, safety, morals, or the generalhealth and welfare of the occupants or the people of the City of Miami. (e) Those which have become or are so dilapidated, or decayed,or unsafe, or insanitary, or which so utterly fail to provide the amenitiesessential to decent living that they are unfit for human habitation, orare likely to cause sickness or disease, so as to work injury to the health, morals, safety or general welfare of those living therein.(f) Those having light, air and sanitation facilities which areinadequate to protect the health, morals, safety or general welfare ofhuman beings who live or may live therein.(g) Those having inadequate facilities for egress in case of fire orpanic or those having insufficient stairways, elevators, fire escapes orother means of communication.(h) Those which have parts thereof which are so attached thatthey may fall and injure members of the public or property.(i) Those which because of their condition are unsafe, or insanitary,or dangerous to the health, morals, safety or general welfare of the people of this City.(j) Those structures which have any of the following listed basicdeficiencies:1. Toilet: Shared, privy or outside the structure or none.2. Bath: Shared, outside the structure or none on premises.3. Water: Contaminated, private supply where City wateravailable, or outside the structure.4. Dual Egress: Lacking in unit.5. Electricity: None installed.6. Outside windows: Lacking in any room.7. Sewage disposal system not meeting City Code. 8. Deterioriation: Penalty score of 15 points or more.9. Room Crowding: Over 1.5 person per room.10. Persons per sleeping room: Total number of persons equalsor exceeds the following: 2 times the number ofsleeping rooms, plus 2.11. Sleeping area: Less than 40 square feet per person.The appraisal technique for the measurement of the quality ofhousing developed by the Committee on the Hygiene of Housing of theAmerican Public Health Association shall be employed in determining the above listed deficiencies.Section 2. STANDARDS FOR REPAIR, VACATION OR DEMO-LITION. The following standards shall be followed in substance by theBuilding Inspector and the Building Board of Appeals in ordering repair,vacation or demolition of said building:327

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(a) If the "dangerous building" can reasonably be repaired so thatit will no longer exist in violation of the terms of this ordinance it shallbe ordered repaired by the Building Inspector or Building Board ofAppeals.(b) If the "dangerous building" is in such condition as to makeit dangerous to the health, morals, safety, or general welfare of its oecu-pants, it shall be ordered to be vacated by the Building Inspector orthe Building Board of Appeals.(c) If the "dangerous building" is fifty per centum (50%) dam-aged or decayed, or deteriorated from its original value or structure, itshall be demolished.(d) If the "dangerous building" cannot be repaired so that it willno longer exist in violation of the terms of this ordinance, it shall bedemolished.(e) If the "dangerous building" is a fire hazard existing or erectedin violation of the terms of this ordinance or any ordinance of this Cityor statute of the State of Florida, it shall be demolished, providing thesaid fire hazard is not eliminated by the owner or other interested per-sons within a reasonable time.Section 3. DANGEROUS BUILDING-NUISANCES. All "dan-gerous buildings" within the terms of Section 1 of this ordinance arehereby declared to be public nuisances, and shall be repaired, vacatedor demolished as hereinbefore and hereinafter provided.Section 4. DUTIES OF BUILDING INSPECTOR. The Chief Build-ing Inspector and/or his authorized representative shall:(a) Inspect or cause to be inspected semi-annually, all public build-ings, schools, halls, churches, theaters, hotels, tenements, commercial,manufacturing or loft buildings for the purpose of determining whetherany conditions exist which render such places a "dangerous building"within the terms of Section 1 of this ordinance.(b) Inspect any building, wall or structure about which complaintsare filed by any person to the effect that a building, wall or structureis, or may be, existing in violation of this ordinance.(c) Inspect any building, wall or structure reported (as hereinafterprovided for) by the Division of Fire or Police of this City as probablyexisting in violation of the terms of this ordinance.(d) Inspect annually buildings in all sections of this City to deter. mine whether they are "dangerous buildings" within the terms of See.tion 1 of this ordinance.(e) Place a notice on all "dangerous buildings" reading as follows:"This building has been found to be a dangerous building bythe Building Inspector. This notice is to remain on this buildinguntil it is repaired, vacated, or demolished in accordance with thenotice dated ....................... _...... .......which has been given the328

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owner, occupant, lessee, mortgagee, or agent of this building, andall other persons having an interest in said building as shown by theland records of the City of Miami, as recorded by the Clerk of theCircuit Court of Dade County. It is unlawful for anyone to removethis notice until such notice is complied with."(f) Appear at all hearings conducted by the Building Board ofAppeals and testify as to the condition of the "dangerous buildings."(g) Report to to the Building Board of Appeals any non-compliancewith the "notice" provided for in Section 5 hereof.Section 5. NOTICE BY BUILDING INSPECTOR OR BUILDINGBOARD OF APPEALS. Notice by Building Inspector or Building Boardof Appeals must be in writing and shall be sent via registered mail tothe owner, occupant, lessee, mortgagee, agent and all other personshaving an interest in the said building as shown by the land records ofthe City of Miami, which are kept by the Clerk of the Circuit Court of Dade County (hereinafter referred to as the "land records"), Florida,on any building found by the Inspector or said Building Board of Ap-peals to be a "dangerous buildings" within the standard set forth inSection 1 of this ordinance, and the said notice shall cover the followinginformation:(a) Name of owner or other persons interested, as provided here-inabove.(b) Street address and legal description of the property on whichsaid building is located.(c) General description of type of building, wall or structuredeemed unsafe.(d) A complete, itemized statement or list of particulars whichcaused the building, wall or structure to be a "dangerous building" asdefined in Section 1 hereinabove.(e) Whether or not said building should be vacated by its occupantsand the date of such vacation.(f) Whether or not the statement or list of particulars, as providedfor in paragraph (d) above, can be removed or repaired.(g) Whether or not the said building constitutes a fire menace.(h) Whether or not it is unreasonable to repair the said buildingand whether or not the said building should be demolished.(i) A statement of the reasonable time for party receiving notice tocommence to vacate and/or make repairs, and/or demolish the building,as provided in said notice. A reasonable time shall not exceed thirty(80) days, except in cases of an unusually large building. The time tocommence may be extended by the Building Inspector or said BuildingBoard of Appeals for an additional period of sixty (60) days, provided,however, the extension is applied for by the owner, or other person in-tersted in the property as hereinabove defined, at least five (5) daysbefore the expiration of the time to commence vacation, repair or demo-lition under the said notice.229

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(j) A reasonable time to complete the vacation, repairs or demoli-tion as provided in said notice, and said reasonable time for completionshall not exceed sixty (60) days, unless the time is extended by resolu-tion of the City Commission of the City of MiamiSection 6. BUILDING BOARD OF APPEALS. That there ishereby created and established a board to be known as the "BuildingBoard of Appeals of the City of Miami" (sometimes called herein the"Board"), which shall consist of five (5) members, one of whom shallbe elected by said members to serve in the capacity of Chairman.Each member of the Board shall either reside or have his principalplace of business in the City. Two of the members of said Board shallbe master builders, and the remaining three members shall be structuralengineers and/or architects, and each member shall have had at least ten (10) years' experience in his profession.The first Board, which shall serve from the effective date hereof.shall be comprised of the following members:Alfred Parker who shall serve until June 30, 1951;George Moffat who shall serve until June 30, 1952;Robert E. Baxter who shall serve until June 30, 1952;T. T. Russell who shall serve until June 30, 1953; andJulius Gaines who shall serve until June 30, 1953;or until their respective successors shall have been duly appointed andqualified.At least ten (10) days prior to the date of the term of any memberof the Board, or within ten (10) days after the death, resignaion or re-moval of any member, his successor shall be named and appointed bythe City Commission of the City of Miami by means of the adopting ofa resolution naming such member. Any member of the Board shall beeligible for reappointment. The successor in each case shall be appointedand shall hold office for a term of two (2) years from the date ofexpiration of the term of his predecessor, except that any person ap-pointed to fill a vacancy shall serve only for the unexpired term.Said Board shall have the power, and it is hereby authorized, to hear any person, persons, firm, partnership or corporation which mayappeal the decision of the Building Inspector with respect to the vaca-tion, repair or demolition of any building, buildings, walls or stuctureas,which may have been found by said Building Inspector to be a "dan-gerous building" under the provisions of Section 1 of this Ordinance;such appeal shall be made by written statement to the Board within five(5) days after the final written decision from the Building Inspector asprovided in this ordinance; after notice of hearing, as provided in thisordinance, the decision of said Building Board of Appeals shall be final;the said Board is hereby given power and authority to make rules andregulations governing the conduct of such hearings, and the expensesof such hearings shall be borne by the City of Miami after approval ofthe proper officials of the City.330

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Section 7. DUTIES OF BUILDING BOARD OF APPEALS. TheBuilding Board of Appeals shall:(a) Upon receipt of a report of the Building Inspector, as providedfor in Section 4, subsection (g) hereof, give a written notice, sent viaregistered mail, to the owner, occupant, mortgagee, lessee, agent and allother persons having an interest in said building as shown by the landrecords, as hereinabove defined, to appear before it on the date specifiedin the notice to show cause why the building or structure reported to bea "dangerous building" should not be repaired, vacated or demolished inaccordance with the statement of particulars set forth in the Building Inspector's notice provided for herein in Section 5.(b) Hold a hearing to hear such testimony as may be presented byany department of the City of Miami, the Building Inspector or theowner, occupant, mortgagee, lessee, or any other persons having an in-terest in said building, as shown by the land records, with relation tothe "dangerous building."(c) Make written findings of fact from the testimony offered pur-suant to subsection (b) as to whether or not the building in question is a "dangerous building" within the terms of Section 1 hereof by avote of not less than three members of said Board.(d) After a personal inspection of the "dangerous building," issuean order based upon findings of fact made pursuant to subsection (c)and signed by the Chairman of said Board, commanding the owner, occu-pant, mortgagee, lessee, agent and all other persons having an interestin said building, as shown by the land record description, to repairand/or to vacate and/or to demolish any building found to be a "dan-gerous building" within the terms of this ordinance.(e) If the owner, occupant, mortgagee, lessee, or other personhaving an interest in said building fails to comply with the order pro-vided for in subsection (d) hereof, within ten (10) days, or any reason-able time ordered by said Board, then said Board shall cause suchbuilding or structure to be repaired, vacated or demolished as the factsmay warrant under the standards hereinbefore provided in Section 2of this ordinance, and the costs of such repair, vacation or demolitionshall be a lien charged against the land, on which said building orstructure existed, in favor of the City of Miami, or such costs shall beattached to the taX statement as an assessment lien against the land onwhich the building or structure stands, or did stand, or shall be recoveredin a suit at law or equity against the owner; provided, however, that incases where such procedure is desirable, and any delay thereby causedwill not be dangerous to the health, morals, safety or general welfare of the people of this City, said Board shall notify the City Attorney totake Jegal action to force the owner to make all necessary repairs, vacateor demolish the building or structure.(f) Report to the City Attorney the names of all persons not com-plying with the order provided for in Section 7, subsection (d), hereof.331

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Section 8. DUTIES OF THE CITY ATTORNEY. The City Auor-ney shall:(a) Prosecute all persons failing to comply with the terms of thenotices provided for herein in Section 5 and the order provided for inSection 7, subsection (d).(b) Appear at all hearings before the Building Board of Appealsin regard to "dangerous building."(c) Bring suit to collect costs incurred by the Board in repairing orcausing to be vacated or demolished said "dangerous buildings."(d) Take such other legal action as is necessary to carry out theterms and provisions of this ordinance.Section 9. DUTIES OF THE DIVISION OF FIRE. The employeesof the Division of Fire shall make a report, in writing, to the BuildingInspector of all buildings or structures, which are, may be, or are sus-pected to be "dangerous buildings" within the purview of this ordinance.Such reports must be delivered to the Building Inspector within twenty-four (24) hours of the discovery of such building or buildings by anyemployee of the Division of Fire.Section 10. DUTIES OF THE DIVISION OF POLICE. The em-ployees of the Division of Police shall make a report, in writing, to theBuilding Inspector of any buildings or structures which are, may be, orare suspected to be "dangerous buildings" within the purview of thisordinance. Such reports must be delivered to the Building Inspectorwithin twenty-four (24) hours of the discovery of such buildings by anyemployee of the Division of Police.Section II. EMERGENCY CASES. In cases where it reasonablyappears that there is immediate danger to the life or safety of anyperson unless a "dangerous building" as defined herein is immediatelyrepaired, vacated or demolished, the Buliding Inspector shall reportsuch facts to the Board and the said Board shall cause the immediaterepair, vacation or demolition of such "dangerous building." The costsof such emergency repair, vacation or demolition of such "dangerousbuilding" shall be collected in the same manner as provided in thisordinance.Section 12. WHERE OWNER ABSENT FROM THE CITY. Incases, except emergency cases, where the owner, occupant, lessee ormortgagee, or other interested party, is absent from the City, all noticesor orders provided for herein shall be sent, via registered mail, to theowner, occupant, mortgagee, lessee and all other persons having aninterest in said building, as described by the land records, to the lastknown address of each and a copy of such notice shall be posted in aconspicuous place on the "dangerous building" to which it relates.Such mailing and posting shall be deemed adequate service.832

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Section 13. ADMINISTRATIVE LIABILITY. No officer, agentor employe of the City of Miami shall render himself personally liablefor any damage that may accrue to persons or property as a result ofany act required or permitted in the discharge of his duties under thisordinance. Any suit brought against any officer, agent or employee ofthe City of Miami, as a result of any act required or permitted in thedischarge of his duties under this ordinance, shall be defended by the City Attorney until the final determination of the proceedings therein. Section 14. PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS. That every personviolating any of the provisions of this ordinance shall be punishable bya fine not exceeding five hundred dollars ($500), or by imprisonmentnot exceeding sixty (60) days, or by both such fine and imprisonment,in the discretion of the Municipal Judge, and each day's violation shallconstitute a separate offense punishable under this ordinance.Section 15. SEPARABILITY OF PROVISIONS. That if anyclause, sentence, paragraph, section or other part of this ordinance shallhe adjudged by any court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, suchjudgment shall not affect, impair or invalidate the remainder hereof,hut shall he confined in its operation and effect to that specific partof this ordinance which was directly involved in the controversy inwhich such judgment was rendered. Section 16. REPEAL OF INCONSISTENT AND CONFLICTINGPROVISIONS. That Ordinance No. 1678, and the conflicting portionof Section 301 of Ordinance No. 1554, and all other ordinances or partsof ordinances, in so far as they are inconsistent or in conflict with theprovisions of this ordinance. be, and the same are. hereby repealed.Section 17. EMERGENCY MEASURE. That this ordinance ishereby declared to be an emergency measure upon the ground of urgentpublic need for the preservation of peace. health, safety and property.Section 18. DISPENSING WITH READING REQUIREMENT.That the requirement of reading this ordinance on two (2) separatedays is hereby dispensed with by a vote of not less than four-fifths (4/5)of the members of the Commission.PASSED AND ADOPTED this 5th day of April, 1950.(Signed) WILLIAM M. WOLFARTH,Mayor.ATTEST:(Signed) F. L. CORRELL,City Clerk333

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ORDINANCE NO. 3965AN ORDINANCE AMENDING SECTION 202 OF ORDINANCE NO.1554, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE BUILDING CODE OF THECITY OF MIAMI; PROVIDING FOR THE ACCEPTANCE OF AP-PLICATIONS FOR AND THE ISSUANCE OF BUILDING PERMITSUNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS: PROVIDING AN EXCEPTIONTHERETO FOR REPAIRS, REMODELING, OR ADDITIONS FORWHICH CONSTRUCTION COSTS SHALL NOT EXCEED $2,500 INVALUE, EXCEPT WHERE STRUCTURAL CHANGES ARE IN-VOLVED; AND REPEALING ALL LAWS IN CONFLICT.WHEREAS, in the interest of the public safety, health and welfare,and to provide additional safeguards in the construction of buildingsand/or structures hereafter erected, constructed, altered, enlarged, re-paired, removed, or converted; it is determined necessary to amend Ordi-nance No. 1554, otherwise known as the Building Code of the City ofMiami, as hereinafter set forth:NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COMMISSIONOF THE CITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA: Section 1. That Section 202 of Ordinance No. 1554, otherwiseknown as the Building Code of The City of Miami. is hereby amendedby adding an additional paragraph to follow the existing portion ofSection 202, which additional paragraph shall read as follows:"Applications for building permits will be accepted only fromcontractors licensed in their respective classifications and qualifiedunder the existing laws of The City of Miami: provided, however,that a sole owner may make application for a building permit andperform and supervise work in connection with the construction ofhis (her) own private residence for his (her) own occupancy orthe maintenance of. addition to, alteration to, or repair of his (her)own private residence, subject to the laws, ordinances, rules andregulations relating to the construction, alterations, repair, or demo-lition of buildings and structures in the City of Miami."The provisions herein set forth shall not apply to maintenance,repairs, or additions to existing property or new construction, thecost of which does not exceed $2,500.00, except where it may effectstructural changes: subject, however, to existing laws. ordinances,rules and regulations relating to construction, alteration or demoli-tion of buildings or structures in the City of Miami; it being theintent of the provisions of this paragraph to permit a sole owner toperform or supervise work of construction, repairs or additions tohis (her) own single family or duplex residential property."3::;34

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Section 2. That all laws, or parts of laws, in conflict herewith be,and the same are, hereby repealed in so far as there is conflict.PASSED AND ADOPTED this 5th day of April, 1950.(Signed) WILLIAM M. WOLFARTH,Mayor.ATTEST: (Signed) F. L. CORRELL,City Clerk.

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ORDINANCE NO. 3971AN ORDINANCE TO REQUIRE THE LAND OWNER, OR THEOPERATOR, OR AUTHORIZED AGENT OF A CIRCUS OR CARNIVAL TO MAKE A CASH DEPOSIT PRIOR TO THE ISSUANCEOF A PERMIT BY THE BUILDING DIVISION FOR THE SHOWING OF A CIRCUS, OR CARNIVAL; TO REQUIRE SAID DEPOSIT TOBE A MNIMUM OF $100 FOR CARNIVALS, AND A MINIMUM OF1500 FOR CIRCUSES; TO REQUIRE THE CHIEF BUILDING IN-SPECTOR TO DETERMINE AND FIX THE SAID DEPOSIT BASEDUPON THE AREA OF THE SITE, AND THE VALUE OF PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS AT THE SITE WHERE THE PERMIT IS IS-SUED; TO PROVIDE AN APPEAL TO THE DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC SERVICE AS TO THE AMOUNT OF THE SAID DEPOSIT; TOAUTHORIZE THE CHIEF BUILDING INSPECTOR TO USE THESAID DEPOSIT TO MAKE REPAIRS TO PUBLIC PROPERTY, ORTO REMOVE UNDESIRABLE TRASH AND MATERIALS FROMTHE SITE AFTER NOTICE TO THE OWNER, OR THE OPERATOR.OR AUTHORIZED AGENT OF THE CARNIVAL OR CIRCUS; TOPROVIDE FOR THE RETURN OF UNUSED PORTION OF DEPOSITAFTER FINAL INSPECTION BY THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLICSERVICE; PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR THE VIOLATION OFTHIS ORDINANCE: AND REPEAING AIL. LAWS. OR PARTS OFLAWS, IN CONFLICT.WHEREAS, damage has frequently resulted to pavements, trees,shrubs, sidewaks, curbs and other public property by the use of heavyequipment and trucks in preparing and moving to, on, off, and from aite for the showing of a carnival or circus within the City of Miami. andWHEREAS, the failure to remove rubbish, trash and other undesirable materials from the area during and after showing has caused theCity of Miami and the citizens of said City undue and unnecessary ex.pense for the removal of same, andWHEREAS, it is deemed necessary that the City he protected againstsuch resulting damage and the cost of repairing or replacing publicproperty, and the cleaning up of the area; andWHEREAS, some guarantee should be established in order to insurethat the showing of such carnivals and circuses on lands within the Citywill not cause undue and unnecessary expense to the City or its citizens,andWHEREAS, the Director of the Department of Public Service hasrecommended that for the proper operation of his department to pre.vent further damage and expense to the City a cash deposit should berequired;NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COMMISSIONOF THE CITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA:Sec. 1. That before any permit for the showing of a carnival or336

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circus shall be issued by the Building Division of the City of Miami;the owner of the land, or the operator, or authorized agent of the car-nival or circus desiring to show thereon, shall post a cash deposit.amount of same to be determined as hereinafter set forth.Sec. 2. That the Chief Building Inspector, or his duly authorizedrepresentative, shall consider the routes of travel as well as the value^ of public property and improvements at the site for which the permit isI to be issued, and shall also consider the area of the site to be cleanedup after the occupancy of the carnival or circus, in order to determineand fix the amount of the cash deposit required for said permit, how-ever, said cash deposit shall in no case be less than a minimum of FiveHundred Dollars ($500.00) for a circus, and One Hundred Dollars($100.00) for a carnival.Sec. 3. That the Chief Building Inspector, or his duly authorizedrepresentative, shall give the owner, operator. or agent a receipt for thegash deposit.Sec. 4. That if the owner, operator, or agent shall consider thedeposit so determined by the Chief Building Inspector or his dulyauthorized representative, to be excessive, he may appeal in writing to the Department of Public Service.Sec. 5. That after the circus or carnival has vacated the site, theDepartment of Public Service shall inspect the travelled routes and siteand if there has been no damage to public property and if the site hasbeen cleared of all rubbish, trash and undesirable material said De-partment shall authorize the Chief Building Inspector to refund the:ash deposit.Sec. 6. That in the event there has been damage to public propertyor public improvements, or that rubbish, trash, and undesirable mate-rials have been left on the site for which the permit is issued, then theChief Building Inspector or his duly authorized representative shallnotify in writing the holder of the permit or depositor to commencecorrection of the above mentioned conditions within 48 hours. In theevent the holder of the permit or depositor fails to comply with such notice to correct the conditions, the Chief Building Inspector shall havethe repairs made or undesirable materials, trash, rubbish, etc., removed,and pay for the same from the cash deposit. That in the event there'should be a balance remaining after such work is done, the unexpendedbalance of any cash deposit shall be returned to the said permittee ordepositor.Sec. 7. Any person or persons, and the officers and directors ofany carnival or circus violating this ordinance or any of its provisionsor sections or parts of sections, shall, upon conviction, be punished by afine not to exceed Five Hundred Dollars ($500.00) or by imprisonmentin the discretion of the Court, for each separate violation.Sec. 8. In the event any section, subsection, sentence, clause or387

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phrase of this ordinance shall be declared or adjudged invalid or in-competent, such adjudication shall in no manner affect the other sec-tions, subsection, clauses or phrases of this Ordinance, which shall beand remain in full force and effect as if the section, subsection, clause orphrase so declared or adjudged invalid or unconstitutional was notoriginally a part thereof.Sec. 9. That all laws or parts of laws in conflict herewith be, andthe same are, hereby repealed insofar as there is conflict.PASSED AND ADOPTED this 19th day of April, 1950.Acting MayorATTEST:City Clerk388

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ORDINANCE NO. 2149AN ORDINANCE AMENDING SUBSECTIONS (d), (h) and (j) OFSECTION 4820 OF CHAPTER 48, OF ORDINANCE NUMBER 1554,AS AMENDED BY ORDINANCE NUMBER 2050, OF THE CITY OFMIAMI, PROVIDING FOR THE FILING OF ALL ELEVATOR IN-SPECTION REPORTS WITH THE BUILDING INSPECTOR; PRO-VIDING FOR THE WAIVER OF AN INSPECTION FEE UPON ALLTYPES OF ELEVATORS, ESCALATORS, DUMBWAITERS, HOISTSOR OTHER LIFTING APPARATUS OR THE FILING OF AN IN-SPECTION REPORT BY AN APPROVED INSPECTOR OF AN IN-SURANCE OR CASUALTY COMPANY; PROVIDING THAT ALLFEES COLLECTED UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF THIS ORDI-NANCE SHALL BE PAID TO THE TAX COLLECTOR OF THECITY OF MIAMI INSTEAD OF BEING CREDITED TO A SPECIALELEVATOR FUND, DECLARING THIS ORDINANCE TO BE ANEMERGENCY MEASURE; AND DISPENSING WITH THE READ-ING OF SAME ON TWO SEPARATE DAYS BY A FOUR-FIFTHSVOTE OF THE COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF MIAMI.BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COMMISSION OF THE CITY OFMIAMI:Section 1. That Subsection (d) of Section 4820, of Chapter 48 ofOrdinance No. 1554, as amended by Ordinance No. 2050, which readsas follows:"(d) Issuance of Certificates: Every elevator inspector shall filewith the Building Inspector a full report of each and every inspec-tion made of any elevator, escalator, dumbwaiter, hoist or otherlifting apparatus, showing the exact condition of the said elevator,escalator, dumbwaiter, hoist or other lifting apparatus, with definitestatement of any repairs or replacements required. If this reportindicates that the said elevator, escalator, dumbwaiter, hoist or otherlifting apparatus is in a safe condition to operate, the BuildingInspector shall issue a certificate of operation for a capacity not toexceed that named in the said report of inspection, which certificateshall be valid for three (3) months after date of inspection forpassenger elevators, freight elevators, escalators and building hoists;and six (6) months for dumbwaiters, electric or hand power type,freight elevators hand power type, or other lifting apparatus, unlessfuture inspections indicate an unsafe condition. No passenger ele-vator, freight elevator, dumbwaiter, escalator, or building hoist orother lifting apparatus, may he lawfully operated without havingsuch a certificate conspicuously posted in the elevator car, cage orplatform,"be, and the same is hereby, amended to read as follows:"(d) Issuance of Certificates: Each elevator inspector, whetheremployed by the City of Miami or by an insurance or casualtycompany, shall file with the Building Inspector of the City ofMiami a full report of each and every inspection made of any339

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elevator, escalator, dumbwaiter, hoist or other lifting apparatusshowing the exact condition of the said elevator, escalator, dumb-waiter, hoist or other lifting apparatus, with a definite statementof any repairs or replacements required. If this report indicatesthat the said elevator, escalator, dumbwaiter, hoist or other liftingapparatus is in a safe operating condition, the Building Inspectorshall issue a certificate of operation for a load capacity not toexceed that named in the said report of inspection. This certifi-cate shall be valid for three (3) months after the date of inspectionas to passenger elevators, freight elevators, escalators and buildinghoists, and for six (6) months after date of inspection as to dumb-waiters of either electric or hand power type, freight elevators of thehand power type or other lifting apparatus unless subsequent in-spections indicate an unsafe condition. No passenger elevator, freightelevator, dumbwaiter, escalator, building hoist, or other lifting ap-paratus may be operated without this certificate first having beenconspicuously posted in the elevator car, cage or platform."Section 2. That Subsection (h) of Section 4820, of Chapter 48, ofOrdinance No. 1554, as amended by Ordinance No. 2050, which reads as follows:"(h) Fees to be charged: The fee for each inspection and certifi-cate of operation for all types of elevators, escalators, dumbwaiters,hoists or other lifting apparatus, shall be three ($3.00) dollars,"be, and the same is hereby, amended to read as follows:"(h) Fees .to be charged: The fee for each inspection shall beTWO DOLLARS AND FIFTY CENTS ($2.50) and for each cer-tificate of operation FIFTY CENTS (50c) for all types of elevators,escalators, dumbwaiters, hoists or other lifting apparatus, provided. however, that on and after July 1, 1939, the City of Miami willwaive the inspection fee of $2.50 as fixed in this subsection uponthe filing of an inspection report by an insurance or casualty com-pany inspector, that said elevator, escalator, dumbwaiter, hoist orother lifting apparatus is in a safe operating condition, but notbefore said inspector has been approved by the Building Inspectorof the City of Miami, and the inspection report has been made inconformity with Section 1, of this Ordinance." Section 3. That Subsection (j) of Section 4820 of Chapter 48, ofOrdinance No. 1554. as amended by Ordinance No. 2050, which readsas follows:"(j) Disposition of Fees Collected: All fees collected under theprovisions of this ordinance shall be paid to the City of Miami,Florida, and credited by the Director of Finance to a special ele-vator fund out of which shall be paid all the expenses incident tothe enforcement of this ordinance, and no monies except those de-rived from fees collected under the provisions of this ordinanceshall be used in the work herein provided for. The employment ofinspectors and the incurring of other expenses must be limited to340

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the revenue collected under this ordinance. This public servicemust be entirely self-supporting,"hbe, and the same is hereby, amended to read as follows:"(j) Disposition of Fees Collected: All fees collected for Cityinspections under the provisions of this ordinance shall be paid totlhe T'a Collector of the City of Miami, Florida."Section 4. This ordinance is hereby declared to be an emergencymeasure upon the ground of urgent public need for the preservation ofthe peace, health, safety and welfare of the people of the City ofMiami, Florida.Sction 5. The reading of this ordinance on two separate days ishereby dispensed with by a four-fifths vote of the City Commission.PASSED AND ADOPTED this 2nd day of August, A. D. 1939.E. G. SEWELL.Mayor.ATTEST:FRANK J. KELLY,City Clerk.a31